KUMAR, VILLAGE SINGHPURA, P.O. BHAGANI, TEHSIL PAONTA SAHIB, DISTRICT SIRMAUR, HIMACHAL PRADESH

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3 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 1 MINING PLAN OF PART OF RIVER YAMUNA, MINOR MINERAL AUCTION CONTRACT FOR SAND, STONE AND BAJRI, SITUATED IN KHASRA Nos MEASURING HECTARES, FALLING IN MAUZA /MOHAL BATAMANDI, TAHSIL PAONTA SAHIB, DISTRICT SIRMAUR, LETTER OF INTENT GRANTED IN FAVOUR OF Shri SUNIL KUMAR, VILLAGE SINGHPURA, P.O. BHAGANI, TEHSIL PAONTA SAHIB, DISTRICT SIRMAUR, HIMACHAL PRADESH INTRODUCTION: Shri Sunil Kumar, son of Shri Naresh Kumar, resident of Village Singhpura, P.O. Bhagani, Tehsil Paonta Sahib, District Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh, have been issued a conditional Letter of Intent for valid for two years for excavating sand, stone and bajri vide letter No. Udyog-Bhu (Khani-4) Laghu- 482/ dated 09/08/2016. In accordance with condition 2 of Letter of Intent and Rule 35 of the Himachal Pradesh Minor Minerals (Concession) and Minerals (Prevention of Illegal Mining, Transportation, and Storage) Rules 2015 the Contractor / lessee must submit Mining Plan for five years of the area applied for mining lease, or granted for mining through Auction contract. Therefore, bidder requested for the preparation of Mining Plan of the area after the issuance of Letter of Intent. Accordingly, this Mining Plan is prepared in conformity with the FORM M annexed with the said Rules. The contract block is a part of perennial River Yamuna; it lies at about 8 Km. from Paonta Sahib, a sub-divisional town of district Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh. 1. General 1.1 Name and address of the bidder 1.1. A. Name of the bidder -- Shri Sunil Kumar son of Shri Naresh Kumar 1.1. B. Address of the bidder Village Singhpura, P.O. Bhagani, Tehsil Paonta Sahib,

4 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 2 District Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh 1.2 Status of the bidder Individual, Shri Sunil Kumar is the sole owner. 1.3 Minerals which the Bidder intends to mine The bidder intends to mine stone, bajri and sand. The stone, sand & bajri collected from the river bed would be sold to construction industry depending upon the market demand. 1.4 Period for which the mining Auction contracts are granted and further renewed. To be specified in the grant order Name and address of the RQP preparing the Mining Plan: 1. Subhash Sharma Flat No. 207, Basant Vihar Kasumpti, Shimla: Registration No.HP/RQP/01/1/2004 Mobile No Jhumpa C. Jamwal No. 21, Type IV, HP Government Officers Residences, Mehli, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, RQP Registration No HP/RQP/21/1/20 Mobile No Name and address of the prospecting agency The detailed prospecting of the area was carried out by the R Q P for preparation of this report. The secondary base data is collected from various sources such as Geological reports of the Geological Survey of India and various departments of Union and State Government. 2. Location and Approach of the area 2.1 Topo-sheet Survey of Indiasheet No. H43 L11(53 F/11) Scale; 1:50,000 Surveyed in up dated in ; First Edition 2009.

5 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 3 Figure 1:Location of contract out area (Also see map 1) The area lies between the latitude and longitude given below in table 1 and shown in the figure 2. Table 1: Showing latitude and longitude of the area Latitude Longitude 30 24' 51.2"N 77 34' 42.8"E N E

6 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 4 Figure 2: Coordinates of contract area as seen on Google Imagery. 2.2 Location of area of Auction contract. 2.2a Details of Area The revenue details of the area are given below in table 3 Table 2: The detail of the contract area Sr. No Khasra Number Area In Hectares Status Owner of Land Kism Mauza Kabja Forest department Total Hectares Government Land Gair Mumkin Nadi- Yamuna Bata Mandi 2.3 Village: - Bata Mandi Panchayat: - Bhatanwali Post Office: - Bata Mandi Tahsil: - Paonta Sahib

7 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 5 District: - Sub-Divisional Office (Civil): Divisional Office (Forest): - Range Office (Forest): - Sub Divisional Office (IPH): - Sub Divisional Office (PWD): - State : Sirmaur Paonta Sahib Paonta Sahib Paonta Sahib Paonta Sahib Paonta Sahib Himachal Pradesh. 2.4 Distances from Important Places: The important distances, from the Auction contract area are given below in table 2. Table 3 :Showing important distances from the area. Sr. No Place Distance 1 Paonta Sahib (Sub- Division Office) 8 Km Road 2 Nahan (District Headquarter) Road 42 Km 3 Shimla (State Capital), Road Narrow gauge Railway Airport 4 Yamunanager Road Broad gauge Railway 5 Dehradun Road Airport Railway 185 Km 57 Km 58 km 88 Km 2.5 Approach of the area The mining Auction contract area is part of Yamuna River. The area is approachable from Paonta Sahib via NH 7 and NH 907. A track is made from the Auction contract area which leads to NH 907 as the terrain is almost flat, as shown in figure 3.

8 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 6 Figure 3: Approach to the Quarry site. 3. Physiographical Aspect of the Area 3. 1 General The Auction contract area is situated in the Kiar Da- Dun. In general, the area is a part of Siwalik range, particularly the part of Dun Valley. The Siwalik Hills are located within the political boundaries of Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bhutan, and ranges between 6 to 90 km in width. They gradually become steeper and narrower in relief and width respectively, from northern Pakistan to Bhutan (over 2000 km in length). Ongoing erosion and tectonic activity has greatly affected the topography of the Siwaliks. Their present-day morphology is comprised of hogback ridges, consequent, subsequent, obsequent, and resquent valleys of various orders, gullies, choes (seasonal streams), earth-pillars, rilled earth buttresses of conglomerate formations, semi-circular choe-

9 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 7 divides, talus cones, colluvial cones, water-gaps, and choe terraces. Associated badlands features include the lack of vegetation, steep slopes, high drainage density, and rapid erosion rates. To the south of the Siwaliks are the Indo-Gangetic plains and in the north, they are bordered by the Lesser Himalayas Intermittently located between the Siwaliks and the Lesser Himalayas (exclusively in India and Nepal) are duns, flat-bottomed longitudinal structural valleys with their own drainage systems. These essentially comprise several large Himalayan piedmont alluvial fans and terraces, which formed as a result of tectonic episodes in the flanking Siwaliks. The duns also consist of lacustrine, fluvial, aeolian and swamp-environment deposits, and range from Middle Pleistocene to Holocene in age. During their formative stage, most of the duns were slightly narrower and have gradually expanded over time through the erosion of the adjacent Siwaliks sediments (a continuing process). In Nepal, these duns were often naturally filled with alluvial sediments of lacustrine and fluvial deposits, thus burying palaeolithic sites that were later exposed through erosion. The monsoon rains temporarily supply seasonal streams (locally known as choes, Rivers, or nalas) located both within the Siwaliks hills and the adjacent duns. These stream banks and their terraces yield sizeable numbers of lithic artefacts, owing to the shared location for both Water and raw-material. The district is bounded by Shimla District in the north and, Solan District in the northwest, state of Haryana in the south and west while the state of Uttranchal makes its eastern boundary. Geographically the district can be divided into three parts (Figure 4). 1. The Trans Giri ( Giri Par Region) 2. Cis- Giri Region ( Giri War Region) 3. Plains of Kiar-da-dun or dun valley The Trans Giri region consists of the mountains culminating into the ChurPeak which is commonly known as Chur Chandni Ki Dahr (the hill of silver bangle). It has an attitude of 3647 meter above the mean sea level. From this lofty mountain runs two ranges one in the north west direction called Dhar Taproli-Jadol and other Dhar Nohra which runs south east direction toward Haripur Fort at an altitude of 2677 meter above the mean sea level where it is divided into two ranges, one of which runs almost east to the valley of Tons. Two other ranges run north west called Dudham Dhar and south- west with many minor spurs from them toward the GiriRiver. The second range initially runs south west under the name of Dhar Nagali and then turns to east under the name of Dhar Kamrau. Dhar Shalai runs parallel to this Dhar ub northern side and both of them form the valleys of NeraRiver.

10 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 8 Figure 4: Showing the 3-D Surface view of District Sirmaur. The Cis- Giri region is intersected by three main ranges which runs from north-west to south east, the Sain Dhar which runs parallel to the GiriRiver. The second is the Dharti Dhar or what is called little range. Between these two ranges flows JalanRiver. The third is quite low range, which runs from Kala Amb area to south of Nahan tehsil and form an open valley with Dahi Dahr. In the western half of this flowthe MarkandaRiver. Between eastern extremities of this Dharti Dhar lies open valley Known as Kiar da dun valley which border the Yamuna and Giri River in the east and form the boundary of District with Uttrakhand. It also touches western portion of Nahan tehsil. This flat valley is irrigated by Bata River which flows from east to west originating from Dhati Dhar. Geomorphologically the district can be divided into three zones 1. Steep to very steep high hills of lesser Himalaya 2. Moderately steep to steep low hills and intervening valleys of Siwalik 3. Piedmont Plains

11 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 9 Figure 5: Geomorphological Map of part of District Sirmaur. The Auction contract is situated in the River Yamuna, a primary tributary of the River Ganga.The river Yamuna, a major tributary of river Ganges, originates from the Yamunotri glacier near Banderpoonch peaks (38 o 59' N 78 o 27' E) at an elevation of about 6387 meters above mean sea level in district Uttarkashi (Uttranchal). The Yamuna catchment drains the Punjab- Kimaon Himalayas from Shimla in norhthwest to Mussoorie in the southeast. After flowing in a southeasterly direction for about 120 Km, it is joined by its principal tributary, the Tons near Dakpathar. The Tons drains a large catchment area hence carries a large volume of water than the main river Yamuna. From the west another important tributary, the Giri, Joins the main river near Paonta Sahib. The river pierces the lower Shiwalik range and enters the plains near Tajewala. From Tajewala onward it flows in a southerly direction for a distance of 240 km upto the Okhla hedwater near Dehli. The Yamuna after receiving water through other important tributaries joins the river Ganga and the underground Saraswati at Prayag (Allahabad) after traversingabout 950 Km. The catchment of Yamuna river system covers parts of Uttar Pradesh, Uttranchal, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh & Delhi states. The tributaries contribute 70.9% of catchments area and balance 29.1% accounted for direct drainage into the YamunaRiver or to the smaller tributaries.

12 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Altitude of the area The highest point of contract area is 369 meters above mean sea level (Map 2, Contour Map) The lowest point of the contract area is 365 meters above mean sea level (Map 2, Contour Map) 3.3 Climate of the Area The Climate of the contract area can be classified into following three categories 1. Winter 2. Summer 3. Rainy The climatic information given below is based on the data obtained from I.M.D. Archives, Pune. The Indian Meteorological Department is maintaining a Meteorological Station at Dhaulakuan ( Poanta Sahib) Climate of Contract area, District Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh Climate Winter Summer Rainy July- Period Oct.-Mid March Mid-March-June September Weather Cool Hot Humid Temperature The monthly Maximum and minimum temperature recorded at Nahan in the District is given below in the Figure 5.

13 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Monthly mean temperatures (Maximum & Minimum) recorded at Nahan District Sirmaur in Temperature in Celcius Maximum Minimum Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec Figure 6: Showing average Monthly maximum & minimum temperature recorded at Nahan. 3.4 Rainfall of the area Year wise rainfall recorded in the district from 2004 to 2014 and mean of this period is shown in figure 6. Climate: Annual Rainfall (in mm) from 2004 to 2014 and 2000 mean of ten years, District Sirmaur Mean mm Figure 7: Rainfall data of the District from 2004 to 2014 Mean Rain fall

14 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Any Important feature The proposed Auction contract area which is part of Yamuna up stream of Tajewala barrage. 3.6 Description of Mining Area (River/Stream Bed in which the Auction contract is situated) The mining Auction contract area falls in the river corridor of the river Yamuna.

15 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 13 PART I 1. DESCRIPTION OF GEOMORPHOLOGY AND MINE DEVELOPMEMT 1.1. General The Auction contract area is a river bed which is replenished during monsoon and also during winter rains. The Auction contract is situated in the River Yamuna, a primary tributary of the River Ganga. The river Yamuna, a major tributary of river Ganges, originates from the Yamunotri glacier near Banderpoonch peaks (38 o 59' N 78 o 27' E) at an elevation of about 6387 meters above mean sea level in district Uttarkashi (Uttrakhand). 1.2 Name of River/ Stream in which the Auction contract is situated The Auction contract is situated in the Yamuna River, a primary tributary of the River Ganga. 1.3 Drainage System Yamuna 1.4 Type of Drainage Dendritic (Figure 8) 1.5 Origin of River/Stream The river Yamuna, a major tributary of river Ganges, originates from the Yamunotri glacier near Banderpoonch peaks (38 o 59' N 78 o 27' E) at an elevation of about 6387 meters above mean sea level in district Uttarkashi (Uttranchal). 1.6 Altitude at Origin 6387 meters above MeanSeaLevel. 1.7 Geometry of the catchment of the river Geometry of YammunaRiver Catchment Total area of catchment = SqKm Area of Catchment up to the Mining Site = SqKm Number of tributaries on right bank = 13 Number of tributaries on left bank = 9 Stream order up to Auction contract area = 4 Maximum length of water shed = 140 km Maximum breadth of water shed = 125 Km Length breadth ratio = 1: 1.2, Higher the ratio, higher is the asymmetry of water shed.

16 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 14 Origin at Elevation = 3275 M Elevation at Auction contract area = 369 M Stage of the river= sub-mountainous Stage Figure 8: Yamuna catchment area up to Tajewala Barrage. From various analysis of the drainage the effective catchments can be divided into 3 parts (Figure 8) The area in effective catchments above 1000 metres above mean sea level The zone of active erosion The area in the effective catchments between 1000 to The zone of erosion during rainy season; otherwise deposition The area of the catchments below 500 metres above mean sea level The Zone of deposition only except very high and rare flood The Auction contract area is situated in the zone of deposition 1.8 The annual deposition at the place of mining: The annual deposition of river-borne material brought down by the river water is about six centimeters in the contract area depending upon the Location. At some places it may be more than the eight centimeters. 1.9 The Competency of the River/ Stream at the mining site

17 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 15 The general competency at the mining area is six to 30 Kilograms approx. The largest boulders vary 15 to 70 cm X 8 to 35 cm X12to 45cm (length X Breadth X height) (Photo 1) 1.10 Meandering Pattern of River Here river leaves the mountain and enters sub-mountainous tract. In this stage, the bed is made up of a mixture of sand, shingle, gravel, and boulders. As the bed material is very pervious there exists good amount of subsoil water flow. River in this stage have braided courses with wide bed and non-submersible banks. During flood period the coarse material comes in the river channel together with the high velocity flow and when the flood subsides these heavy and material piles up in heaps. The water flows around the heaps and the river flow is bifurcated. Thus, shifting braided and interlaced channels are formed in the river course. 1.10a. The level of HFL During monsoon floods the water level rises up to two metres, at times for short spells depending upon rainfall in the catchment areas and run off or when the water is released from Dakpather barrage. 1.10b. The thread of deepest water in meandering. The landform being depositional the meandering thread is constantly changing during the rainy season depending upon the water level Altitude of the area The highest point of contract area is 369 meters above mean sea level The lowest point of the contract area is 365 meters above mean sea level 2. Geology 2.1 Regional Geology Sirmaur District lying within the Lesser Himalaya and the Shiwalik Foothill comprises rocks ranging in age from Proterozoic to Quarternary. The oldest rocks of undifferentiated Proterozoic age belong to the Jutogh Group Comprising canrbonaceous phyllite, schist, gneiss, quartzite and marble. The Chor granitoid (Undifferentiated Proterozoic age) occurs as an intrusive body within the Jutogh Group of rock. This granite body is well foliated and composed of gneisses, granite with minor aplite and basic veinlets. The Sundernagar Group of Rocks of Meso- Proterozoic age is represented by quartzite with basic flows. The Deoban/ Shali Group of Rocks (Meso- Proterozoic) Comprising limestone, dolomite, ( at places stromatolytic) slate, & quartzite occurs along the Main Boundary Fault and also in

18 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 16 the northeastern parto of the District. The argillo- arenaceous sequence of Shimla/Jaunsaur Group rests unconformably over the Deoban Group. The Jaunsaur Group of areno-argillaceous rocks is homotaxial with Shimla Group and assigned Meso-Proterozoicage. Both Shimla and Jaunsaur Group of rocks are unconformably succeeded by the Baliana Group, comprising diamicite, pink dolomite, carbonaceous shale and slate besides quartzite bands. The Krol Group which overlies the Baliana Group is dominantly a carbonaceous sequence with minor shale and sandstone. Figure 9; Geological Map of the region. The Tal Group of Early Cambrian age is hetrolithic sequence of siltstone, dolomite, shale, ash grey tuff, chert/phosphorite, carbonaceous shale, grit and quartz arenite and recorded algal structures and trilobite. Subathu Foramtion is exposed as window

19 Quater nary Newer Alluviu MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 17 and outlier within outer Krol belt in TonsValley. It is composed of olive green shale, limestone, quartzite and laterite. The Sirmaur Group is represented by a thick pile of Palaeogene sediments exposed in the foothill, bounded by the Main Boundary Fault and Krol Thrust. It comprises shale, fossiliferous limestone, quartz arenite, siltstone, clay, sandstone and local pebble bed. The Shiwalik Group of Middle Miocene of Early Pleistocene age comprises coarse clastic fluviatile deposits of sandstone, clay and conglomerates. The Quaternary sediments (Older Alluvium and Newer Alluvium) along prominent channels consisting of sand, silt, clay, pebbles and cobbles occurring along present channels of Middle to Late Pleistone and Holocene age. The general trend of the rocks is NW-SE and E-W directions with dip varying from 10º to 40º on either side. Beside Main Boundary Fault, Krol, Giri, Chail and Jutogh Thrust two major synformal axes running NW-SE also passes through Krol and Tal Group of rocks. 2.2 Local Geology The rocks of the Bata-Gir-Yamuna Catchments mainly belong to pre Cambrian to the Siwalik Group, Older Alluvium and Newer Alluvium. The stratigraphy of the effective Catchments is given in the table below and the geology of the area is given in the figure9. The contract- area forms a part of the stream bed covered with boulders, cobbles, pebbles, river born bajri, and sand and clay deposit of Channel alluvium. The rocks along the banks are Terrace Alluvium and Fan Alluvium and in higher reach of catchments Upper Siwalik Formation The lithostratigraphy of the area near Auction contract is given below in figure Geology of the Auction contract area The contract area forms a part of the stream bed covered with boulders, cobbles, pebbles, river born bajri, and sand and clay deposit of Channel alluvium. The rocks along the banks are Terrace Alluvium and Fan Alluvium and in higher reach of catchments Upper Siwalik Formation The lithostratigraphy of the area near Auction contract is given below in the table 6. Figure below shows the local geology of the area and its surroundings. Table-6: Litho-stratigraphy of the Yamuna River surrounding the Auction contract area Group Lithology Age Channel Grey micaceous, fine to coarse grained sand, silt, and Alluvium clay

