Biogeography. Lecture 5
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1 Biogeography. Lecture 5 Alexey Shipunov Minot State University January 25, 2016 Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
2 Outline Palaeogeography Plate tectonics Cryogenian period ( Mya) and Snowball Earth Ediacarian period: Mya Cambrian period Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian: three ages of fishes Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
3 Outline Palaeogeography Plate tectonics Cryogenian period ( Mya) and Snowball Earth Ediacarian period: Mya Cambrian period Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian: three ages of fishes Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
4 Palaeogeography Plate tectonics Palaeogeography Plate tectonics Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
5 Palaeogeography Plate tectonics Mantle convection The driving force of floating continents is a mantle convection In ocean ridges, new ocean cortex is constantly forming and expanding In ocean trenches and continental ridges, different plates are colliding and often forming mountains Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
6 Palaeogeography Plate tectonics Mantle convection Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
7 Palaeogeography Plate tectonics Mantle convection Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
8 Palaeogeography Plate tectonics The result of mantle convection Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
9 Palaeogeography Plate tectonics What is going on now Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
10 Palaeogeography Plate tectonics Two living examples of continental drift on U.S. territory Yellowstone hotspot Hawaiian hotspot Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
11 Palaeogeography Plate tectonics Yellowstone hotspot Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
12 Palaeogeography Plate tectonics Hawaiian hotspot Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
13 Cryogenian period ( Mya) and Snowball Earth Most important eras and periods Cryogenian period ( Mya) and Snowball Earth Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
14 Cryogenian period ( Mya) and Snowball Earth Rodinia the first super-continent Tectonic plates formed (and will form) one continent several times 650 Mya this continent Rodinia was formed right over the South Pole Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
15 Cryogenian period ( Mya) and Snowball Earth Cryogenian continents which formed Rodinia Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
16 Cryogenian period ( Mya) and Snowball Earth Rodinia: view from South Pole Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
17 Cryogenian period ( Mya) and Snowball Earth Marionan glaciation: Snowball Earth First global glaciation was started because ice started to concentrate over the pole and increase Earth albedo (this is the positive feedback) And because the configuration of continents blocked the equatorial warm current And because concentration of oxygen was high but greenhouse gases (like CO 2 ) small As a result, from time to time Earth was completely covered with ice sheet 1 km tall! Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
18 Cryogenian period ( Mya) and Snowball Earth Star Wars Hoth ice planet Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
19 Cryogenian period ( Mya) and Snowball Earth Snowball Earth Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
20 Ediacarian period: Mya Most important eras and periods Ediacarian period: Mya Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
21 Ediacarian period: Mya Rodinia breaks Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
22 Ediacarian period: Mya Ediacarian continents Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
23 Ediacarian period: Mya Life in Cryogenian and Ediacarian Before: prokaryotes, included photosynthetic (cyanobacteria), then unicellular eukaryotes Cryogenian: multicellular eukaryotes, e.g. algae Ediacarian: first animals Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
24 Ediacarian period: Mya Ediacarian life Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
25 Cambrian period Most important eras and periods Cambrian period Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
26 Cambrian period Cambrian map Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
27 Cambrian period Cambrian climate and life Gradually changed from colder to warmer Cambrian explosion: appearance of most of animal phyla with skeleton Little or no terrestrial life The main driver of animal evolution during Cryogenian Cambrian was probably oxygenation of water One theory states that pre-cambrian ocean water was muddy and rich of organic compounds, animal filtration changed this condition Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
28 Cambrian period Cambrian life Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
29 Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian: three ages of fishes Most important eras and periods Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian: three ages of fishes Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
30 Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian: three ages of fishes Ordovician period Climate changed from hot to glaciated (Gondwana hits the South Pole) Marine fauna spread out, especially cephalopods, conodonts and graptolites In the end, the first great extinction: 85% of marine species extinct Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
31 Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian: three ages of fishes Silurian period Fluctuating climate Prospering of marine fauna again Land colonization started from plants and arthropods! South Pole still in the Gondwana Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
32 Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian: three ages of fishes Silurian sea Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
33 Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian: three ages of fishes Devonian period Moderate climate becoming warmer Exceptionally high sea level Greatest diversity of marine fauna in Paleozoic (especially fishes) Terrestrial vertebrates: tetrapods appeared! Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
34 Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian: three ages of fishes Summary Continents of Earth are constantly changing their position due to the mantle convection ( plate tectonics ) From Cryogenian to Ordovician, super-continent Rodinia broke and climate on Earth became milder Most of water-inhabiting animal groups appeared by Ordovician Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
35 Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian: three ages of fishes For Further Reading A. Shipunov. Biogeography [Electronic resource] onwards. Mode of access: Plate tectonics. Shipunov (MSU) Biogeography. Lecture 5 January 25, / 34
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