20 Older Alluvium Neogene Siwalik Group MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 18 Terrace Cyclic sequence of grey micaceous sand, silt and clay Alluvium Fan Brownish grey clay, sand and gravel with boulders Alluvium Dun Multi-cyclic sequence of brown to grey silt, clay with Gravels kankar and reddish brown to grey micaceous sand with pebbles Upper Siwalik B Predominantly massive conglomerate with red and orange clay as matrix and minor sandstone and earthy buff and brown clay stone A Sandstone, clay, and conglomerate alternation Middle Siwalik B A Massive Sandstone with minor conglomerate and local variegated clay stone Predominantly medium to coarse- grained sandstone and red clay alternation, soft pebbly with subordinate clay-stone, locally thick prism of conglomerate Alternation of fine to medium- grained sporadically Lower Siwalik B pebbly sandstone, calcareous cement and prominent chocolate and medium maroon clay-stone in the middle part A Red and mauve clay stone with thin intercalations of medium to fine grained sandstone : Siwalik Group The Siwalik deposits are one of the most comprehensively studied fluvial sequences in the world. They comprise mudstones, sandstones, and coarsely bedded conglomerates laid down when the region was a vast basin during Middle Miocene, to Upper Pleistocene times. The sediments were deposited by rivers flowing southwards from the Greater Himalayas, resulting in extensive multi-ordered drainage systems. Following this

21 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 19 deposition, the sediments were uplifted through intense tectonic regimes (commencing in Upper Miocene times), subsequently resulting in a unique topographical entity - the Siwalik Hills. The Siwalik are divided stratigraphically into three major Subgroups - Lower, Middle, and Upper. These Subgroups are further divided into individual Formations that are all laterally and vertically exposed today in varying linear and random patterns. Ongoing erosion and tectonic activity has greatly affected the topography of the Siwalik. Their present-day morphology is comprised of hogback ridges, consequent, subsequent, obsequent, and resquent valleys of various orders, gullies, choes (seasonal streams), and earth-pillars, rilled earth buttresses of conglomerate formations, semi-circular choe-divides, talus cones, colluvial cones, water-gaps, and choe terraces. Associated badlands features include the lack of vegetation, steep slopes, high drainage density, and rapid erosion rates. In the advent of Neogene a depression was formed in front of the rising mountains (Proto- Himalaya). This depression becomes a repository of a thick sequence of molassic sediments of the Siwalik.The Siwalik Group comprising conglomerates friable micaceous sandstone, siltstone, and clay-stone. The conglomerates in general are poorly cemented but at places they are very hard. These consist mainly of pebbles and cobbles of quartzite. The stray pebbles of granite, limestone, sandstone, breccias and lumps of clay-stone are also observed at places. Often the size of pebbles is large enough to be called as Boulders. The conglomerates not only occur as regular band but also as lenticular bands alternative with micaceous sandstone and clay-beds. The sediments were bought down 2 to 25 million years ago by the numerous fast flowing rivers issuing forth from rapidly Rising Mountain mass of the Himalaya, in the north. The Siwalik Group is divisible into three sub-groups respectively the Lower, Middle, and Upper on the basis of the lithostratigraphy as given in the table (Table WP -10). Lower Siwalik: - The lower Siwalik consists essentially of a sandstone-clay alternation. In district Sirmaur the lower sequence of the lower Siwalik consists of medium grained subgraywacke inter-bedded with thick red clay, but higher up in sequence, sandstones are coarser and clasts become more frequent while the clays are less developed. The uppermost horizon consists of conglomerate with well-rounded clasts of grey quartzite possible derived from the Shali. The total thickness is 1600 mts. Middle Siwalik: - The Middle Siwalik Sub group comprises of large thickness of coarse micaceous sandstone along with some inter-beds of earthy clay and conglomerate. It normally succeeds the Lower Siwalik along a gradational contact. The sandstone is less sorted than those in Lower Siwalik. Clay bends are dull coloured and silty. The general thickness is 1400 to 2000 metres.

22 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 20 Upper Siwalik: -The Upper Siwalik is mainly represented by sandstone inter-bedded with silt and conglomerate. The lower portion of the Upper Siwalik mainly consists of soft, massive, pebbly sandstone with intercalations of conglomerates. In the upper portion the conglomerate intercalation is replaced by the clays intercalations. The general thickness in the district is 2300 metres Older Alluvium The Older Alluvium in Dun valley is designated as Dun Gravels while in the plains as Varanasi (= Ambala). It is a multi-cyclic sequence of brown to grey silt, clay with kankar and reddish brown to grey micaceous sand with pebbles Newer Alluvium Newer Alluvium has been subdivided into Fan Alluvium composing brownish grey clay, sand and gravel sequence, and lies un-conformably over Older Alluvium within a narrow zone immediately to the south of Siwalik hill. Trace alluvium exposed as depositional terraces of Yamuna River, is composed of cyclic sequence of grey, micaceous, fine to coarse grained sand, silt and clays. Channel alluvium exposed as point bar/channel bars within the active channels is composed of grey, fine to coarse micaceous sand and silts. The area is comprising predominantly the quartzite Boulders, Sand and river born bajri of Sandstone. The boulders are white, spotted white, greenish white, pink, purple and dark green in colour. The geology of the contract area is given in figure8 & 9 and Map Nature of the Boulder/ Cobble/ Sand. The area lies within the regular course of the Yamuna River gets flooded in the rainy season. All the deposit comprises quartzite, sand and fraction of granite, limestone and breccias- fragments. The boulders are white, spotted white, greenish white, pink, purple and dark green in colour. Quartzite fragments are rounded, sub- rounded and discoidal in shape having smooth surface. Their size varies from gravel to boulder. Thickness of the deposit varies from one to three meters. During the monsoon, this bed replenishes to a large extend from the Siwalik and Dharamshala Formation rocks due to erosion by heavy flow in higher reached. Due to sudden decrease in the carrying capacity and competency of the river the annual deposition of 1 to 3 cm is received.

23 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 21 Photo 1: Showing the nature of the Boulders of the Yamuna River in the contract area. Photo 2: Showing the contract area & left Bank.

24 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 22 Photo 3: Auction contract area & Right bank. 2.5 The Nature of the rock along the bank The rocks along the bank belong to Terrace alluvium and Dun gravel of Newer Alluvium Formation consisting of Clay, Sand and the loose boulders, pebbles, cobbles etc. 2.6 description of Annual Deposition with respect to Geology of the Catchment and other factors The catchment area comprises of siwalik formations and has very large area for the replenishment of sediments as compare to the quantum of proposed extraction of mineral. The deposit consists of sediments of quartzites, granite sandstone, with fine nature of sand, silt and clay. The colour of sediments varies from white to off white and grey

25 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Reserve Estimate General Considerations: The basic requirement of the Contractor will be boulders for open sale. Hence the bidders intend to mine stone, bajri and sand. The requirement of the bidder will be boulders of more than 64 mm, i.e. which can be fed in the stone crusher. The boulders by hand picking will be crushed to the desired size and rest of the material will be separated as sand and river born bajri by primary screening. 3.1 Percentage wise distribution of Mineral The mining Auction contract area consist of mainly boulders, Bajri, cobbles, gravels, sand silt & clay. However, from commercial point of view it can be classified as stone, Bajri, sand & silt. However, to verify the surface observations, a trial pit was dug having dimensions of 1 m. * 1 m. * 1 m. (Length * width * depth) and to estimate the percentage of each separated and weighed. The constituents of the Auction contract area are shown in figure 10. The percentage thus arrive is depicted in figure 11. Figure 10: Constituents of Deposit.

26 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 24 Percentage of Minerals/Material in the Mining Lease Area Sand 24% Silt & Clay 2% Stone 42% Gravel / Bajri 32% Figure 11: Percentage of each category of mineral present in the contract area. 3.1a Specific Gravity The specific gravity of Quartzite and other boulders and bajri is 2.65 and of wet sand is Hence, average specific gravity of 2.25 is taken for calculation of the deposit. 3.2 Estimate of Geological Reserve. The entire contract block bears River borne material irrespective of whether is presently falls within river corridor or is above the present HFL. The estimated thickness of deposit is more than ten metres. However, considering its depth for purpose of estimation of Geological reserves to a depth five metres and specific gravity to be 2.25, the Geological deposits in the area are to a tune of about metric tons. 3.3 Estimate of Mineable reserves of boulders, Bajri and Sand The basic requirement of the Contractor will stone, sand & river born bajri for open sale in the market. Hence, the bidders intend to exploit stone, bajri & sand by loading manually into tractor trolleys/ tipper trucks and transporting to the market for sale. As per the policy guidelines issued by the State Government for Mining of River / Khad bed and to calculate the mineable reserve the following points are taken into consideration: The Rule 23 (VI) (i) stipulates the depth of mining in the river bed shall not exceed one metre from adjoining ground in case of river/stream.

27 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 25 Thus, keeping in view the mining Rules and policy guidelines issued by the State Government for Mining of river/khad bed, A geological map on 1:2000 scale is prepared and main litho units were marked on the plan to know the surface spread of each unit. No mining is to be undertaken along the periphery of the Auction contract area if the mining is likely to cause any adverse impact on the adjoining land or the owners of the adjoining land has not given his consent for mining. No mining zone is defined after considering the 5-meter safe distance from the bank (HFL) or 1/10 of width from the bank to bank. The width of River is about 430 to 510 metres thus a safe zone of 43 to 51 metres has been provided. Part of the contract block falls outside the River corridor. Only square metres safe mining area out of the total mining Auction contract area of square metres is computed for estimation of Mineable Deposit as shown in map 3. The water table level will go down as the water recedes after the monsoon. Though the river is perennial but during the non-monsoon period the water recedes to an extent and most of the contract area of the river bed is dry. Hence mining will be possible in all the area only during the dry seasons. Keeping in view rate of replenishment of the River Yamuna in the area the entire safe block is treated as one block for annual mining. The block will be rested only during monsoons for replenishment. The mining in the area will be undertaken only for nine non-monsoon months The mining operations are planned, keeping in the mind the possible effect on the meandering of River. Moreover, year wise mining is proposed, in a way that mined area gets replenish during succeeding rainy season. Though, the River is perennial, but it is only during heavy rains the entire quarry area gets flooded and submerged, hence, mining will be possible in all the quarry area during dry season. Thus, mining operations are planned to keep in mind above-mentioned constrains. The mining contract area is square metres The total safe mine-able area square metres. Year wise mine able area is shown in figure 12.

28 Metric tons Square Metres MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Year wise mine able area First Year Second Year Third Year Fourth Year Fifth Year Mine-able area Figure 12:Showing year wise mine-able area. Figure below shows the Mineable Reserve up to One Metre depth Total Mineable Reserves of quarry Block upto one metre depth Auctioned Area Square Metres Mineable Area Cubic Metres Figure 13: Block wise mineable Reserves. Stone Metric Tons Gravel / Bajri The production of River borne material is rounded off in the progressive mine planning. Sand Silt & Clay Mine Block

29 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Estimate Annual Deposition of Mineral The annual replenishment of the material depends on the discharge, grade of river and geology of catchment area. The factor of six cms annual replenishment is assumed, while calculating the reserve. However, it is generally observed that replenishment of more than eight cm occurs in a year as all the mining pits get filled with mineral during the very first flood of the monsoon. Hence mined out area of the pre- monsoon will be filled with mineral during monsoon. 3.5 Total Reserves. The reserves of all the constituents of River bed have been calculated for the mine-able area of cubic metres and considering the specific gravity as 2.25 as shown in para 3.4. The reserves have been calculated for next five years mining, of mine-able deposit up to permissible quarry depth of one metre. Depending upon normal rainfall from year to year causing erosion in the catchments and flooding of River bed, the minerals are inexhaustible, but presently these deposits are part of Geological Formations of catchments. 4. MINE DEVELOPMENT AND PLAN OF PROGRESSIVE MINING The mining / collection of minerals shall involve shoveling by simple hand-tool, manual sorting and loading into truck / tractors-trailers for transporting them to market. Considerations No blasting is required. Only manual extraction of auctioned minerals will be undertaken. The Auction contract area is having gentle slope with the gradient of hardly 7, hence, tracks for the movement of tipper trucks and tractors can be made and maintained in any part of the Auction contract area. Trenches and pits for the mining purposes shall be made in such a way so that these are not deeper than one metre and follow the general / normal channel direction of the River. With the replenishment of the pits and trenches during the floods, the process of controlled mining can continue year after year. The erosion and weathering of geological formations in the catchment area, the contract area have inexhaustible supply of required minerals. Mining activity will be undertaken only during the dry seasons. The silt & clay are mixed with sand and can only be separated by washing. Washing of sand in the river will pollute the river water. However, the silt being small percentage of sand finds ready market, therefore it will be sold along with sand.

30 Metric tons MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Development and Production Programme for the first five Years The year wise working is shown in the map 3. The year wise progressive mining/production of the all categories of river borne material is shown in the figure 14, 15, 16, 17 & Year wise Production 4.2a Production of the First Year. During the year square metres of safe mining area will be mined. o o metric tons of Boulder and metric tons of bajri will be produced which will be used for making grit in the captive stone crusher metric tons of sand will be produced and sold in open market depending upon demand metric tons of silt and clay extracted as associated minerals being inseparable from sand will be sold along with it. The plantation work will be taken up in the contract area lying above the HFL. The Yamuna River when in spate rises about two metres in the area and therefore it will not viable to construct embankments to protect the banks. Projected Total Material Handling and Production of Mineral, in Metric tons during First year Metric tons Metric tons Metric tons Metric tons Metric tons 2670 Stone Gravel / Bajri Sand Silt & Clay Total Metric tons Figure 14: Proposed production and Total material handling in first Year.

31 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur b Production of the Second Year: During the year square metres of safe mining area will be mined. o o metric tons of Boulder and metric tons of bajri will be produced which will be used for making grit in the captive stone crusher metric tons of sand will be produced and sold in open market depending upon demand metric tons of silt and clay extracted as associated minerals being inseparable from sand will be sold along with it. The plantation work will be taken up in the contract area lying above the HFL. The Yamuna River when in spate rises about two metres in the area and therefore it will not viable to construct embankments to protect the banks. Metric tons Projected Total Material Handling and Production of Mineral, in Metric tons during Second year Stone Gravel / Bajri Sand Silt & Clay Total Metric tons Figure 15:Proposed production and Total material of the Second Year.

32 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur c Production of the Third Year. During the year square metres of safe mining area will be mined. o o metric tons of Boulder and metric tons of bajri will be produced which will be used for making grit in the captive stone crusher metric tons of sand will be produced and sold in open market depending upon demand metric tons of silt and clay extracted as associated minerals being inseparable from sand will be sold along with it. The plantation work will be taken up in the contract area lying above the HFL. The Yamuna River when in spate rises about two metres in the area and therefore it will not viable to construct embankments to protect the banks. Projected Total Material Handling and Production of Mineral, in Metric tons, during Third year. Metric tons Metric tons Metric tons Metric tons Metric tons Stone Gravel / Bajri Sand Silt & Clay Total Figure 16: Proposed production and Total material of the 3rd Year.

33 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur d Production of the Fourth Year. During the year square metres of safe mining area will be mined. o o metric tons of Boulder and metric tons of bajri will be produced which will be used for making grit in the captive stone crusher metric tons of sand will be produced and sold in open market depending upon demand metric tons of silt and clay extracted as associated minerals being inseparable from sand will be sold along with it. The plantation work will be taken up in the contract area lying above the HFL. The Yamuna River when in spate rises about two metres in the area and therefore it will not viable to construct embankments to protect the banks. Projected Total Material Handling and Production of Mineral, in Metric tons during Fourth year. Metric tons Metric tons Metric tons Metric tons Metric tons Stone Gravel / Bajri Sand Silt & Clay Total Figure 17: Proposed production and Total material of the 4th Year.

34 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur e Production of the Fifth Year During the year square metres of safe mining area will be mined. o o metric tons of Boulder and metric tons of bajri will be produced which will be used for making grit in the captive stone crusher metric tons of sand will be produced and sold in open market depending upon demand metric tons of silt and clay extracted as associated minerals being inseparable from sand will be sold along with it. The plantation work will be taken up in the contract area lying above the HFL. The Yamuna River when in spate rises about two metres in the area and therefore it will not viable to construct embankments to protect the banks. Projected Total Material Handling and Production of Mineral, in Metric tons during Fifth year Metric tons Metric tons Metric tons Metric tons Figure 18: Proposed production and Total material of the 5th Year. The total production of all category of river bed material for five years is shown below in the figure End Use of Mineral The extracted mineral stone, sand and Bajri is as given in Figure 19 will be sold in the open market. 0 Metric tons 2670 Stone Gravel / Bajri Sand Silt & Clay Total Metric tons

35 Metric Tons MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Projected Year wise Production of Stone & Bajri for feeding the Stone Crusher, during Planned Five years First Second Third Fourth Fifth Total Stone Gravel / Bajri Sand Silt /Clay Total Metric Tons Year Figure 19Year wise production of River borne material 0 Year wise Availability of Sand inseparable with silt and clay for Free Sale. First Second Third Fourth Fifth Figure 20Production of sand with silt & clay. Total Five Years Sand Silt & Clay Total

36 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 34 Cumulative five-year production during the currency of Mining Plan TOTAL PRODUCTION OF STONE, BA JRI & SAND IN FIVE YEARS Total Metric Tons Stone Metric Tons Gravel / Bajri Metric Tons Sand Metric Tons Metric Tons Figure 21 Total production in Five Years. 4.4 Detail of road Transport Mining Auction contract area is part of Yamuna River near Paonta Sahib Town. From the quarry site to NH 907 a track can be maintained through a Choe as it is almost flat terrain. From river bank a track road is made leading to NH 90 7 as shown in figure 22. Figure 22: Evacuation route from quarry

37 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 35 PART II ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN 1 BASE LINE DATA: The base line information of the existing environment was collected from various sources such as Census Department, Government of India. Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Himachal Pradesh. Directorate of Land Records, Government of Himachal Pradesh Directorate of Horticulture. Government of Himachal Pradesh Fishery Department, Government of Himachal Pradesh Forest Department Government of Himachal Pradesh Animal Husbandry Department, Government of Himachal Pradesh Survey of India, Government of India Metrological Department Government of India to have in depth understanding of the existing environment and to assess the likely impact of mining activity in the Area 1.Details of population distribution The total population of the surrounding villages, as per the 2011 Census is given below in the figure -23 The break of population per gainful employment is given in figure 24. The population breakup of Tehsil is given in figure 25.

38 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 36 Persons 2500 POPULATION OF VILLAGES AROUND THE MINING CONTRACT AREA Patlion (133) Ghutanpur (132) Satiwala (130) Ganguwala (120) Figure 23:- Population of Villages in the Zone of Influence. (CENSUS 2011) Kedarpur (119) Bhatanwali (129) Up Sampda Batamandi Kishan Pura (128) Village Total House Hold Population Male Female Schedule Caste SC_Male SC_Female Schedule Tribe ST_Male ST_Female

39 Person MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur LITERACY & EMPLOYMENT CATEGORISATION OF POPULATION OF VILLAGES SURROUNDING THE LEASE AREA, TAHSIL PAONTA SAHIB, DISTRICT SIRMAUR Patlion (133) Ghutanpur (132) Satiwala (130) Ganguwala (120) Kedarpur (119) Bhatanwali (129) Total Literate Male Literate Female Literate Total Illiterate Male lliterate Female Illiterate Total Workers Male Workers Female Workers Marginal Workers Marginal Workers M Marginal Workers Fe Non-Workers Non-Workers M Non-Workers Fe Figure 24: Break up of literacy and employment of Population in Surrounding Villages (Census 2011). Up Sampda Batamandi

40 persons MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Population of Poanta Tahsil, District Sirmaur- (Census 2011) Househ old populat ion polulati on male populat ion Female Schedul e caste SC Male Sc Female Schedul e Tribe ST Male ST Female Total Rural Urban Figure 25: Population break up of Tehsil Poanta Sahib (Census 2011). 1.2 Socio Economy of the Village/Population No adverse impact on the socio-economic condition of the area is envisaged. The induction of mining sector development in and around predominantly agricultural area is bound to create its impact on the socio-economic life of the local inhabitants. The impact is generally positive. As can be seen in figure 26 there is high percentage of unemployed (61.82%) and underemployed (4.12%) people in the area despite moderately high level, (69.47% literates, figure 27) of literacy.

41 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 39 EMPLOYMENT RATE IN THE VILLAGES AROUND THE MINING CONTRACT AREA Non-Workers % Total Workers % Marginal Workers % Figure 26: showing rate employement of area-value & Percentage. Literacy rate in the villages around Quarry site. Total Literate % Total Illiterate % Figure 27: showing rate of literate and illiterate Population in the Surrounding Area-Value & Percentage wise.

42 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Land use Details with map of 5 kilometre Radius Primarily the land of the district can be classified in following 9 categories. S. No Item S. No. Item S. No Item 1 Forest Area 4 Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area 7 Fallows Land other than Current 2 Area under Non-Agricultural Uses 3 Barren & Uncultivable Land Area 5 Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Area Fallows Area 8 Current Fallows Area 6 Culturable Waste Land Area 9 Net Area Sown Figure 28 Land cover Map of District Sirmaur.

43 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 41 Figure 29: Showing General Land Use Pattern of the District. LAND UTILIZATION IN DISTRICT SIRMAUR IN HECTARES. Figure 30: Land use and land utilization district Sirmaur in 2012.

44 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 42 The District Census 2011 classified the land available in surrounding villages into following five categories as shown in figure 31 and its percentage wise break up is given in figure 32

45 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 43 Land Use Pattern of Villges Around:-Mining Lease Area. HECTARES VILLAGES Patlion (133) Ghutan pur (132) Satiwala (130) Ganguw ala (120) Kedarpu r (119) Bhatan wali (129) Up Sampda Batama ndi Forest Area Area under Non-Agricultural Uses Barren & Un-cultivable Land Area Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Area Kishan Pura (128) Culturable Waste Land Area Fallows Land other than Current Fallows Area Current Fallows Area Net Area Sown Total Geographical Area Figure 31: Land Use Pattern of Villages around the Mining Auction contract Area

46 MINING PLAN -Quarry -Batamandi II (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 44 Value & Percentage Wise Land Use Pattern of Villages- Patlion (133) Ghutanpur (132) Satiwala (130) Ganguwala (120) Kedarpur (119) Bhatanwali (129) Up Sampda Batamandi Kishan Pura (128) - Around Mining Lease Area. Barren & Uncultivable Land Area % Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area % Culturable Waste Land Area % Current Fallows Area % Area under Non- Agricultural Uses % Forest Area % Net Area Sown % Figure 32: Percentage wise Land Use Pattern of some Villages in Zone of Influence.

47 MINING PLAN (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. Cultivable Waste % L A N D U S E PAT T ERN IN DIS T R ICT S IRMAU R - VALU E & P ERCENTAG E WIS E Land put to non agricultural use % Barren Land % Net area sown % Permanent Pastures % Other % Misc. Tree crops % Forest Land % Other Fallows % Current fallows % Figure 33: Showing value &Percentage wise Land use in District Sirmaur. The Auction contract is situated in Paonta Tehsil; thus, the land use pattern of Tehsil Paonta Sahib is given in figure 34 shows value and percentage wise land use pattern of the Tehsil. Value & Percentage wise Land Use Pattern of Tehsil Paonta Sahib, District Sirmaur Total Unirrigated Land Area, 7119, 32.64% Area Irrigated by Source, 4327, 19.84% Forest Area, 665, 3.05% Area under Non- Agricultural Uses, 2678, 12.28% Current Fallows Area, 772, 3.54% Fallows Land other than Current Culturable Waste Fallows Area, 185, Land Area, 843, 0.85% 3.86% Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Area, 507, 2.32% Barren & Uncultivable Land Area, 2360, 10.82% Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area, 2354, 10.79% Figure 34: Showing the Percentage of the Land Use Pattern of Paonta Sahib Tahsil. Zone of influence: The mining activity will remain restricted to very small area hence the zone of influence will be only surrounding land of the contract area. In the river bed, the

48 MINING PLAN (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. zone of influence will be micro shed that is along the banks. However extended zone of influence with radius of five kilometers is shown below in figure AGRICULTURE: - Figure 35: Land Use & Land Cover Map of the area. The economy of Sirmaur district is predominately agrarian and 82 percent of population is mainly dependent on agriculture and activities allied to it for earning their livelihood. Most of Paonta Valley consists of foot hills and Yamuna and its primary tributary valleys up to elevation of 600 metres above mean sea level with

49 MINING PLAN (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. sub-tropical climate. The area is highly prone to erosion due to weak geological formations and scanty vegetation. The moisture retention capacity of the area is poor due mainly to the fact the bed rocks are argillaceous and the land the undulating. Generally, the soil in the district varies from light sandy to heavy clay and in Paonta valley ranges from sandy to sandy loam. The yield of various crops is below norm. The irrigation facilities are provided by lifting water from steams, shallow dug wells and medium - deep tube wells in the valley areas. The source of water and irrigation in district Sirmaur can be classified into following five classes 1. Lift Irrigation Scheme 2. Kuhls / small canals. 3. Well used for domestic purposes 4. Well used for irrigation 5. Tube wells Major food crops are grouped into three categories: 1. Cereals 2. Pulses 3. Other food crops like Chilies, ginger, sugarcane and turmeric. Non- food crop area is of two kinds: 1. Oil seeds 2. Other non-food crops such as cotton, tobacco, and fodder crop The area under each category of the crop is given below in Figure 36 with percentage of area. Production and percentage of production of agricultural crops in district Sirmaur displayed in Figures 37. The area under vegetables & potatoes and their production is given in the Figure 38.

50 MINING PLAN (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. Agriculture: Area (In Hectares) and Percentage Area under Major Crops, District Sirmaur, Ginger % Chillies 303 1% Pulses % Barley % Oil seeds % Rice % Wheat % Maize % Figure 36: Showing; Percentage of area under each crop, District Sirmaur Agriculture: Percentage of Major Produce, District Sirmaur, Rice % Barley % Pulses % Maize % Wheat % Chillies 119 0% Ginger % Oil seeds 828 1% Figure 37: Showing production & Percentage Production of each crop in District Sirmaur

51 MINING PLAN (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. Vegetables Area, in Hectares under and Production, in Metric Tons of Vegetables in District Sirmaur in Area and production of Potatos Area and Production of other Vegetables Other vegetables Production, Potato Area, 1450 Potato Production, Other vegetables Area, 8130 Area Production Area Production Potato Other vegetables Figure 38: Showing Area, in Hectare, under vegetables and their Production, in Metric Tons, District Sirmaur. 1.5 HORTICULTURE: - The topography and the agro- climatic conditions of the district are quite suitable to produce the various fruits. The topography of the district can be grouped into three categories namely high hill areas located at a higher elevation, mid hill areas and lowlying valley areas. Fruits of different varieties, depending upon the terrain, climatic condition and soil are grown in the district. The main horticulture produce of the area are can be classified into following five categories. 1. Apple 2. Other temperate fruits 3. Subtropical fruits

52 MINING PLAN (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 4. Nuts and dry fruits 5. Citrus fruits In the Poanta valley following fruits are mainly grown i. Mango ii. Litchi iii. Mandarin iv. Sweet orange v. Lime vi. Lemon vii. Guava The area under each fruit and their production in District Sirmaur is given in the Table 8 as per survey. Table 4: Area under each fruit and their annual production, District Sirmaur. District Sirmaur Status of Horticulture Fruit Area (In Hectares) Production (In Metric Tons) Apple Plum Peach Apricot Pear Cherry 0 0 Kiwi 2 16 Olive 1 0 Persimmon 1 2 Strawberry O T F Almonds Walnut Piccanut 7 1 Nuts & Dry Fruits Orange Malta K. Lime Galgal Others 6 26 Citrus Mango Litchi

53 MINING PLAN (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. Guava Aonala Pomegranate Jackfruit Papaya 8 0 O S T F Animal Husbandry Economy of the district is predominantly agrarian therefore, the role of Animal Husbandry is very important as the farmers must keep the cattle for ploughing and to obtain manure for maintaining fertility of the fields and to meet daily need of milk of their family. The total population of the livestock in District Sirmaur is given in the figure 39. The population of the Buffaloes and Cattle in District Sirmaur is given in the figure Animal Husbandary: Population of Cattle, District Sirmaur, Bulls Cows Bulls Cows Total Cattle Male Female Total Cross Breed Indigenous Buffaloes Numbers Figure 39: Livestock population of District Sirmaur.

54 MINING PLAN (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. Animal Husbandary: Population of Livestock, District Sirmaur, Sheep Goats Horses & Ponies Mules Donke ys Camel s Pigs Yaks Dogs Others. Poultr y Numbers Figure 40: Showing Population of Cattle & Buffaloes in District Sirmaur. 1.7 Fisheries The district is bestowed with some perennial rivers/streams spread over in 284 kms of length which includes big rivers like the Yamuna, the Giri and the small streams like Bata, Jalal, Nera and Markanda. Following variety of fish are found in these rivers:- Mahaseer(Tor-putitora) Bata Gid Labeo-doro Gungli( Schiozothoraxplagiiostmous) Gooch Mirror Carp The yield of fish has increased in the district considerable as shown in figure 41.

55 MINING PLAN (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Fisheries: Annual Production and value of catch, District Sirmaur, Total Production (in Metric tons) Value of fish produced (Rs. In lakhs) Fisheries Figure 41: Showing Production and value Fish in , District Sirmaur. As the mining activity is to be confined to the dry bed no fishing spot near the Auction contract area is likely to be effected by mining operation. 1.8 Flora and Fauna 1.8a Flora The Chil is considered the prevailing conifer up to about 1950 meter when it gives place to the Deodar and the blue pines. In Sirmaur district the forest range between scrub, sal and bamboo forest of the low hills to the fur and alpine forests of the higher elevation. Lowest point of the southern boundary of the district is less than 300 meter above sea level and highest range of is at more than elevation of 3000 meters in the north East. The forests grown between these two extremes vary as the elevation itself. In the area under consideration following are the most common trees The most prominent varieties of trees found in the area are Simbal (Bombexmalabaricum), Mango ( Magniferaindica) Tun (Cedrelatoana)

56 MINING PLAN (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. Shrubs 1.8b Fauna Several species of acacia and albizia Salambra (Odinawodier) Termnalia Jamun (Engenia jambolana Larger tour Bamboo The most common shrub at the higher elevation is Barberis, indigopera and Desmodium and following other shrubs are also found 1. Vitex 2. Munj 3. Ber 4. Ipomea 5. Dodonea& 6. Bamboo Animals: Due to wide variations in the attitude a large variety of fauna is available in the forests of the district. The black bears are common in the higher valley. The leopards are found throughout the district. Barking dears and gural are found at medium elevation the musk deer or Kastura and serao are found in certain areas. Most commonly found is the porcupine, which is found in almost in the entire District. Common Mammals & Birds in the Sirmaur District is given in the Table 8. Table 5

57 MINING PLAN (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. Table 6: Common mammals in the Sirmaur District. Zoological Name English Name Common Name Felisbengalensis Leapard Cat Mirag, Bagh Felis Chane Jungle Cat Jangli Billi Muntucusmuntisk Barking Dear Kakkar Vaulpesbengalensis Fox Lomari, Fohiki Camis aureus Jackal Gidder Macacamulatta Ressus monkey Lal Bander Preshytes entellus Languor Languor Sussacrofa Boar Suar Hystrixindica Porcupine Sehal Lepus nigricoilis Hare Khargosh, Sherru, farru Moschusmoschifarus Musk deer Kastura Capra ibex Ibex Ibex Hemitragusjemlahicus Himalayan Thar Thar Selenarctosthebatanus Ursusarctos Pantheraunica Susscrofa Black Bear Brown Bear Snow leopard Wild Boar Axis axis Spotted deer Chital Cervus unicolor Hylopetesfimbriatus Samber Flying squirrel Pantherapardus Leopard Cheetah Felischaus Jungle cat Paradoxurushermaphroditus Indian Civet Sakralu Hipposideros armiger Pagumalarvata The great Himalayan leafnosed Bat Himalayan Palm Civet Chamgadar

58 MINING PLAN (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. Table 7: Common Birds of the Sirmaur District Birds Zoological Name English Name Common Name Milvus migrants Vulture Cheel, Gidh, Eell Eudynamysscolopacca Koel Koel Columbia livia Pigeon Kabuttar Coraciasbengalensis Blue jay Nilkantha Columslivia Hawk Baj Francoliusfrancolinus Black partridge Kala Tittar Francoliuspondicerians Grey partridge Safed Tittar Payocrisslatus Peacock Mor Coturnixcolurnix Common quail Bater Alectorisgraeca Chakor Chakor Crovussplendens Crow Kanwa ProttaculaKarneri Parrot Totta Lophophorusimpejanus Monal Monal / Karadi Tertaogallushimalayanensis Snow cock Tragopanmelanocephalus Western horned Tragopan Phulgar/Jujurana Picoidesmacei Fulvour breasted Pied Woodpecker Kathfowra Streptopeliadecaocto Ring dove Gughi Streptopeliachinesis Spotted dove Gughi Accipiter badius Shikra Aquila rapaxvindhian Tawny eagle Ducula bicolor Green Pigeon Parusrufonuchalis Tits Picuscanus Black napped Woodpecker Woodpecker Drycocopusjavensis Woodpecker Muscicapasubrubra Himalayan Fly Catcher

59 MINING PLAN (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. Acidotherestristis Common Myna Ghatari Terpsiphoneparadisi Paradise flycatcher Choti- Pinja Grus spp. Cranes Grus antigone Sarus Crane Saras Passer domesticus House sparrow Carduelisspinoides Himalayan Green Finch Chiria In the Auction contractd out area and surrounding hills following are the common animals:- Birds Leopard ( Bagher) Hare Wild Bore ( JangliSoor) Jackal Barking Deer ( Kakkar) Monkey Sambar Pig Chakor Crow Red Jungle Fowl (JangliMurga) Black Partridge (KalaTitar) Grey Partridge (SafedTitar) Woodpecker 1.9 Climate and Rainfall The Climate of the Auction contract out area can be classified into following three categories 1. Winter 2. Summer 3. Rainy

60 MINING PLAN (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. Rainfall varies significantly with altitude of the area. The catchment area receives rainfall due to western disturbances that pass over the north-western part of the country during winter months. Rainy season starts from July and extends up to mid-september. During winter the rains are scarce and extends in between 15 th December to 15 th February. The general temperature, rainfall and humidity corresponding to each type is given below in table 13. Climate of Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh Climate Winter Summer Rainy Period Oct-Mid- Mid-March- July-September March June Weather Cool Hot Humid Humidity 84% 55% 98% Temperature Max C C C Min C C C Rainfall Max 82.0 mm 69.0 mm mm Min 1.0 mm 1.0 mm 1.0 mm 2.0 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMNET PLAN Any development activity such as mining is likely to have beneficial as well as adverse impact on existing environment on following parameters: Change in Topography and Land Use Pattern Climate Air Quality, Noise level and Ground vibrations, Flora & Fauna Soils Water Resources and Quality, Drainage, and Socio- economic conditions

61 MINING PLAN (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 2.1 CHANGE IN TOPOGRAPHY & LAND USE PATTERN. IMPACT & MITIGATION The Auction contract area is part of foot hills of Himalayas. It is part of a River bed. The highest point of the Auction contract area is at 369 metre above mean sea level. The lowest point is at 365 m above MSL. Mine Area is compact one block. The entire block is rested during monsoons for replenishment. The mining shall be confined to well within the river bed corridor. No mining near the banks up to 1/10 th of its width can be undertaken as per guidelines, i.e. 43 to 51 metres, from banks. Mining shall be undertaken to a depth of one metre only. The Auction contract area is and shall remain river bed. Thus, the topography or land use of the River bed per se will not be changed. The mining Auction contract area is devoid of any vegetation. The land use of the mining Auction contract area is defined in the Revenue record as Gair Mumkin Nadi. The land under active mining would always remain river bed, during as well as post mining. 2.2 EFFECT ON CLIMATE The mining Auction contract area is very small, only hectares. The mining will be confined to, within the river banks. The mining will be confined to top one metre. Some micro level impact near the freshly exposed surface may happen for short duration as some humid material may be exposed. The impact will need no mitigating measures. 2.3 Impact on air No blasting material is to be used. The major contributors of air pollution in open cast mining are excavation, loading and transportation, generating dust, which leads to momentary rise in the suspended particulate matter (SPM). The mining activity will be limited to excavation of about 295 metric tons of stone and bajri, and of sand with silt for free sale per day. Ten tipper trucks trips will be able to move the required stone and bajri from mine to market which is within 30-kilometer radius from the mine, in about 62 truck trips depending upon market requirement.

62 MINING PLAN (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. 2.4 NOISE POLLUTION IMPACT This activity would generate very little disturbance to air quality. The mining area represents calm surroundings. The mining shall be manual causing hardly any noise. The noise would be generated by the movement of trucks / tractor trolleys engaged in the transportation of the mined material. About 62 trucks trips would be required for transporting mined material per working day from mining area to crusher. MITIGATION MEASURES The dedicated tipper truck would properly and regularly undergo maintenance to minimize noise. Exceptional care would be taken to properly maintain the silencers of the vehicles. No use of horn shall be allowed in or near the mining area. There is already vegetation along the banks which fall outside the Auction contractd area. 2.5 EFFECT ON FLORA & FAUNA The mining Auction contract area is river bed. There is hardly any flora or fauna on the river bed to attract any protective or mitigating measures 2.6 SOIL COVER The mining will be confine to River bed. It has no soil cover as the area gets frequently flooded during heavy rains. Thus, there shall be no impact on any natural soil cover. 2.7 EFFECT ON HYDROLOGY The mining area is part of river bed. The mining will be confined to top one metre of river bed. The mining will be confine to central part of river bed, away from banks. Thus, mining would be dredging the dry river bed and reducing the silt burden downstream. The mining will be undertaken during dry seasons. The ground water (undercurrent of the river) will not be disturbed 2.8 Waste disposal Management

63 MINING PLAN (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. The area is in a regular course of Yamuna River and no waste will be produced during the mining activity. 2.9 SOCIO- ECONOMIC IMPACT No adverse impact on the socio-economic condition of the area is envisaged. The induction of mining sector development in and around predominantly agricultural area is bound to create its impact on the socio-economic life of the local inhabitants. The impact is generally positive. The induction of mining sector development in and around predominantly agricultural area is bound to create its impact on the socio-economic life of the local inhabitants. The impact is generally positive. As can be seen in figure 26 there is high percentage of unemployed (61.82%) and underemployed (4.12%) people in the area despite moderately elevated level, (69.47% literates, figure 27) of literacy. Moreover, the mining project in the area will have various positive impacts in the area. The mining project and its downstream project construction activity will provide work to as many as 45 persons. Considered their total minimum earning per day to a tune of Rs (@Rs.350/= per person per day), the area will get a supplementation in its financial and social wellbeing to some effect Transport of Mineral The mining Auction contract area is part of Yamuna River near Bata Mandi. From the quarry site to the NH 907 a track can be maintained as it is almost flat terrain. In all about 494 tonnes of material will be evacuated daily during the working season of 270 days. From National Highway material, can be

64 MINING PLAN (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. transported to various market places. Figure 42 Approach and Evacuation route. PART III 1 PROGRESSIVE MINE CLOSURE PLAN/RECLAMATION PLAN 1.1 Reclamation The mined area being part of the river course cannot be reclaimed for any other purpose. The land under active mining would always remain river bed, during as well as post mining. However, mid-stream mining in accordance with approved mining plan would lead to systematic channelization of river bed and minimize chance of boulders overflowing the banks. This would protect the adjoining area from fury of monsoon floods. 1.2 Mine Waste Disposal: a) Year wise generation of mine waste and soil cover. As explained earlier the following category of the waste is generated during river bed mining. Silt/ Clay Mixture

65 Metric Tons MINING PLAN (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. The silt and clay are generally being inseparable from sand and sold along with it Year wise Generation of Silt & Clay (Waste) in Five Years First Year Second Year Third Year Fourth Year Fifth Year Total Silt & Clay Figure 43: Year wise generation of waste and total waste expected to be generated in five years. b) Year wise disposal of waste and soil cover: Yearly about 2670 metric tons of waste will be generated (In case it is separable) while mining stone, bajri and sand. Special arrangements for the disposal of waste, if any, is separated from sand, shall be made by transporting separated silt and clay to designate site where it will be spread over and plantation would be done to consolidate it. c) Cost of the mine waste disposal scheme. As the waste, silt, and clay, whenever separable, are required to be moved from the mining pits in the river bed to designated site on the bank but the quantity being little, about 10 tonnes per day the annual cost would be around Rs.26700, for its disposal annually. 1.3 The arrangements made for top soil utilization, if any As the mining area is part of river bed, having no top soil cover therefore, no top soil is required to be removed, disturbed, or disposed of.

66 MINING PLAN (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Preventive Check dams o The River in spate during monsoon rises more than two metres, therefore it will not be viable to construct embankments for short distance near the contract area. Thus, no protective measures for protection of banks are feasible. 1.5 Plantation work About 1000 square metres area above the HFL is suitable for plantation. Year wise area proposed plantation with, number of trees to be planted and amount spent is as given in the chart below Year Area to be Number of Cost of Plantation covered (In Sq. Metres) trees to be planted First Second Third Fourth Fifth Total Year wise survival rate. The survival rate is about 70 percent in the area because of the rocky nature of the soil. However, after yearly review it will be ensure that the plants are properly looked after and in case of failure of some plants to survive, these will be promptly replaced. Thus, by the end of five years, the survival rate will be ensured to be at least 90 percent. 2 STRATEGIES FOR PROTECTION OF POINT OF PUBLIC UTILITY etc. There is no point of utility within radius of 200 metres of the mining Auction contract periphery, which may need any kind of protection. 3 MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT The mining activity will be mainly manual. Worker are mainly required in river bed mining for extraction and loading of river bed material in to tipper truck and tractor trolleys. Drivers for tippers and tractors will be another category of workers. Thus, employment potential is as given below: Mines Supervisor cum clerk 1 Drivers 4

67 MINING PLAN (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. Unskilled workers 40 Thus total generation of Employment will be to a tune of 45 both skilled and unskilled workers. As pit mouth sale will be encouraged most of the consumers will arrange their own transport. 4 USES OF MINERAL The stone, sand and Bajri are used as raw material in the construction and infrastructure industry. Thus, these minor minerals will be marketed directly to the consumers. 5 DISASTER MANAGEMENT & RISK ASSESSMENT: The mining Auction contract area part of River bed which is prone to some risk hazards but there will not be any major risk hazard associated with the process. The possible scenarios selected for this project are as below: Inundation / Flooding Drowning Accident during mineral loading, transporting and dumping Accident due to vehicular movement Earthquakes Inundation/Flooding The consequences of flooding/ inundation are catastrophic or fatal. The likelihood of occurrence of flooding is occasionally possible. As per mining plan the mining work will not be carried out during monsoon season. The likelihood of occurrence of drowning is rare due to dry season mining. Accident during mineral loading, transporting and dumping The consequences of this scenario are minor which may be taken care with first aid care. Accident due to vehicular movement The consequences of this scenario are moderate and may result in hospitalization and day loss. The likelihood of occurrence is occasionally possible. Earthquakes

68 MINING PLAN (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. The area falls in seismic zone V. The mining operations are open cast pit mining. The mining pits will be only of one metre depth. There won t be any structure in the area likely to cause risk to worker. The workers rest sheds, store building and toilets will be constructed of lightweight wood and tin sheets. uarry ite Figure 44 Earthquake Zone 6. RECOMMENDATION FOR RISK REDUCTION Measures to prevent Inundation/Flooding/drowning Being on riverbed there should not be any mining operation during monsoon or rainy day Formation of deep pits should not be allowed Whenever there is any alert of flooding the workers will be moved to safer area along the banks. Measures to Prevent Accidents during Loading The truck should be brought to a lower level so that the loading operation suits to the ergonomic condition of the workers. The loading should be done from one side of the truck only. The workers should be provided with gloves and safety shoes during loading. Opening of the side covers would be done carefully and with warning to prevent injury to the loaders. Operations during daylight only. Measures to Prevent Accidents during Transportation Vehicles will be periodically checked and maintained in good condition. Overloading will not be permitted; To avoid danger of accident roads and ramp near embankment should be properly maintained. The truck would be covered and maintained to prevent any spillage; The maximum permissible speed limit should be ensured;

69 MINING PLAN (Khasra No. 1091) Minor Mineral Contract of Stone, Sand & Bajri, Mauza Upsampada Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur Shri Sunil Kumar, Village Singhpura, P.O Bhagani, Tehsil,Paonta Sahib, Sirmaur. The truck drivers with proper driving license would only be employed. Measures to Prevent Accidents during Earthquakes Occasional drills to create awareness for safety measures during mining operations and specially the measures to be adopted during earthquakes etc will be undertaken in consultation with experts.

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71 Distt. Survey Report of District Sirmour 1 Introduction:- Minerals are valuable natural resources being finite and non-renewable. They constitute the vital raw materials for many basic industries and are a major resource for development. The history of mineral extraction in India dates back to the days of the Harappan civilization. The wide availability of the minerals in the form of abundant rich reserves made it very conducive for the growth and development of the mining sector in India. The country is endowed with huge resources of many metallic and non-metallic minerals. Mining sector is an important segment of the Indian economy. Since independence, there has been a pronounced growth in the mineral production both in terms of quantity and value. India produces as many as 87 minerals, which includes 4 fuel, 10 metallic, 47 non-metallic, 3 atomic and 23 minor minerals (including building and other materials). Minerals are classified into two groups, namely (i) Major minerals and (ii) Minor minerals. Amongst these two groups minor mineral have been defined under section 3(e) of Mines and Minerals (Regulation and development) Act, The minor minerals are further governed by The Himachal Pradesh Minor Minerals (concession) and Minerals (Prevention of Illegal Mining, Transportation and Storage) Rules, The Minor minerals include building stones, gravel, ordinary clay, ordinary sand, limestone used for lime burning, boulders, kankar, murum, brick earth, bentonite, road metal, slate, marble, stones used for making household utensils etc. and other minerals not defined as minor minerals in the said Act are treated as major minerals. They include coal, kyanite, sillimanite, barites, chromite, fluorite, quartz, sand used for stowing purposes in coal mines and many other minerals used for industrial purposes. Based on the amendments made by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Government of India, in the Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 2006 notified on 15 January 2015, the Survey document of the district Sirmaur contains the following:- (a) District wise detail of river or stream and other sand source. (b) District wise availability of sand or gravel or aggregate resources. (c) District wise detail of existing mining leases of sand and aggregates. Further, the district survey document has been prepared in accordance with the Appendix-X of the said notification. The rivers/streams were studied based on the following parameters excluding the hill slope mining:- 1. Introduction 2. Overview of Mining Activity in the District 3 The List of Mining Leases in the District with location, area and period of validity 4. Details of Royalty or Revenue received in last three years 5. Detail of Production of Sand or Bajari or minor mineral in last three years 6. Process of Deposition of Sediments in the rivers of the District -1 -

72 7. General Profile of the District 8. Land Utilization Pattern in the district: Forest, Agriculture, Horticulture, Mining etc. 9. Physiography of the District 10. Rainfall: month-wise 11. Geology and Mineral Wealth It is pertinent to mention here that in the state of Himachal Pradesh, in pursuance to point 9.2 (Strategy 2) of River/Stream Bed Mining Policy Guidelines of the State of Himachal Pradesh, 2013 for regulation and control of mining operations, a survey document of existing River/Stream bed mining in each district is also to be undertaken on the similar guidelines. In the said policy guidelines, it was provided that District level river/stream bed mining action plan shall be based on a survey document of the existing river/stream bed mining in each district and also to assess its direct and indirect benefits and identification of the potential threats to the individual rivers/streams in the State. The District Survey Report shall form the basis for application for environmental clearance, preparation of reports and appraisal of projects. 6.1 Objectives of the New Mineral Policy-2013 a. To explore mineral wealth of the State by adopting modern exploration techniques. b. To exploit mineral deposit by promoting adoption of mechanized and scientific mining with due regard to the conservation of mineral mine safety and environmental aspect. c. Value addition through promotion of processing units and mineral based industries in the State. d. To increase the employment opportunity in the mining sector, particularly in the interior/remote areas of the state. e. To take effective measures for checking unauthorized mining and leakage of revenue. f. To simplify and adequately modify Himachal Pradesh Minor Mineral (Concession) Revised, Rules, g. To adhere to the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF), Government of India, for exploitation of minor minerals. Based on the action plan as mentioned above, mining leases/ contracts shall be granted in accordance to the Himachal Pradesh Minor Minerals (Concession) and Minerals (Prevention of illegal Mining, Transportation and Storage) Rules It is also imperative to mention here that though every care has been taken meticulously while identifying the area having good potential for mining. However in case, if it comes to the notice of this deptt./authority that somewhere some area having sufficient potential of minerals has either been left or not included in Distt. Survey Report due to some or other reason inadvertently, then it will be added in the Distt. Survey Report as and soon it come to the notice at any stage or as deemed fit. -2 -

73 a) Geomorphological studies i) Place of origin ii) Catchment area iii) General profile of river stream iv) Annual deposition factor v) Replenishment vi) Total potential of minor mineral in the river bed b) Geological Studies i) Lithology of catchment area ii) Tectonics and structural behavior of rocks c) Climatic parameters I) Intensity of rainfall II) Climate zone III) Temperature variation 1.3 In addition following are the important guiding Geo morphological features of rivers considered while recommending the river/ stream bed for collection of minor minerals:- A stable river is able to constantly transport the flow of sediments produced by water shed such that its dimensions ( width and depth) pattern and vertical profile are maintained without aggrading ( building up) or degrading ( scouring down) The amount of boulders, cobbles, pebbles, and sand deposited in river bed equals to the amount delivered to the river from catchment area and from bank erosion minus amount transported downstream each year. It is compulsive nature for river to meander in their beds for and therefore they will have to be provided with adequate corridor for meandering without let or hindrance. any attempt to diminish the width of the corridor (Floodway) and curb their freedom to meander would prove counter productive Erosion and deposition is law of nature. The river/stream has to complete its geomorphological cycles from youth, mature to old age. River capturing is unavoidable. Fundamentally the lowest point of any stream is fixed by sea level -3 -

74 Sr. No. 2. Over view of Mining Activity of District Sirmour The three types of minor mineral constituents such as sand stone and bajri are required for any type of construction apart from other material like cement and steel. In earlier times, the houses/ buildings were constructed in form of small dwellings with walls made up of mud plaster, stone and interlocking provided with wooden frames and there were negligible commercial as well as developmental activities resulting less demand of building material. However, with the passage of time when the District was carved out during new vistas of developmental activities were started. As such the demand of minor mineral in the District started an increasing trend. The increase could be gauged from the fact that during year the royalty receipt on minor mineral was merely Rs crores which has increased to Rs crores (Approx.) in the year The quantity of minor mineral consumption is a thermometer to assess the quantity of developmental activities being undertaken in a particular area. In order to meet the requirement of raw material for construction, the extraction of sand, stone and bajri is being carried out exclusively from the river beds. The demand of sand is mainly met through by river borne sand whereas the demand of bajri/grit is either met through river borne collection or through manufactured grit by stone crushers. The demand of dressed or undressed stone is met through the broken rock material from the hill slope. The local residents used to lift gravel etc. from the river beds to meet out their bonafide requirement, however after coming into being the Himachal Pradesh Minor Mineral Concession and Minerals (Prevention of illegal mining, transportation and Storage) Rules, 2015 as the mining was allowed in accordance to the rules. Presently in this District mineral concessions are being granted through grant of mining Lease. At present 30 nos. of mining leases for minor minerals have been granted under the ibid rules in different parts of the District and the detail is tabulated below. 28 quarries of river Yamuna has put to auction on & Process to auction other riverbed quarries is also under progress. Table Showing list of mining leases granted 2.1 DETAIL OF GRANTED MINING LEASES FOR STONE CRUSHER AND FREE SALE OF MINERALS IN SIRMOUR DISTRICT Name & Address of Lease 1. Smt. Shubhlata Sharma W/O Sh. Madan Sharma, House No. 214, Ward no. 10 Devinagar, Paonta Sahib Khasra No. of Lease Area (Bighas/ Kanals/ Hects.) Mohal/Mauza Period 486/332/148, 336/ Kunja to Sh. Anil Sharma, Prop. Village 238/168 & 242/169, 1.98 Bangran

75 Rampur Ghat, Teh. Paonta Sahib, Distt. Sirmour. 3. Sh. Ashish Kumar S/o Sh. Anand KumaR, 186/10, Devinagar, Paonta Sahib, Distt. Sirmour, H.P 4. Sh. Inder Singh Vill. Rampur Ghat, P.O. Shivpur, Teh. Paonta Sahib, Distt. Sirmour 5. Smt. Malini Jung, Vill. Ganguwala, P.O. Bata Mandi, Tehsil Paonta Sahib, Distt. Sirmour, H.P 6. M/S Chandel Associates, 186/10, Devi Nagar, Paonta Sahib, Distt. Sirmour (H.P.) 7. Sh. Ashok Goyal-Naveen Goyal, Prop. Goyal Crushing Company, Village Manpur Devra, Teh. Paonta Sahib, Distt. Sirmour(H.P.) 8. M/S Dev Raj Stone Crusher, Village Manpur Devra, Paonta Sahib,Distt. Sirmour 9. Sh. Madan Sharma, House No. 214, Ward no. 10, Devinagar, Paonta Sahib 10. Mahender Singh, Devinagar, Paonta Sahib 11. Smt. Meera Chandel, W/O Dr. Hakam Chand Chandel, H.No. 186/10, Devi Nagar, Paonta Sahib, Distt. Sirmour (H.P.) 12. Sh. Gajender Pal Singh S/o Sh. Surain Singh, 519 Vijay Park extension, Dehradun (UK) 487/332/148/1, 586/473/184/2 & 584/477/188 to /228/ Bangran to /322/1, 431/322/2, 638/613/590/188/ Mohkampur Nawada to / Ganguwala to /1026/912/2 & 911/679/3 9.5 Manpur Devra to /613/590/188/ Mohkampur Nawada to /613/590/188/ do to /613/590/188/ do to /13/ Kunja to ,52,66,67,68, Devi Nagar to /613/188 & 639/563/480/ Mohkampur Nawada to M/S Yamuna Mines and Minerals, 3.75 Gojar Addain to -5 -

76 14. Sh. Ram Pal Malik, VPO Shambhuwala, Tehsil Nahan, Distt. Sirmour, H.P. 15. Sh. Sumit Bansal Village Salani Katola, P.O /43/1 3.4 Bankala to /3/ Mohalia Katola to Sainwala, Tehsil Nahan 16. M/s Shiva Stone Crusher 4.01 Churan to Smt. Pushpa Mittal W/o Sh. Ram Kumar Mittal R/o Vill. Kalaghat, P.O. Kotla Panjola, Tehsil Pachhad 40/18/1 & 40/20/ Ganiyar to M/s G.B. Grit Udhyog 218/ Tikkari Kathar to do- 213/ do to Prem Pal Mehat to Brijender Singh 240/60, 242/60, 1.1 Behral to 247/60, 248/60, /60, 252/ Savita Bhandari 6/1 2.3 Danda to Ramesh Chand Arora 431/322/2 4.9 Mohkampur Nawada to Vishal Aggarwal 638/613/590/188/ do to Inder Singh 638/613/590/188/ do to Sanjay Kishore 638/613/590/188/ do to Shubh Lata Sharma (Kunja) 336/2 2.2 Kunja to Ranbir Singh 1249/1026/912/1 1.9 Manpur Devra to Smt. Shakuntla Chandel 487/332/148/1 2.1 Rampur Ghat to

77 30. Kamal Kumar Gupta 901/674/1, 900/ Manpur Devra to Detail of Royalty Received in district Sirmour In Sirmour District royalty received from major and minor minerals since onwards is given in the following table. Sr No. Year Revenue Receipt ( in Rs. Lacs) (Approx.) (In Crore) Table : Revenue Receipt in District Sirmour. 2.3 Detail of Production of Minor Mineral The production of minor mineral in district Sirmour since onwards, is tabulated in the following table. Sr No. Year Production of Minor Mineral (in Tons) ,76, ,77, ,86, ,32, ,26,

78 ,59, ,31, ,08, ,32, ,44, ,84,02, ,23,71, ,73,53, ,24,26, Process of Deposition of Sediments in the River Bed Deposition is the opposite of erosion. Deposition is where a river lays down or drops the sediments or material that it is carrying. Rivers carries lots of different sediments, including rocks, boulders, silt, mud, pebbles and stones. Normally, a river has the power to carry sediments. If the force of a river drops, the river cannot carry sediment. This is when the river deposits its sediment. Constituents of minor mineral The work done by a river consists of the following 1) Erosion 2) Transport of the material produced by erosion 3) Accumulation ( deposition) of the transported material The erosion and transport of material go hand in hand with the deposition of the latter. There is not a single river that doesn t carry fragmental material and deposit it. Even at the early stages, in the development of a river, when the erosion and transport definitely prevails over accumulation, the material carried by the river is deposited in some of the sections. During youthful stage of the river, these deposits are unstable and when the volume of water and stream velocity increases (during flood), they may start moving again downstream. The load carried by a stream includes the rock waste supplied to it by rain wash, surface creep, slumping etc. by tributaries, external agents such as glaciers, wind, together with, acquired by its own erosion work. The term load doesn t specifically mean the maximum amount of debris, that a sream could carry in a given set of -8 -

79 conditions, that amount is referred to as the transporting power or capacity of a river. The term load is technically defined as the total weight of solid detritus transported in unit time. The transporting capacity of a stream rises very rapidly as the discharge and the velocity increases. Experiments show that with debris of mixed shapes and sizes, the maximum load that can be carried is proportional to something between the third and fourth power of the velocity. But the fragments of a given shape, the largest size that can be moved ( not the actual mass of mixed debris) is proportional to the sixth power of the velocity, provided of course that the depth of water is also adequate for the purpose. As the velocity of a river is checked, the bed load s first to come to rest with continued slackening of the flow, the larger ingredients of the suspended load are dropped, followed succevily by finer and finer particles. When the stream begins to flow more vigoursly, the finer materials are the first to move again. A river begins to sort out its load or burden as soon as it receives it. The proportion of fine to coarse amongst the deposited materials tend on average to increase downstream, but there may be interruptions of this tendency because of addition of coarse debris from tributataries or from landslides and steepening of the banks. Both discharge and load depend on the climate and geology( litholgy, structure and relief) of the river basin concerned and both co-operate in carving out the channels down. Rounded, Subrounded, Subangular Size Fragment Aggregate 256 mm-- Boulder Cobble Roundstone Boulder gravel Boulder conglomerate Cobble gravel Cobble conglomerate 64 mm--- Pebble Pebble gravel Pebble conglomerate Granule Granule gravel 4 mm

80 2 mm-- 1/16 mm-- 1/256 mm---- Sand Silt clay Sand sandstone Silt Siltstone Clay Shale General Geo-morphological Characteristics of Rivers/Streams Transport of Sediment by Streams and Rivers The material transported by a stream can travel as: 1. Bed load 2. Suspended load 3. Dissolved load (salts, chemicals Stream capacity Maximum quantity of solid material that a stream can carry Related to velocity (discharge) Higher after a rain (more sediment in water Stream competence (or competency) Measure of the maximum size of particles the stream can transport Predict erosive capabilities Types of rivers or streams 1. Meandering These streams are very sinuous, and tend to migrate back and forth across the floodplain (or meander), over time. The word "meander" comes from the name of a sinuous river in Turkey, named the Menderes

81 2. Braided These streams have lots of lenticular-shaped in-channel bars. The stream channel bifurcates around these bars, and follows a pattern resembling braided hair. Fluvial Geomorphology Erosion is the set of all processes by which soil and rock are loosened and moved downhill or downslope. The most important process of erosion is due to running water. Erosion by running water acts in two basic forms: overland flow and channel flow. Splash Erosion Most running water starts off as rain. Rain drops have diameters of between 0.5 to 7 mm and hit the ground at between 1-9 m/sec. The force of the impact loosens material and throws it into the air. This is called splash erosion. In violent thunderstorms over 200 tonnes/hectare can be disturbed. On a sloping surface, soil is shifted downhill as grains are moved slightly greater distances downhill than uphill. More importantly, however, it leads to a decrease in the permeability of the surface due to openings being sealed by particles. There is therefore less infiltration and an increase in overland flow Overland Flow Runoff starts as a broad sheet. The sheet exerts a drag force over the ground surface and some weathered products may be removed. This is sheet erosion. Generally, after traveling a short distance, small channels or rills are formed, which coalesce into gullies, concentrating the erosive action. The amount of erosion of a slope depends on the Length and steepness of the slope Rainfall intensity Permeability and structure of the surface Amount of vegetation cover. Channel Flow Stream erosion is "the progressive removal of mineral matter from the surfaces of a stream channel which itself may consist of bedrock or regolith" (Strahler). Erosion will only occur when the stream has an excess of energy. In mountainous streams, the rough channel walls may amount to 96% of the potential energy of the stream. Some energy is also spent in -11 -

82 transporting load previously acquired. Erosion will result if the energy available > cohesion of particles. The quantity of water passing through the channel is termed the discharge (m 2 /sec) and is eqaul to the channel cross-sectional area (m 2 ) times the average stream velocity (m/sec). The amount of sediment carried by the stream is called the stream load (kg/m 3 ) Sub-processes of Erosion a. Hydraulic Action - The force of the running water alone. This is very important in weak alluvial deposits, especially in times of flood, when fast flowing; turbulent water undermines the channel banks. b. Abrasion, - the scouring caused by the impact of rock particles that are being transported. Abrasion features include plunge pools, potholes and chutes. Abrasion is proportional to velocity2, so a three-fold increase in velocity leads to nine times as much abrasion. The mutual erosion of two particles is known as attrition c. Solution (Corrosion) - chemical reactions between ions in solution and exposed minerals. It is particularly important in limestone areas or on beds of rock salt and gypsum, but all common minerals are soluble to some extent. Stream Velocity Stream velocity can be estimated from Manning's equation Where A = cross-sectional area, P = wetted perimeter, S = slope and n = roughness coefficient. The value of n will vary from around 0.02 for a smooth channel to 0.03 for rough gravel. Other factors such as surface irregularities, changes in cross-section, obstructions, vegetation and degree of meandering will also affect the roughness coefficient. In general, as you go downstream, the slope decreases (lowers velocity) and n decreases (raises velocity)

83 At any point along the stream's course, an increase in the depth of the stream's channel (e.g. during floods) will lead to an increase in A/P, with a consequent increase in velocity. Erosion Velocities The easiest grains to erode are in the fine to medium sand size range (see figure 1). Particles greater than this size have a proportionally greater volume to surface area ratio, so are harder to erode. For clays, ionic bonding leads to increased cohesion between clay particles, making them harder to erode. Clays are also platy minerals and form smooth surfaces. Laminar flow over the smooth surface decreases the ability of the stream to erode the particles. Clays also infill between larger grains and so are protected by the larger grains. Sands, therefore, may be moved during "normal" river flow, but it is only when floods increase the stream's velocity that the larger and smaller particles can be moved. Once the particles are being transported, there is an orderly deposition of particles with the largest being deposited first and clays being held almost indefinitely. Hence the sediment becomes sorted downstream. Figure 1. Diagram showing the stream velocity required to erode, transport and deposit particles of various sizes. Transportation The particles carried by streams is known as the stream load. Particles may be carried by floatation. Of very minor significance. solution. Ions of dissolved minerals that may travel downstream indefinitely. The most common are Na, Ca, K, Mg, Cl, SO 4 and HCO 3. One estimate of U.S. rivers -13 -

84 was that they carry 300 million tonnes of dissolved load each year, and 250 million tonnes of solid load. suspension. The temporary support of particles when turbulence is greater than the settling velocity of the particle. Clay and silt are normally transported in suspension, but sand may be carried this way in floods. saltation. Intermittent "jumping" of grains that are lifted by turbulence, but are too heavy to remain in suspension. traction. The sliding or rolling of particles along the stream floor. Particles moved in this way comprise the bed load. Bed load normally constitutes around 10% of the solid load, but may be up to 50% during floods, when the major work of the stream is done. Transportation is aided by the buoyancy of water, eg. quartz grains are Å 2000 times the density of air, but only two and a half times that of water. Unequal velocities at the top and bottom of boulders also assists transportation, as does steep gradients. The total load of particles of all sizes that a stream can carry is known as its capacity. It is proportional to discharge, which is proportional to velocity. A faster flowing stream therefore has a higher capacity. If a stream's capacity is less than its load, the stream cannot carry its load, so deposition occurs. If capacity exceeds load, the stream has excess energy (gravitational, potential energy), so it can erode more sediments. Streams switch back and forth from depositional to erosional agents, depending on load vs. capacity. A stream can erode along one stretch and deposit along another, since gradient and channel shape/size vary along the stream's course. Streams can erode during periods of higher velocity or discharge (floods) and deposit during periods of lower velocity or discharge. Anything that alters the sediment load delivered to the channel or that alters the stream's capacity to carry that load will cause the stream's gradient or channel geometry to change in response The largest particle that a stream can transport is known as its competence. Assuming that there is sufficient depth to cover the particles, then competence is proportional to the square of velocity. Deposition Deposition will occur when a loss of energy results in a decrease in velocity. This may be due to such things as declining gradient, a decrease in water volume, an increase in crosssectional area (particularly pools, lakes, and oceans), or by local obstructions. An excessive load produced by increased erosion in the drainage basin or tributary valleys, or from glaciofluvial outwash will also inevitably lead to deposition. The accumulations of stream deposits are called alluvium -14 -

85 Note: There is a constant interaction between erosion, transportation and deposition. During a flood, the bed of a stream at a particular point may be eroded, but as the flood subsides the bed is filled again. Similarly, in different parts of the stream, velocity differs and hence one part of the stream may be eroding its bank, while on the opposite bank deposition is taking place. Downstream Adjustments Overall, despite some variations, effluent streams (those that receive water from the water table) generally show the following changes downstream: velocity) discharge increases (due to more tributaries and a greater drainage area) total load increases (due to more tributaries and a greater drainage area) channel size increases (to cope with the increased discharge and load) particle size decreases (due to increased abrasion/attrition and changes in the smoothness of the channel increases ( due to decreased particle size) gradient decreases Stream velocity downstream is increased by the smoother channels, but decreased by lower gradients. Under normal conditions, velocity is proportional to discharge 0.1, so there is a slight overall increase in the average velocity of the stream - despite the appearance of faster flowing mountain streams at the headwaters. In such streams, the amount of turbulence and associated eddies and backward flowing portions of the streams means that the average velocity is lower than the smoother flowing waters downstream. During floods, however, when the major work of the stream is done, velocity is proportional to discharge 0 (i.e. it is constant), so the increased velocity associated with floods allows the erosion and transportation of a large range of particle sizes throughout the drainage system. It can be seen from these relationships that peak discharge conditions that occur during floods are very important in determining the form of rivers and the features associated with them, and not the "normal" river level. These changes take place in an orderly manner and lead to a longitudinal profile that is smooth and concave. This is known as a graded profile (see Figure 2 and Chernicoff & Whitney, fig, 14-7, pg 438)

86 Figure 2. Long profile of a graded stream, showing a regular change in gradient. For a stream with an irregular profile, erosion will be more pronounced at places of higher than normal gradient, such as at falls and rapids, and sedimentation will occur in areas of low gradient, such as lakes. The "bumps" are therefore ironed out until the graded profile is achieved. Over geological time, providing that tectonic forces do not change the base level, any stream, irrespective of length, discharge, and bedrock, will achieve such a state of "dynamic equilibrium". It is a "dynamic" system, as there is constant re-adjustment of the channel in response to local variations in the volume, velocity and load, that leads to a local balance between the sediment being transported and the energy available. That is, short term changes of scour and fill may occur, but in the long term the gradient and velocity are such that the available load can be transported without erosion or deposition dominating in any particular place. Over geological time, erosion dominates and the whole profile is lowered until a peneplain is developed close to base level. The base level is the lowest level that a stream can erode its channel. A temporary base level results from obstructions such as resistant outcrops, lakes, dams etc. that lead to temporary sub-profiles An increase in base level will lead to aggradations, the built up of sediment on valley floors and the development of thick deposits of alluvium. A decrease in base level will lead to such things as nick points that migrate upstream, alluvial terraces, valley in valley topography and entrenched meanders. The rise in sea level from 18,000 to 10,000 years ago means that most present river systems don't demonstrate ultimate base level control by modern sea level. Estuaries (in streams with minor solid loads) and deltas (large loads) demonstrate adaptations to the changed conditions

87 4. GENERAL PROFILE OF SIRMOUR DISTRICT 4.1 General Sirmour is located in the southern part of the Himachal Pradesh and is situated between 30 o to 31 o north latitude and 77 o to 77 o east longitude The district has a total area of 2,825 sq. km. which cover 5.07 per cent area of the state. The population density in the District is 162 persons per square Kms. The District has the 70.40% of literacy rate. The district is bounded by Shimla district in the north, Solan district in northwest, state of Haryana in the south and west Whila the state of Uttrakhand make its eastern boundary. Salient Features of the district Geographical Area Sq. Km Total Population - 4,58,593 (2001 census) Number of Sub-Divisions Nahan 2 Paonta Sahib 3 Rajgarh 4 Sangrah -17 -

88 5 Shillai Number of Tehsils Nahan 2 Paonta Sahib 3 Pachhad 4 Shillai 5 Sangrah 6 Rajgarh Number of Sub-Tehsils Dadahu 4. Nohra 5. Kamrau 6. Ronhat Number of C.D. Block Nahan 2. Paonta Sahib 3. Pachhad 4. Shillai 5. Sangrah 6. Rajgarh Number of Gram Panchayat Number of villages Total Population - 4,58,593 (2001 census) Density per Sq Km

89 Administrative Map of District Sirmour -19 -

90 4.2 Land Utilization Pattern The general land utilizationpattern of the District is as given below Land Utilization Pattern of the District (in hects) Area Under Forest Irrigated Area 14,964 Unirrigated Area 32,073 Culturable waste (including gauchar and groves) 72,568 Area not available for cultivation 54,719 Map Showing Land Utilization in district Sirmour 4.3 Forest The forests play a vital role in shaping the climatic condtions of the area. The forests provide valuable timber, medicinal herbs, raw material for large and small scale industries and also provide employment and play a vital role in conserving the soil and ensure timely and sufficient rain. The lowest point on the of the southern boundary of the -20 -

91 district is 427 metres above sea level and the highest range of Chur Dhar which is at an altitude of 3658 metresin the north. The forest grown between these two extremes vary as the elevation itself. In Sirmour district the forest range between scrub, sal and bamboo forest of the low hill to the fur and alpine forest to the higher elevations. The following are the main forest type in the district:- Deodar Chir pine Oak Fur Spruce Kail Pine Bamboo 4.4 Fauna Due to wide variation in the altitude a large variety of fauna is available in the forests of the district. The species of animals and birds commonly found in the District are;- Leopard Musk Deer Black Beer Ghoral (Himalayan Goat) Barking Deer (Kakar) Langoors Red Jungle Fowl Black Partridge Grey Partridge Hare Jackal Monkey Sambar Chakor Woodpecker Birds Crow 4.5 Agriculture -21 -

92 Agriculture is the main stay of the economy of the district. About 82 percent of the population is mainly dependent on the agriculture. Generally the soil in the district varies from light sany to heavy clay and in Paonta Sahib valley it ranges from sandy to sandy loam. The terrain throughout the district except Paonta Tehsil, is hilly and posses diverse climatic condtions. The holdings are very small and scattered. The yield of various crops is below the norm. Major food crops are grouped in three categories, namely cereals, pulses and other food crops like chillies, ginger, sugarcane and turmeric. Non-food crops of two kind i.e. oil seeds and othr non-food crops such as cotton, tobacco and fodder crops. The following are the main crops in the District;- Wheat Maize Paddy Oil seed Pulses Potato Sugercane Ginger Vegitables (Peas, Tomato, Capsicum, Cabbage, Culiflower) Spices (Peper and Coriander) 4.6 Horticulture The topography and agro-climatic conditions of the district are quite suitable for the production of various fruits. The topography of the district can be grouped into three categories namely high hill area, located at an higher elevation, mid hill area and low lying valley area. Fruits of different varieties, depending upon the terrain, climatic conditions and soil are grown in the district. Following are important fruits grown in the District:- Apple Plum Mandarins Peach Apricot Pear Dry Fruits (Almond and walnut) Citrus fruits (sweet orange, lemon, Kinnow and Kagzi lime etc) Sub tropical fruits like Mango, Guava, Lichi, Papaya etc

93 4.7 Animal Husbandry Animal Husbandary plays a ley role in boosting the economic conditions of the people besides providing milk, meat and manure. Following are important livestock in the District Cow Buffalo Sheep Goat Ponies Pig 4.8 Fisheries Poultry The district is bestowed with some perennial river/streams spread over in 284 kms of length which includes big river like the Yamuna, the Giri and small streams like Bata, Jalal, Nera, Markanda and Roon. Tor Putitora ( Mahaseer), Schizothorax Plagiostomus ( Gungli), Bata, Gid, Labeo-doro, and goonch etc. are the important varieties of fishes found in these rvers and streams. 5. PHYSIOGRAPHY Located on the southern most portion of the Himachal Pradesh, Sirmour district borders with Haryana State in the south and in the east with the Uttrakhand. The district lies between 30 o to 31 o north latitude and77 o to 77 o east longitude. The district is bounded by Shimla district in the North, the river Tons and Yamuna in the East, Ambala District of Haryana in the South-West and Solan district in the North-West. The area in general is the part of the lesser Himalaya and predominantly mountainous (except Dun Valley called as Kiar-da-dun in Tehsil Paonta Sahib) with deep valleys lying between ranges of varying elevation from 400m. towards South East to 3640m. toward North. Broadly speaking the district is hexagonal in shape with longest length from west to east being 77 km. and maximum width from north to south being 80 km. Geographically the district can be divided into three parts. 1. The Trans Giri (Giri Par Region) (46% of the total area) 2. The Cis Giri (Giri War Region) 3. Plains of Kiar-da-dun or Dun Valley The Trans Giri (Giri Par Region)consist of high mountains culminating into Chur Peak with altitude of 3647 mtrs. From this lofty mountains, run two ranges, one in -23 -

94 north west and other south west direction toward Haripurdhar. The second range agains deivdes into two, one which run almost east of the river Tons and the other range run south east under the name of Dhar Nigali and then turns east under the name Dhar Kamru. The Dhar Shillai run parallel to this in northern side and these two form the valley of Naira nallah which ultimately fall in the tons river. The Cis Giri (Giri War Region) is intersected by three main ranges which run from north-west to south-east. Of them, first is the Sain Dhar which runs parallel to the river Giri and second is the Dharthi Dhar. Between these to Dhar flows river Jalal. The third is quite a low range, which runs from around Kala Amb (to the south of Nahan) and forms an open valley with Dharthi Dhar. In the western half of this range flows the markanda river. Between the eastern extreme of the Dharthi range lies open wide valleyknown as Kiar-da-dun or Dun Valley, which borders the Yamuna and Giri river in the east and form the boundary of the district with the Uttrakhand. It also touches western portion of Tehsil Nahan. This flat valley is irrigated by the Bata riverwhich flows from east to west originating from Dharthi ranges

95 Map Showing Physiography of district Sirmour 6. Rainfall The rainy season usually begins from the third week of June and lasts till the middle of September. A shower or two are received in April and may also. The April and May rains may also bring hail stroms. During monsoon season rains are more active during July and August. These months accounts for 80% of the rain fall during the season. The average annual rainfall of the district is 1670 mm

96 Figure 1: Rainfall (in mm) in district Sirmour during Geology District Sirmour forms part of the Shiwalik and Lesser Himalaya ranges and it exhibit a rugged mountainous terrain with moderate relief. The rocks found in the area comprise sandstone, shale, limestone and schist deposited during past 600 million years. Various litho-units ranging from Proterozoic to recent era are found to occur in Sirmour district. Among all, typical Mesozoic era formations cover most of the parts and Quaternary formations occupy southern part of the district

97 Granite Gneisses of Jatogh Formation belonging to lower Proterozoic is located in the northern part of the district while Deoban Formation of upper Proterozoic is confind to the eastern part in limited extent. Jaunsar and Simla Group of lower Proterozoic to upper Proterozoic period cover middle portion of the district which encircles Tal, Krol and Infra-Krol formation of Triassic period respectively. Among which the Krol Formation of Triassic period is known for its limestone deposits. Subathu and Dharamshala Formation of Oligocene cover a major portion of the southern area. Main boundary foult of the Himalayas, extending from Indus to Brahmputra, runs through the south central portion of the district. The major tectonic break here is called Nahan thrust, and along this foult plane the older rocks rest on the younger Shiwalik rocks. A marked plane of structural discordance exists as a district linear feature between the Nahans (Lower Shiwalik) to south and the older Tertiary (Subathu-Dagshai group of rocks) to its north. The Pre-tertiary limestone deposits( Sataun Formation ), Where exposed, occurs as discontinued lensoid outcrop along the northern fringes of the Nahan thrust and sandwiched in between the Nahan and the Subathu. Generally, all the Formations trend in WNW-ESE direction with moderate to high northerly dip. Generalised stratigraphic Successions of the district is given in the following table. Age Formation Lithology Middle Miocene to Pleistocene Lower Upper Eocene to Middle Miocene Paleocene to Lower upper Eocene Shiwalik Dharamshala Subathu Upper Shiwalik Middle Shiwalik Lower Shiwalik Upper Dharamshala Middle Dharamshala Predominantly conglomerate with minor sandstone and earthy buff and brown clay stone. Predominantly sandstone, medium to coarse grained, soft pebbly with subordinate variegated clay stone. And minor lenticular conglomerate band toward top. Alteration of fine to medium grained, occasionally pebbly and reddish brown nodular claystone and silt stone. Greenish grey fine grained sand stone, subordinate green and mauve clay and clay stone. Purple shale, lenticular limestone subordinate argillaceous sandstone. Nummulitic shale, lenticular limestone and subordinate -27 -

98 argillaceous sandstone. Cretaceous and Thick quartzites, greywacks chert Tals Jurrasic band shales etc. Krol series Limestone and shales Permo- Bleached shales, grey to dark grey Carboniferous Infra Krol slaty shales Upper Boulder-beds, slaty shales and Blaini Carboniferous cream coloured limestone Lower Paleozoic Shimla Series Slate and micaceous sandstone Purana Jaunsar Series Slate and quartzites Quartzites, carbpnaceous slates Archean Jatogh Series and limestone, garnetiferous mica schists, and quartzites Granites Porphyritic granitic etc. Table showing Generalised Stratigraphic Successions of Sirmour District Geological Map Of District Sirmour -28 -

99 7.1 Mineral wealth of Sirmour district : Limestone The chemical, cement and dolomitic grade of limestone deposits in different parts of this district. The limestone bearing horizon in Sirmour can be classified in 18 sectors as Naura Area, Sangrah area, Bhootmari area, Pamta area, Baldawa area, Bagan Dhar area, Malani Shilla areamilla area, Tatiyan area, Kamroo area, Chowki Marigwal Korga area, Banor Bharli area, Bohar Khatwar area, Poka- Bhadrog area, Manal area, Koti Dhaman area, Biala area, Dolomitic magnesia limestone horizon of the Parara area. The total limestone reserve of Sirmour district are ( as per Geological Survey of India) is about 1200 million tones. The detail of some of the limestone deposit is given below in the following table. Table showing Reserve and chemical analysis of some of the limestone of District Sirmour Limestone deposit Reserve Chemical Analysis Naura Sub- Tehsil Potential CaO %, MgO 0.61 % Datwari ( : ) Chunvi ( : million tonnes, Inferred million tonnes ) Naura Sub- Tehsil Hathna( : ) Olana ( : ) Naura Sub- Tehsil Dida-( : ) Bhanra ( : ) Shangoli ( : ) Naura Sub- Tehsil Naura -( : ) Hindga ( : ) Naura Sub- Tehsil Bulain Dhar -( : ) Probable million tonnes Reserve upto 100 metres = million tonnes Reserve upto 60 metres = 6.26 million tonnes Reserve upto 60 metres = 1.94 million tonnes CaO %, MgO 0.66 %, Al 2 O % and Fe 2 O % CaO %, MgO 14.1 %, CaO %, MgO 0.88 %, CaO %, MgO 0.95 %, Bhatrog ( : million tonnes CaO 50 %, MgO 1 %, -29 -

100 38 53 ) Baila ( : ) Section Sataun-Kamroo- Banor Bharli Pamta- Shilla Sangrah sector Reserve upto 30 metres = 446 million tonnes CaO 55 %, The limestone bearing belts of the Sirmour District are shown in the following figure. gure: Limestone bearing belts of the Sirmour District Fi Baryte The barytes deposits in Sirmour district is usually associated with Krol limestone and appear to have formed by the process of replacement. The mineral occur in either pure form of admixed with dolomite of the Krol Formation. In the Jogar- ka- Khala however it is associated with Balaini Boulder beds i) Kanti ( N E) The deposit is situated about 1 km SSE of Kanti on the northern slope of the hill. The mineral occurs associated with Krol limestone in the form of a vein which has an average width of 7 metres and is traceable for about 50 metres. Further to east three or four other small outcrops of barytes are met with the same strike but these are comparatively small and the mineral is also greatly admixed with dolomite. In some cases the specks of galena mineral were also found -30 -

101 associated with barytes.the deposit was first prospected by the Sirmour Mineral Development Co. when five or six trenches were put in the main vein across the deposit. The mineral is white in colour and fine grained in texture. For the greater part of the deposit it is pure but near margin it is admixed with some dolomite. The material form the outcrop to further east of the main vein is poor being mixed with country rock. The average chemical analysis of the deposit is as given in the following table. Table Showing chemical analysis of the Kanti Baryte %age SiO R 2 O MgO 0.15 CaO trace SO BaO Loss 0.39 The total reserve upto the depth of 7 metres was calculated as tonnes. The mining lease for the extraction of Barytes from this deposit was granted to M/S Ram Narayan & Bros, in the early sixties and was abandoned after full recovery of the deposit. ii ) Tatyana ( N E) The deposit is situated about one km south east of Tatiyana Village on the northern slope of limestone hillock near a spring. This occurrence is similar to nature to that at Kanti with the difference that here the mineral is very much admixed with dolomite. The zone of barite covers over an area of 350 X 120 metre on the slope of the hill. This area was also first investigated by the Sirmour Mineral Development Co. On the whole the mineral is impure and mixed with dolomite. There are few pockets of baryte also but the quantity in these is very limited. The chemical analysis is as given below in the following table. Table Showing chemical analysis of the Tatyana Baryte %age SiO R 2 O MgO CaO SO BaO Loss

102 The baryte is also reported near Rajpur (( N E) & Jagar -Ka -Khala ( N E) The mineral baryte is mined in District Sirmour and the only underground mine in private sector is in Himachal Pradesh. Bauxite In Bench area (30 47 : ) in Sirmaur district, bauxite occurs in isolated patches at the base of Eocene/Palaeocenc rocks i.e. Kakra and Subathu Formations. The deposit contains low alumina and high silica. Bauxite at Nahan (30 33 :77 16 ). Its outcrop is buried under a landslide. Clays Clay occurrences in Himachal Pradesh can be broadly classified into (i) lacustrine and fluvial, (ii) residual associated with granite and (iii) associated with the Middle and Upper Siwaliks. Brick -clay of fluvial origin occurs at and around Sirmur Tal ( ": ' 20"), 16 kms north of Paonta Sahib. Similar clay also occurs along the Nimba -ka - Khala, The occurrence extends for 500 metres with an average width of 80m. The average thickness is 3.38m with 1.2m thick overburden. Other occurrences of this type of day are at Rati Kharak ( ": ") and Kalidhang ( ": ' 30"). At Rati Kharak the clay occurs in an area, 480m in length and 120m in width. The thickness of the clay is two metres. In Kalidhang area, the clay occurs on both sides of Khasuda Ka Khala. The deposit is 540m in length and 180m in width. Its thickness varies from 20m to 30m. The deposit contains clay bands of varying colours. The clay bands are inter layered with bands of gravel, pebbles and sandy loamy soil. The varved nature of the clay deposit indicates that the clay is of lacustrine origin. The reserves of the clay around Kalindhang are about 2.93 million tonnes upto a depth of 20m. Probably, frequent floods in the river Giri have resulted in depositing the banded colluvial clay in Sirmur-Tal and Reti-Kharak at its southern bank providing a promising cultivable land for the area. Physical studies reflect that Nahan and Mandhali Formations through which the river Giri flows are the main provenance. The black and light varved clay deposit near Kalidhang is of lacustrine type. The tectonic movements in relatively recent past perhaps resulted in change of geomorphic features forming a temporary small lake in which the deposition of this clay took place

103 A few clay pockets occurring within the weathered rocks of Chor Granite Complex have been reported at Kanda ( ": "), Roundi ( "; "), Kotiyan ( "; ") and Gudag, ( ' 30" : "). The clay is dirty white to white in colour. It is sticky when wet and powdery when dry. The length, width and thickness of the pockets varies from three metres to 22m, 0.5 to two metres and 0.5 to five metres respectively. An occurrence of China clay is known from one kilometre north of Rajpur (30 35 : ). Coal In Sirmour District at Deothal (31 51 : ) in the tributary of Kewal Khala there is occurrence of coal in the Subathu Formation, but due to folding in the rock it has been greatly crushed and it occurs in soft powder form. Copper e) Sirmour district: In Sirmour District at Sataun ( ' ; ), copper mineralization occurs in the carbonaceous shales and quartzites of the Blaini Formation. The mineralisation zone is 25m wide along a road section and consist of stringers and disseminations of pyrite and chalcopyrite. Copper values range from 0.13% to 4.40%. One zone has analysed and showed 2.27% Cu along 1.30 (m true) width

104 Galena In Sirmour District Massive lode of a minor deposit comprising galena and sphalerite has been reported at Anyar (30 44 : ). The samples from old working have been analysis indicating lead 0.75% and zinc 0.21 % Another sample gave 10% zinc/content. Three old working (adits) exist at Anyar in the Infra Krol phyllites, slates and limestonnes. The middle shows mineralisation and is 2.80 m long extending in N 60 0 W direction after which it becomes narrow and is caved. This audit is located in yellowish brown friable phyllite trending N 70 0 W- S70 0 E and dipping 65 0 to NE. The ore body consisit of massive load comprising pyrite, minor specks of galena and sphalerite. The load is 0.70 m thick and strikes in N50 0 W S50 0 E directory and dips 35 0 to 65 0 to the NE. The load appears to be localized along the anticline trending N70 0 W- S70 0 E. Another small lode about 0.30 m thick occurs to the hangwall side. The northern old mine occurs at the contact of phyllite and grey limestonne. This audit is 3.70 m long and inclined at an angle of 30 0 in a N50 0 E direction. (ii) Synsedimentary, polymetallic sulphide mineralisation occurs within an interbedded slate-limestonne sequence near the Deoban-Shimla Group contact in Dathyari- (30 41 : 77 45') - Chamri (30 43': 77 44')- Auri ( : 77 44' ) area. Three mineralised lodes 20cm to 150cm thick ranging in length from 75m to 80m have been delineated over a strike length of nearly 340 metres. One sulphide zone trending N70 0 W-S70 0 E occurs along a shear zone in slates. Another sulphide vein runs subparallel to this zone and strikes in N60 0 W-S60 0 E direction. The sulphide mineralisation mostly comprises marcasite with galena, sphalerite, pyrite and chalcopyrite. The mineralized zone analysis shows 3.09% Pb, 3.01 Zn over a true width of 1.25 m. This value hold good for a length of 10 meter. Two old working existing in Chamri area. (iii) Small lenses and veins of quartz with galena are observed in slate and phyllite exposed in the Amba area ( : ). Large pebbles with rich galena mineralisation are a common sight all along the Amba Nala. Small gossanised band measuring 4m x 1m occurs in sandstonne and shale of subathu Formation, one ilometre east of Chapla (30 58 : ) in Dabur God. Lead value varies from 0.9 to 0.38%. Old workings of lead ore have been reported at Danheri ( ': ') and Panuh (30 50 : )

105 Garnet Garnet occurs in abundance in the mica schists so conspicuously developed all along the base of Chor mountain in Sirmour District. It is commonly seen on the top hills comprising mica schist and in the beds of nalas that flow through the mica schist. For the most part garnet is small in size but in a few places e.g. Kehdi ka Dhar it attain the size of 4 cm in diameter. The garnets met within the nalas are usually rounded through rolling action. Gold Placer gold has been reported from the Siwaliks and is reported in different part of the district. The Geological Survey of India had done detailed investigation in the Ujjal Ki Nadi, Gumti Nala, Trilokpur Nadi, Khiari Ka Khala, Bharion Khala, Matar ka Khala, Jamni Nala, Somb River, Salauni ki Nadi etc. The investigation shows that all these river sediments are auriferous. Gypsum In Sirmour District, Gypsum occurs at several places in massive form in the Krol Limestonne and as selenite crystals associated with the carbonaceous shales in the Nahan Sandstonne. The deposits of the former type are comparatively large whereas those of the latter are usually very small. A brief account of the gypsum deposit in District Sirmour are as given below: Korga ( : Gypsum occurs in steep and precipitous escarpments about 3 km southwest of Korga along the thrust plane. The mineralization zone which contains a mixture of anhydrite and gypsum strikes east-west cutting the Niri Ka- Khala almost at right angle and dipping steeply toward southeast. Gypsum is associated with red shale, bleached shale, limestonne and dolomite of Krols and occurs in the form of lenses, pockets and thin bends. For the greater part of the deposit the mineral is admixed with dolomite and shale but occasionally pockets of pure gypsum are also present. Sometimes crystalline dolomite is also associated with the gypsum. At places specks of native sulphur are also seen. The Gypsum is usually white, grey or reddish, the former two varieties being mostly associated with dolomite and the letter with red shale of Krols. The mineral occurs in three vains 1. The northern vein 2. The central vein 3. The southern vein The northern vein extends east west continuously for a distance of about 300 metres with an average width of 50 metres to West, after a gap of 600 metres it again traceable near -35 -

106 Purla for a distance of about 120 metres with an average width of 27 metres. The northern part of the vein is associated with red shales and the southern part with dolomite and shales. For the greater part of the deposit the gypsum is admixed with dolomite and shale but at few places as in southern part, in western gorge of the Niri- Ka -Khala, the concentration of the gypsum is more and the samples analysed from this region shows 60 to 80% gypsum in the rock while in other areas the gypsum contents are less than 60% The central vein extends for a distance of about 380 metres with an average width of about 35 metres. In the eastern gorge of the Niri- Ka -Khala it is about 60 metres. A large part of the vein on both sides of the Niri Ka- Khala has been eroded away and the rock in situ are covered with debris. Gypsum occurs in thin bands, pockets and lenses. There are small pockets of pure gypsum but these are seldom more than one metres in dimension. The southern vein extends for a distance of nearly 400 metres with an average width of about 30 metres. Further to west after a break of about 200 metres it is again picked up and can be traced for another 80 metres. The nature of occurrence of mineral is similar to that of central vein. The mineral is comperatively more concentrated in the easternmost part of the vein where the gypsum content is about 70% while in other parts of the vein it is only 35 to 40 %. As per estimate the reserve of the deposit containing above 60% of Gypsum and which can be sorted upto 80% by hand picking is about tonne and material containing below 60% of Gypsum is about tonne, but this is too much contaminated with dolomite and shale and can not be sorted. Bharli ( : ) Gypsum occurs as an escarpment about 1 km NNW of Bharli village on the Paonta-Bharli- Banor Road.The mineral occurs as pockets, lenses and bands associated and greatly admixed with the dolomites and shales of the Krol Formation. The zone bearing gypsum extends NNE-SSW for a distance of about 400metres with average thickness of about 50 metress.in the greater part of the deposit the rock mineral is admixed with dolomite and shale. The deposit is of inferior quality and may contain about 281, 250 tonne of gypsum Shilorna ( : ) Small deposit of inferior quality of Gypsum occurs about 1.5 Km southwest of Silorna. The quality of deposit is poor and deposit is not of much economic importance Kulthiana ( : ) There are small patchs of gypsiferous rocks in the Krol Limestonne near Kulthian. The rocks are too much admixed with dolomite and the deposit is very small in nature. Ridana ( : ) Gypsum in this are is exposed at three places one in the Puruwala Khala and other two in the stream draining the eastern gorge of the Puruwala Khala. At all the places the gypsum is lenticular and admixed with shale and dolomite. Bhaunrari ( : ) In this area small pocket of poor quality gypsum is also reported. Nahan ( : ) -36 -

107 Small crystals of selenite occurs associated with the carbonaceous rocks, about 3 km northeast of Nahan on the Nahan- Sarahan road is also reported. The deposit is very small and is of inferior quality. Iron Ore In Sirmour District Magnetite occurs as lenticles in quartzite of Jutogh Group at Lana Cheta ( : ' ) - Kanhari ( : ) area,known as Lana Cheta Iron ore. Lana Cheta Iron ore deposit Lana Cheta area is situated on the borderline of the Renuka and Rajgarh Sub-division of District Sirmour.The area is situated at an altitude of about 1300 meter above mean sea level, along the either bank of Nait Khala, with two parallel ridges on either side. The Nait Khala flows in South Western direction and cuts across the strike of the Formation. It is a perennial stream. It is fed by seasonal transverse tributaries which run mostly parallel to the strike formations. The valley is comparatively broad, especially in quartzite zone, which is quite unusual in the Lesser Himalayan topography. The Iron ore deposit of Lana Cheta had been known since long and were possibly worked by the local blacksmiths for the manufacture of their tool etc. The erstwhile Raja of Sirmour Estate, during 19 th century, made certain experiments on this ore for use in Nahan Foundary but due to heavy cost of transportation and poorness of ore, it was abandoned. The iron ore occurrences south and south-east of Kanhari village are popularly known as Lana-Cheheta iron ore deposits. They are exposed along the banks of Nait Khala. The mineralization is restricted at the base quartzites of Jutog Group. No mineralization is seen in the carbonaceous slate& and schist. Lower horizon:- The lower horizon is only a few metres away from the contact of the quartzites and carbonaceous horizon and has better concentration and worked in the past.. There are two main localities namely Kanhari old workings and Fumaria old workings. Kanhari old workings are situated along the northern scarp of the Nait Khala, about 800 metres south of Kanhari village. There are two old workings; one being just along the foot-path and the other is about 20 metres SW of the first one. The mineralization is restricted to the old workings only and there is hardly any lateral Extension. There are again two old workings along the Fumaria ridge. The main o ld working is about 300 metres SE the Kanhari old workings and is situated on the steep slopes of the ridge. There is a vertical face at a distance of about 25 metres south-east of the old working with magnetite lenses and quartz veins in the hard massive grey and white quartzites. The inbetween portion of old working and the vertical face is covered with debris wihte few boulders of magnetite. There are thin veins and streaks of magnetite in between and on the sides of these lenses. The magnetite lenses are about 2 to 4 metres in thickness and extend upto 60 to 10 metres. Two metres SE of the middle lens there is another lens of magnetite which is about 15 metres in length and is about l.5 metre thick in the middle. After a covered portion of about 7 metres, there is another lanticular outcrop of magnetite which is 2 metres in length and 0.5 metre width. There are numerous quartz veins and some of them being 30 to 50 cms thick running -37 -

108 parallel as well as oblique to the ore body. Silica in the form of thin streaks of lenses and specks is quite commonly seen. Pyrite also occurs in great abundance in the form of pockets and veins within the magnetite lenses. The second old working along the Fumaria ridge is situated at a distance of about 600 metres SE of the main old workings. Upper horizon:- The uprer horizon is exposed 640 metres in north eastern direction from the lower horizon and has greater extensions but poor concentrations. Starting from almost top of the ridge south of Kanhari village, it is exposed along the either banks of Mait Khala passes through the Reoli ridge and, with a few exposures in the fields NE of Chandrona village, is again exposed along the Southern slopes of Chandrona ridge and gradually pinch out in SE direction. Khanhari or right bank block:- The mineralized band, start from almost top of the ridge, south of Kanhari village, is traceable in north eastern direction up to fifty metres short of Mait Ka Khala. The mineralized zone is about 2 to 4 metres tr.ick. In most of the portions there are thin streaks of magnetite running along the bedding planes. In the north-eastern portions of the mineralized band there is a better concentration of magnetite which can be traced for about 350 metres. Thin lenses with streaks of magnetite can be further traced in South West direction for about 250 metres. The maximum of magnetite veins recorded is about 60 to 70 cms only Pyrite is seen at one place exposed along the foot-path east of Kanhari village. It occurs as thin stringers and pockets in the magnetite body. Silica veins are also associated along with the ore body. With no extensions of mineralization on the bank of the ridge and its sudden disappearance in the Kanhari nala indicates limited extensions along the strike direction in this block. Left bank block:- An almost continuous, conspicuous and projected band of quartzite with magnetite mineralization is exposed along the left bark of Nait Khala starting from the confluence point of Rampur nala with that of Nait Khala, it runs in Southern direction for about a distance of 100 metres with an average thickness of 2 to 3 metres.. Thereafter, it suddenly disappears for a distance of about 120 metres under debris and is again seen continuously along south eastern direction to form part of the Reoli Block. The nature of mineralization is similar as in the right bank block. Pyrite in the form of thin stringers was seen at one place of the sections. The mineralized zone is about 3 to 4 metres thick. The concentration seems to increase along the dip directicn. Reoli B1ock - The mineralized band exposed along the Reo1i ridge a little south of Reoli village runs almost in the strike direction for a distance of 300 metres with a few intermittent unexposed portions covered by debris and continues upto the right banks of Pipli Nala. It dies out at the confluence of Pipli and Chandrona Nala The mineralized zone gradually disappears in the south eastern direction. The maximum concentration is near village Reoli where it is about 2 to 3 metres thick. Silica again form a common association with almost absence of Pyrite. Chandrona Block: The mineralized band is exposed along the the south western and southern slopes of chandrona ridge. Ii is exposed along the foot path going to village Bhotli for a distance of about 25 metres. Further in south east direction it is exposed for about 200 metres - a little below the foot path. It completely dies out near Tali School. The maximum concentration is -38 -

109 along the outcrop exposed along the foot path and it gradually goes on decreasing in the South East direction. Pyrite An occurrence of pyrite in the form of lenses and veins in limestonne and slate was recorded at Sayasu (30 4 : 77 4 /) and Diyandon (30 43 : ). The steeply dipping vein at Sayasu is exposed in the bed of the Tons river, for a distance of 150 metres with a thickness varying between 50 cms and 1.2 metres. On analysis the sample yielded 30% sulphur with arsenic in traces. Talc/ Steatite In Sirmour District Steatite of good quality occurs at Nahan ( : ). Zinc In Sirmour District Zinc is found associated with galena and pyrite at Anyar ( : ) and Chamri ( : ). At Anyar, the samples from old working analysed 1.5% Zn and 0.21 %Pb. Another sample gave 10% Zn. At Chamri the zone contains 3.01% Zn and 3.01 % Pb

110 8. Drainage System The general drainage pattern of the Rivers/ streams in the district is dendritic pattern. All rivers/streams flowing in Sirmour district are tributaties of Yamuna River catchment. Map showing the Watersheds and Drainage system of district Sirmour -40 -

111 8.1 YAMUNA This river originates from the Jamnotri mountain in the Himalayas at a height of about 7,924 m from the mean sea level. After crossing through Garhwal and irrigating Jaunsar area, it flows on the eastern boundary of the district for a distance of about 31 km. Entering at village Khodar Majri and leaving at Kaunch and continues in the Uttrakhand. It separates Kayarda Dun from the Dehradun and forms the boundary line between this district and the Utter Pradesh. Within the boundary of this district the estimated maximum width of the river is about 91m and the depth is about 6m, but this limit is far exceeded during the rainy season.in the summer, due to melting of snow on the mountains, the volume of water of the river is often subject to variation. The water of this river is generally cold and clear but during the summer, due to melting of snow, it becomes somewhat muddy.it is a sacred river having two temples on its bank, at Rampur and at Paonta where a Gurudwara also exists.since this river flows at a lower level than of the plateau of the Kayarda Dun, its water cannot be made use of for irrigating the area. It notable tributaries in the district, are the Tons meeting it at Khodari Majri, the Giri Joining it near Rampur Ghat and the Bata mingling its water with it at Bata Mandi. The river Yamuna is the primary tributary of the river ganga, originates from the Yamounotri Glacier near Banderpoonch peak( 38o 59 N78o27 E) at an elevation about 6387 mtrs.in district uttrakashi. The Yamuna catchment drain the Punjab-Kinmaon Himalayas from Shimla in northwest to Musoorie in the south east. After flowing in southeasterly direction for about 120 kms it is joined by its principal tributary the Tons near Dakpathar. The Tons drain a large catchment area hence carries a large volume of water than the main river Yamuna. From the west another important tributary, the Giri joins the main river near the Paonta Sahib. The river pierces the lower Shiwalik range and enters the plains near Tajewala. From Tajewala onward it flows in a southerly direction for a distance of 240 kms upto the Okhla head water near Delhi. The Yamuna after receiving the water through other important tributaries joins the river Ganga and the underground Saraswati at Prayag(Allahbad) after traversing about 950 kms. The catchment of the Yamuna river system covers part of Uttar Pradesh, Uttrakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Delhi states. The state wise catchment area distribution is as below. Name of the state Total catchment area in Percentage contribution. Yamuna(in Sq. Km) Uttar Pradesh (including Uttrakhand) Himachal Pradesh

112 Haryana Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh Delhi The tributaries contribute 70.9% of the catchment area and balance 29.1 % accounted for the direct drainage into the Yamuna river or to the smaller tributaries. On the basis of area the catchment basin of the Yamuna account to 40.2% of the Ganga basin and 10.7% of the total land mass of the country. 8.2 GIRI By far the greater portion of the district is drained by the river Giri or its tributaries. The river Giri originates near Kharapathar in Jubbal Tehsil of the district Shimla at hight of about 3270 mtrs. It through the hills of Kot-Khai and Tatesh, parts of Shimla district, and enters in the district on its south-west side. It continues its course for about 40 kms., forming the boundary with the Keonthal area of the Shimla district. At village Mandoplasa, this district and debouches in the Yamuna at Rampur Ghat None of its tributaries are important, except, on its right bank, the Jalal, which joins it at Dadahu below Sati Bagh at the souther-eastrn extremity of the Sain Dhar. On its left bank the principal streams are the Nait and Palar, which rise on the Kawal, a stream which first flows westward, till it falls into the Giri. Other tributaries are the Bajhethy, the Pervi, the Khal and the Joggar streams. 8.3 Tons The source of this river lies in the Jamnotri mountains and after coursing through the territories of Jubbal and Jaunsar it enters the district near village Kot separating it from the Jannsar area, once a part of the ers while princely state of Sirmour. After flowing for about 50km and forming the eastern boundary of the district it joins the Yamuna near Khodar Majri, too soon losing its name in that of the Yamuna, which is trebled in size after the junction of the two rivers. When it issues from its bed of snow at an elevation of about 3,897 m. above the level of the sea, it flows in a grand volume, 9m wide and 9m deep maintaining its dignity of character until its confluence with the river, which should, if rivers had their just rights, have been considered its tributary. During its comparatively short career, the Tons receives into its bosom the water of several other beautiful streams. The current of this river is swift and the course full of stones. 8.4 Jalal This small, shallow and narrow river rises near village Bani below Nehi in tehsil Pachhad and forms a dividing line between the Sain and the Dharthi. At Dadahu in SubTehsil, it falls into the Giri river losing its name. It is generally fordable and rarely up-passable except when it flood which passes away soon

113 8.5 Markanda It rises at Baraban in the hills of Katasan and pass below a temple of Katasan Devi. After flowing from south-east to south-west for a distance of about 24 km. With in the district, irrigating Bajora area, it passes on to the Ambala district at Kala Amb where it is quite wide at village Dewani it is joined by a streamlet named Salani. Areas of Bajora, Kala Amb the lands of Shambhuwala, Rukhri and the garden of Bir Bikrambag and the Khadar Bag are irrigated by its water and few water mills are also run. Its only tributary, of any importance, is the Salani. 8.6 Bata This river issues from Siori spring in the Dharthi range, located in village Bagna tehsil Nahan and takes easterly direction reverse to the course of the Markanda. Dividing Kayarda Dun into two parts it joins Yamuna at Bata Mandi and loses its separate entity and name. Dun area is irrigated by its water. It is a perennial stream subject to heavy floods in the rainy season, though usually for badable. 8.7 Ghaggar This river is mentionable not because it is one of the main or principal water bodies of the area but simply for the reasons that it rises near Lawasa in this district. It flows in the westerly direction and whole of southern slope of Dharthi Dhar up to Lawasa drains into this river. It flows for about 12.8 km. in Pachhad tehsil of this district before it enters the Haryana near Prit Nagar. Before it collects water sufficient to make it a river has already crossed the limits of the district. It is only two main tributaries, eg. the Lah which runs throught Ghinni tract and Deh which drains the Ghar portion of the Ponwala Jagir. Near its source and for a number of kilometers further on it has a well defined boulder strewn bed which is never dry but while coursing in the plains the quantity of water diminishers to a mere thread and finally it loses itself in Bikaner territory near Hanumangarh formerly called Bhatnair. The District Sirmour is drained by the Giri, Tons, Bata, Markanda, Ghaggar and Somb Rivers. The Percentage of area shared by these streams is as below; Name of the river Area drained %age of the area drained (in Sq. Km) River Giri River Tons River Bata River Markanda River Ghaggar Somb Nallah Table: Area of district Sirmour being drained by various rivers/nallah

114 Chart showing Area of district Sirmour being drained by different streams -44 -

115 Chart showing Percentage of Area being drained by different streams 8. Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams Serial Nos. Name of the River/Stream Total Length in Sirmour(i n Km) Place of Origin Altitude at Origin (in Metre) Yamounotri 1 Yamuna Glacier Kharapathar in 2 Giri Jubbal Sainki Dhar Near 3 Jalal Village Barno 4 Bata 36 Daghera RF Nera 26.8 Juni Dhar Tons 48.6 Yamounotri 6387 Glacier 7 Markanda 27.6 Simbhwala Dhar

116 Near Vilage Santhal 8 Trilokpur Nadi 9.8 Kaluwala Ki Dhar 590 Near Village 9 Salauni Ki Nadi Shilli Sinari 10 Run Nadi 21.4 Dharti Dhar Kandiwala Ki 12.8 Kangu Ki Dhar 1282 Nadi 12 Kairi Ka Khala 6.6 Khairwala RF Somb Nadi 9.3 Nagiwala RF 636 Lohgarh Ka LohGarh RF 655 Khol Nimbuwala Garuk RF 635 Khala 16 Matar Ki Khol 7.9 Brahmanwala RF Jagat Ka Nala 20.6 Dawai Dhar 2462 Simbhwala Dhar 18 Katli Ki Nadi 5.2 Near Vilage 1390 Sudanwala 19 Khala 20 Gumti Nadi 13.4 Dholi Rao 21 Khalla Santhal 6.4 Sudanwala RF 655 Gumti 620 Sambhalwa RF 8.0 Gorasa Methodology adopted for calculation of Mineral Potential: -46 -

117 The mineral potentials have been calculated based on field investigations and geology of the catchment area of the river/streams. It is also important to mention here that the there is a provision in the River/Stream Bed Mining Policy Guidelines where collection of material upto a depth of one meter is allowed in a single season where mineral concession have been granted. As per the provision in the River/Stream Bed Mining Policy Guidelines, only 60% of the area of the particualr river/sream bed has been taken into account for calculation of mineral potential. It is noticed that during flood season whole of the pits so excavated is completely filled up and as such the excavated area is replenshed with new harvest of mineral. Mineral constituents like boulder, river borne bajri, sand upto a depth of one metre are considered as resource mineral. Other constituents like clay and silt are exculed as waste while calculating the mineral potential of particualr river/stream. The specific gravity of each mineral constituents is different. While calculating the mineral potential, the avrerage specific gravity is taken as The percentage of mineral constituents like boulder, river borne bajri, sand are aslo varies for different river/stream. While calculating the mineral potential the percentage of each mineral constituents is taken as, 35-40% for Boulder, 30-35% for river born Bajri, 25-30% for sand and 5-15% for silt and clay. The deposition in river beds is more pronounced during rainy season. Although the quantum of deposition is varies from stream to stream depending upon numbers of fectors such as catchment lithology, discharge, river profile and geomorphology of the river course. However there are certain geomorphological features developed in the river beds such as channel bars, point bars etc. where annual deposition is much more even two to three metres. The annual deposition of minor mineral in the different river/stream beds has been calculated on the basis of field investigations and geology of the catchment area of the river/streams. The rate annual deposition of minor mineral in the different river/stream beds of district Sirmour varies from 20-25%. 11. Description of Rivers/Streams General 11.1 Yamuna (Toposheet No. 53F/11 and 53F/15 ) Yamuna river is one of the major tributaries of the Ganga river system. This river originates from the Jamnotri mountain in the Himalayas at a height of about 6387 m from the mean sea level. Drainage pattern of the Yamuna river is of Dendritic type. Total length of Yamuna river in Himachal Pradesh is about 31 Km and the total catchment of this area is approx. 270 Sq. Km

118 Portion of the River/Stre am Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n From Downstrea m of Confluenc e with Tons River to Behral near Haryana and Uttar Pradesh Border Length of Area Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n (in Km) Average Width of Area Recommen ded for Mineral Concession (in Metre) Area Recomm ended for Mineral Concessi on (in Sq. metre) Mineable Minor Mineral Potential (in Metric Tonn) (60%of total mineral Potential) Present status of mining. Presently there are 9 mining leases in operation in Yamuna river. Out of these, 6 mining leases have been granted for running the stone crushers and 3 mining leases for extraction of minor mineral for free sale. The detail is as under: For free sale Sr. No Name of the Party Area 1. Sh. Inder Singh, S/O Sh. Sunder Singh, VPO Kamrau, Sub Teh. Kamrau, Distt. Sirmour, H.P Hect. (32 Bighas) 2. Shri Brijender Singh, S/o Shri Ujjagar Singh, Village Haripur 13-0 Bighas Tohana, P.O. Shivpur, Tehsil Paonta Sahib, Distt. Sirmour, H.P. 3. Sh. Lakhvinder Singh, Flat No. 824, HIG, Phase-2, Mohali, 49-6 Punjab Total Area 94.6 Bighas -48 -

119 For stone crusher Sr. No Name of the Party Area 1. Shri Mahender Singh, S/o Shri Sohan Singh,Devi Nagar, Tehsil Bighas Paonta Sahib, Distt. Sirmour, H.P. 2. Smt. Shubhlata Sharma, W/o Sh. M.M. Sharma, H.No. 214, Bighas Ward No. 10, Devi Nagar, Paonta Sahib, Distt. Sirmour, H.P. 3. M/s Akhilesh Enterprises, Prop: Malini Jung, Village 24.0 bighas Ganguwala, Tehsil Paonta Sahib, Distt. Sirmour, H.P. 4. Sh. Lakhvinder Singh, Flat No. 824, HIG, Phase-2, Mohali, bighas Punjab 5. M/s Yamuna Mines & Minerals, C/o Shri Sher Singh Negi, Bighas House No. 16 Ward No. 6, Devi Nagar, Paonta Sahib, Distt. Sirmour, H.P. 6. Smt.Meera Chandel, W/o dr. Hakam Chandel Chandel, 186/10, Hect. Devi Nagar, Paonta Sahib, Distt. Sirmour, H.P. Total Area Bighas Upstream google earth view of Yamuna River near Guruwala -49 -

120 The production of the minor minerals from these mining leases for last three years is as under: Year Production (in MT) Minor Mineral Potential in the River Bed As the stream cut its course through the boulder beds of Siwalik rocks and this formation is the prominent source of annual deposition in the river beds. During flood season, the water carries heavy sediment load comprising gravels and sand which are deposited in the bed of stream. The following mineral potentials have been calculated based on the %age of each mineral constituent like boulder, river borne bajri and sand. The annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed has been calculated by taking into consideration the annual deposition of about 20%. Table Showing Minor Mineral Potential and Annual Deposition of Yamuna River Recommendation Mineral Potential Boulder (in MT) River Born Bajri (in MT) Sand (in MT) Annual Deposition Total Mineable Mineral Potential (in MT) It is evident from the above table that about metric tones of different sizes of minor minerals are available upto depth of one metre in the river bed of Yamuna River in the Sirmour District. Similarly the annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed is approximately to the tune of metric tones. At present average annual production is around 80,000 metric tones from the river bed. As such metric tones of minor mineral can safely be lifted from the river bed. It is therefore recommended that mineral concession can be granted in the right bank of the river bed from downstream of confluence with Tons River to village Behral near Haryana and Uttar Pradesh Border

121 11.2 Giri: (Toposheet No. 53F/1, 53F/5, 53F/6, 53F/10 and 53F/11) General Giri river is one of the major tributaries of the Yamuna river system. The river Giri originates near Kharapathar in Jubbal Tehsil of the district Shimla at hight of about 3270 mtrs. Drainage pattern of the Giri river is of Dendritic type. Its catchment is stretched between 30 o to 31 o N latitude and 77 o to 77 o E longitude covering an area catchment area of 2600 Sq.Km. which is further divided into 36 Sub-catchments. Its water has been diverted by putting a barrage at Dadahu to generate power at Girinagar and provide irrigation in and around Paonta valley. Keeping in river physics point of view and availability of the minerals, the Giri river can be divided into two portions i.e. upstream of the Dadahu Barrage (Giri-I) and downstream of the Dadahu Barrage(Giri-II). Present status of Mining Presently there is 16 mining leases are in operation in Giri river. Out of these, 7 Nos. leases have been granted for running the stone crusher and 9 Nos. for extraction of minor mineral for free sale. The detail is as under: For stone crusher Sr. No Name of the Party Area 1. Shri Ashish Kumar, S/o Shri Anand Kumar, Devi Nagar, Paonta Sahib, Distt. Sirmour, H.P. 2. Shri Anil Kumar, S/o Shri Natha Ram Sharma, 167/10 Devi Nagar, Paonta Sahib, Distt. Sirmour, H.P. 3. M/s Al Stone Mine & Minerals, VPO Rampur Ghat, Tehsil Paonta Sahib, Distt. Sirmour, H.P. 4. Shri Gajender Pal Singh, S/o Shri Surain Singh, 519 Vijay Park Extension Dehradun (Uttrakhand) 5. M/s Chandel Association, 186/10, Devi Nagar, Paonta Sahib, Distt. Sirmour, H 6. M/s Dev Raj Stone Crusher, 186/10, Devi Nagar, Paonta Sahib, Distt. Sirmour, H.P. 7. Smt Shubh Lata Sharma, S/o Shri M.M. Sharma, House No. 214, Ward No. 10, Devi Nagar, Paonta Sahib, Distt. Sirmour, H.P bighas 23-0 bighas bighas Bighas Bighas Bighas bighas -51 -

122 8. Smt Shubh Lata Sharma, S/o Shri M.M. Sharma, House No. 214, Ward No. 10, Devi Nagar, Paonta Sahib, Distt. Sirmour, H.P. 9.. S/Shri Ashok Goyal & Naveen Goyal, Prop: M/s Goyal Crushing Company,Village Manpur Devra, Tehsil Paonta Sahib, Distt. Sirmour, H.P. 10. Sh. Madan Sharma, House No. 214, Ward No. 10, Devi Nagar, Paonta Sahib, Distt. Sirmour, H.P. Total Area bighas Bighas 4.9 Hect. (59-00 Bighass) Bighas For free sale Sr. No Name of the Party Area 1. Shri Vishal Aggarwal, S/o Shri Nehar Singh,12/10, Ashirwad Enclave, Ballupur, Dehradun (Uttrakhand). 2. Shri Sanjay Kishore, S/o Shri Gopi Chand, Main Market, Vikas Nagar, Dehradun (Uttrakhand) 3.. Shri Ramesh Chand Arora, S/o Shri Sagar Chand Arora, 41/6,Alkapuri, Dehradun (Uttrakhand) 4. Shri Inder Singh, S/o Shri Mangal Singh 194/3/3, Rajpur Road, Dehradun (Uttrakhand). 5. Smt. Shakuntla Chandel, W/o Late Shri Roop Singh Chandel, House No. 166, Devi Nagar, Paonta Sahib, Distt. Sirmour, H.P. 6. Shri Ranbir Singh, Surat Palace, Nahan, Distt. Simrour, H.P bighas bighas Bighas Bighas bighas bighas 7. Smt Shubh Lata Sharma, Kunja, S/o Shri 2.2 Hect. M.M. Sharma, House No. 214, Ward No. 10, Devi Nagar, Paonta Sahib, Distt. Sirmour, H.P. 8. Shri Prem Pal, S/o Shri Gopal Singh, Village bighas Mehat, P.O. Kando Kansar, Tehsil Paonta Sahib, Distt. Sirmour, H.P. 9. Sh. Kamal Kumar Gupta, Manpur Devra

123 Total Area Bighas The production of the minor minerals from these mining leases for last three years is as under: Year Production (in MT) ,35, ,37, ,46,277 Upstream google earth view of Giri River near Rajban Giri-1 Minor Mineral Potential in the River Bed As the stream cut its course through the Himalayan Hills of district Shimla and this formation is the prominent source of annual deposition in the river beds. During flood season, the water carries heavy sediment load comprising gravels and sand which are deposited in the bed of stream. The following mineral potentials have been calculated based on the %age of each mineral constituent like boulder, river borne bajri, sand upto a depth of one metre leaving the -53 -

124 clay and silt as waste. The annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed has been calculated by taking into consideration the annual deposition of about 5 Cms. Portion of Length of Mineable Minor Average Width of Area the Area Mineral Area Recommende River/Stream Recomme Potential Recommended for d for Mineral Recommend nded for (in Metric Tonn) Mineral Concession ed for Mineral (60%of total Concession (in (in Sq. Mineral Concessio mineral Metre) metre) Concession n (in Km) Potential) From Downstream of Confluence Confluence Khori Ka Nala to with River Jalal near Dadahu Table Showing Minor Mineral Potential and Annual Deposition of Giri-I River Recommendation Mineral Potential Boulder (in MT) River Born Bajri (in MT) Sand (in MT) Annual Deposition Total Mineable Mineral Potential (in MT) It is evident from the above table that about metric tones of different sizes of minor minerals are available upto depth of one metre in the this portion of river bed in the Sirmour District. Similarly the annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed is approximately to the tune of metric tones.. As such metric tones of minor mineral can safely be lifted from the river bed. It is therefore recommended that mineral concession can be granted in the river bed From Downstream of Confluence Khori Ka Nala to Confluence with River Jalal near Dadahu. No concession may be granted in small tributaries for proper replenishment of River bed Giri-II Minor Mineral Potential in the River Bed -54 -

125 As the stream cut its course through the boulder beds of Siwalik rocks and this formation is the prominent source of annual deposition in the river beds. During flood season, the water carries heavy sediment load comprising gravels and sand which are deposited in the bed of stream. The following mineral potentials have been calculated based on the %age of each mineral constituent upto a depth of one metre. The annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed has been calculated by taking into consideration the annual deposition of about 5 Cms. Portion of the River/Stream Recommended for Mineral Concession From Downstream of Jataun Barrage to Confluence with River Yamuna Length of Area Recommende d for Mineral Concession (in Km) Average Width of Area Recommended for Mineral Concession (in Metre) Area Recommend ed for Mineral Concession (in Sq. metre) Mineable Minor Mineral Potential (in Metric Tonn) (60%of total mineral Potential) Present status of Mining Presently there is 19 mining leases are in operation in Giri river. Out of these, 10 Nos. leases have been granted for running the stone crusher and 9 Nos. for extraction of minor mineral for free sale. The average annual production of these granted leases is about metric tons. Table Showing Minor Mineral Potential and Annual Deposition of Giri-II River Recommendation Mineral Potential Boulder (in MT) River Born Bajri (in MT) Sand (in MT) Annual Deposition Total Mineable Mineral Potential (in MT) It is evident from the above table that about metric tones of different sizes of minor minerals are available upto depth of one metre in the river bed of Baker khad in the Sirmour District. Similarly the annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed is approximately to the tune of metric tones. At present average annual production is around 1,73000 metric tones from the river bed. As such metric tones of minor mineral can safely be lifted from the river bed. It is therefore recommended that mineral -55 -

126 concession can be granted in the river bed The mineral concession may be granted in the river bed From Downstream of Jataun Barrage to Confluence with River Yamuna. No mineral concession may be granted in small tributaries for proper replenishment of river Jalal (Toposheet No. 53F2 and 53F3 ) River Jalal is the right bank tributary of the river Giri and merge into Giri near Dadahu. Its Total length in Sirmour is about 39 km. It originates from the Sainki Dhar at an elevation of 1868 metre. Upstream google earth view of River Jalal near village Baneri Portion of the River/Stream Recommend ed for Mineral Concession From Downstream of Village Length of Area Recommend ed for Mineral Concession (in Km) Average Width of Area Recommend ed for Mineral Concession (in Metre) Area Recommend ed for Mineral Concession (in Sq. metre) Mineable Minor Mineral Potential (in Metric Tonn) (60%of total mineral Potential)

127 Odar to Confluence with River Giri Present status of mining. Presently no mineral concession have been granted in the beds of this stream. Minor Mineral Potential in the River Bed As the stream cut its course through the boulder beds of Siwalik rocks and this formation is the prominent source of annual deposition in the river beds. During flood season, the water carries heavy sediment load comprising gravels and sand which are deposited in the bed of stream. The following mineral potentials have been calculated based on the %age of each mineral constituent upto a depth of one metre. The annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed has been calculated by taking into consideration the annual deposition of about 5 Cms. Table Showing Minor Mineral Potential and Annual Deposition of Jalal River Recommendation Mineral Potential Boulder (in MT) River Born Bajri (in MT) Sand (in MT) Annual Deposition Total Mineable Mineral Potential (in MT) It is evident from the above table that about metric tones of different sizes of minor minerals are available upto depth of one metre in the river bed of Jalal river in the Sirmour District. Similarly the annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed is apprixmately to the tune of metric tones. As such metric tones of minor mineral can safely be lifted from the river bed.. It is therefore recommended that mineral concession can be granted in the river bed of Jalal river from downstream of Village Odar to Confluence with River Giri near Dadahu. No mineral concession may be granted in small tributaries of the river Bata(Toposheet No. 53F2 and 53F3 ) River Bata is the right bank tributary of the river Yamuna and merge into Yamuna near Paonta Sahib. Its Total length in Sirmour is about 36 km. It originates from the Daghera Reserve Forests at an elevation of 1460 metre

128 Portion of the River/Strea m Recommen ded for Mineral Concession From Downstrea m of Village Uttamwala to Confluence with River Yamuna Length of Area Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n (in Km) Average Width of Area Recommended for Mineral Concession (in Metre) Area Recommen ded for Mineral Concession (in Sq. metre) Mineable Minor Mineral Potential (in Metric Tonn) (60%of total mineral Potential) Upstream google earth view of Bata River near Kolar Present status of mining Presently no mineral concession have been granted in the beds of this stream. Minor Mineral Potential in the River Bed -58 -

129 As the stream cut its course through the boulder beds of Siwalik rocks and this formation is the prominent source of annual deposition in the river beds. During flood season, the water carries heavy sediment load comprising gravels and sand which are deposited in the bed of stream. The following mineral potentials have been calculated based on the %age of each mineral constituent like boulder, river borne bajri, sand upto a depth of one metre leaving the clay and silt as waste. The annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed has been calculated by taking into consideration the annual deposition of about 5 Cms. Table Showing Minor Mineral Potential and Annual Deposition of Bata River Mineral Potential Boulder (in MT) River Born Bajri (in MT) Sand (in MT) Annual Deposition Total Mineable Mineral Potential (in MT) Recommendation It is evident from the above table that about metric tones of different sizes of minor minerals are available upto depth of one metre in the river bed of Bata River in the Sirmour District. Similarly the annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed is approximately to the tune of metric tones. As such metric tones of minor mineral can safely be lifted from the river bed. It is therefore recommended that mineral concession can be granted in the river bed of Bata from From Downstream of Village Uttamwala to Confluence with River Yamuna and no mineral concession may be granted in small tributaries for proper replenishment of River Nera(Toposheet No. 53F2 and 53F3 ) River Nera is the right bank tributary of the river Tons and merge into Tons near Pojal. Its Total length in Sirmour is about 26.8 km. It originates from the Juni Dhar at an elevation of 2450 metre. Portion of the River/Stre am Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio Length of Area Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n (in Km) Average Width of Area Recommend ed for Mineral Concession (in Metre) Area Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n (in Sq. metre) Mineable Minor Mineral Potential (in Metric Tonn) (60%of total mineral -59 -

130 n Potential) From Downstrea m of Village Bheta to Village Koti Present status of mining. Presently no mineral concession have been granted in the beds of this stream. Minor Mineral Potential in the River Bed As the stream cut its course through the boulder beds of Upper Siwalik rocks and this formation is the prominent source of annual deposition in the river beds. During flood season, the water carries heavy sediment load comprising gravels and sand which are deposited in the bed of stream. The following mineral potentials have been calculated based on the %age of each mineral constituent like boulder, river borne bajri, sand upto a depth of one metre leaving the clay and silt as waste. The annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed has been calculated by taking into consideration the annual deposition of about 6 Cms. Table Showing Minor Mineral Potential and Annual Deposition of Nera River Mineral Potential Boulder (in MT) River Born Bajri (in MT) Sand (in MT) Annual Deposition Total Mineable Mineral Potential (in MT) -60 -

131 Recommendation It is evident from the above table that about metric tones of different sizes of minor minerals are available upto depth of one metre in the river bed of Nera River in the Sirmour District. Similarly the annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed is approximately to the tune of metric tones. As such metric tones of minor mineral can safely be lifted from the river bed. It is therefore recommended that mineral concession can be granted in the river bed of Nera River From Downstream of Village Bheta to Village Koti and no mineral concession may be granted in small tributaries for proper replenishment of River Tons(Toposheet No. 53F/14 ) River Tons is the right bank tributary of the river Yamuna and merge into Yamuna near Dakpathar. Its Total length in Sirmour is about 48.6 km. It originates from the Yamounotori glacier at an elevation of 6387 metre. Upstream google earth view of Tons Near Village Kolawar -61 -

132 Portion of the River/Stre am Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n From Downstrea m of village Dhamog to Confluenc e with Yamuna River Length of Area Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n (in Km) Average Width of Area Recommend ed for Mineral Concession (in Metre) Area Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n (in Sq. metre) Mineable Minor Mineral Potential (in Metric Tonn) (60%of total mineral Potential) Present status of mining. Presently no mineral concession have been granted in the beds of this stream. Minor Mineral Potential in the River Bed As the stream cut its course through the boulder beds of Siwalik rocks and this formation is the prominent source of annual deposition in the river beds. During flood season, the water carries heavy sediment load comprising gravels and sand which are deposited in the bed of stream. The following mineral potentials have been calculated based on the %age of each mineral constituent. The annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed has been calculated by taking into consideration the annual deposition of about 7 Cms. Table Showing Minor Mineral Potential and Annual Deposition of Tons River Mineral Potential Boulder (in MT) River Born Bajri (in MT) Sand (in MT) Total Mineable Mineral Potential (in MT) -62 -

133 Annual Deposition Recommendation It is evident from the above table that about metric tones of different sizes of minor minerals are available upto depth of one metre in the river bed of Tons River in the Sirmour District. Similarly the annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed is approximately to the tune of metric tones. As such metric tones of minor mineral can safely be lifted from the river bed. It is therefore recommended that mineral concession can be granted in the river bed of Tons River From Downstream of village Dhamog to Confluence with Yamuna River. No mineral concession may be granted in small tributaries such for proper replenishment of River Markanda River (Toposheet No. 53F2 and 53F3 ) Markanda River is the right bank tributary of the river Ghaggar and enters in State of Haryana near Kala Amb. Its Total length in Sirmour is about 27.6 km. It originates from the Simbhwala Dhar near village Santhal at an elevation of 1390 metre. Upstream google earth view of Markanda river near village Bankalan -63 -

134 Portion of the River/Stre am Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n From Downstrea m of Village Gara to Haryana Length of Area Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n (in Km) Average Width of Area Recommended for Mineral Concession (in Metre) Area Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n (in Sq. metre) Mineable Minor Mineral Potential (in Metric Tonn) (60%of total mineral Potential) Border Present status of mining. Presently only one Mining lease have been granted in the bed of this stream in favour of Shri Ram Pal Malik, Village & P.O. Shambuwala, Tehsil Nahan, Distt. Sirmour, H.P for running stone crusher. The average annual productionis about metric ton. Minor Mineral Potential in the River Bed As the stream cut its course through the boulder beds of Siwalik rocks and this formation is the prominent source of annual deposition in the river beds. During flood season, the water carries heavy sediment load comprising gravels and sand which are deposited in the bed of stream. The following mineral potentials have been calculated based on the %age of each mineral constituent. The annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed has been calculated by taking into consideration the annual deposition of about 6 Cms. Table Showing Minor Mineral Potential and Annual Deposition of Markanda River Mineral Potential Boulder River Born Sand (in MT) Bajri (in MT) (in MT) Annual Deposition Total Mineable Mineral Potential (in MT) -64 -

135 Recommendation It is evident from the above table that about metric tones of different sizes of minor minerals are available upto depth of one metre in the river bed of Markanda River in the Sirmour District. Similarly the annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed is approximately to the tune of metric tones. At present average annual production is around metric tones from the river bed. As such metric tones of minor mineral can safely be lifted from the river bed. It is therefore recommended that mineral concession can be granted in the river bed of Markanda River from Downstream of Village Gara to Haryana Border. No concesion may be granted in small tributaries for proper replenishment of Khad Trilokpur Ki Nadi (Toposheet No. 53F2 and 53F3 ) Trilokpur ki Nadi is the right bank tributary of the Run Nadi and and enters in State of Haryana near Khairi. Its Total length in Sirmour is about 9.8 km. It originates from the Kaluwala Ki Dhar at an elevation of 590 metre. Upstream google earth view of Trlokpur ki Nadi near Village Khairi -65 -

136 Portion of the River/Stream Recommend ed for Mineral Concession From Downstream of the Motorable Bridge Near Village Bhudra to Haryana Border Length of Area Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n (in Km) Average Width of Area Recommende d for Mineral Concession (in Metre) Area Recommen ded for Mineral Concession (in Sq. metre) Mineable Minor Mineral Potential (in Metric Tonn) (60%of total mineral Potential) Present status of mining. Presently no mineral concession have been granted in the beds of this stream. Minor Mineral Potential in the River Bed As the stream cut its course through the boulder beds of Siwalik rocks and this formation is the prominent source of annual deposition in the river beds. During flood season, the water carries heavy sediment load comprising gravels and sand which are deposited in the bed of stream. The following mineral potentials have been calculated based on the %age of each mineral constituent. The annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed has been calculated by taking into consideration the annual deposition of about 6 Cms. Table Showing Minor Mineral Potential and Annual Deposition of Trilokpur ki Nadi Mineral Potential Boulder (in MT) River Born Bajri (in MT) Sand (in MT) Annual Deposition Total Mineable Mineral Potential (in MT) -66 -

137 Recommendation It is evident from the above table that about metric tones of different sizes of minor minerals are available upto depth of one metre in the river bed of Trilokpur ki Nadi in the Sirmour District. Similarly the annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed is approximately to the tune of metric tones. As such metric tones of minor mineral can safely be lifted from the river bed. It is therefore recommended that mineral concession can be granted in the river bed of Trilokpur ki Nadi From Downstream of the Motorable Bridge Near Village Bhudra to Haryana Border. No mineral concession may be granted in small tributaries for proper replenishment of Khad 11.9 Salani Ki Nadi (Toposheet No. 53F2 and 53F6 ) Salauni ki Nadi is the right bank tributary of the Markanda River and merge into Markanda near village Dida. Its Total length in Sirmour is about 18.2 km. It originates from near village Shilli Shinari in Jhira Reserve Forests at an elevation of 1150 metre. Upstream google earth view of Salauni Ki Nadi near village Danta -67 -

138 Portion of the River/Stream Recommend ed for Mineral Concession From Downstream of Village Maholiya Bas to Confluence with River Markanda Length of Area Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n (in Km) Average Width of Area Recommended for Mineral Concession (in Metre) Area Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n (in Sq. metre) Mineable Minor Mineral Potential (in Metric Tonn) (60%of total mineral Potential) Present status of mining. Presently only one Mining lease have been granted in the bed of this stream in favour of M/S Maa Vaishno Stone Crusher, Village Salani Katola, P.O. Sain Wala, Tehsil Nahan, Distt. Sirmour, H.P. for running stone crusher. The average annual productionis about metric ton. Minor Mineral Potential in the River Bed As the stream cut its course through the boulder beds of Siwalik rocks and this formation is the prominent source of annual deposition in the river beds. During flood season, the water carries heavy sediment load comprising gravels and sand which are deposited in the bed of stream. The following mineral potentials have been calculated based on the %age of each mineral constituen upto a depth of one metre. The annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed has been calculated by taking into consideration the annual deposition of about 6 Cms. Table Showing Minor Mineral Potential and Annual Deposition of Salauni Ki Nadi Mineral Potential Boulder (in MT) River Born Bajri (in MT) Sand (in MT) Annual Deposition Total Mineable Mineral Potential (in MT) -68 -

139 Recommendation It is evident from the above table that about metric tones of different sizes of minor minerals are available upto depth of one metre in the river bed of Salauni Ki Nadi which can be safely be removed. Similarly the annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed is approximately to the tune of metric tones. As such metric tones of minor mineral can safely be lifted from the river bed. It is therefore recommended that mineral concession can be granted in the river bed From Downstream of Village Maholiya Bas to Confluence with River Markanda. No concession may be granted in small tributaries for proper replenishment of Khad Run Nadi (Toposheet No. 53F2 and 53F6 ) Run Nadi is the right bank tributary of the Markanda River and enters in State of Haryana near Mirpur village. Its Total length in Sirmour is about 21.4 km. It originates from Dharti Dhar at an elevation of 1290 metre. Upstream google earth view of Run Nadi near village Kotla -69 -

140 Portion of the River/Stre am Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n From Downstrea m of confluenc e of Tarapur Ki Nadi to Haryana Border Length of Area Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n (in Km) Average Width of Area Recommended for Mineral Concession (in Metre) Area Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n (in Sq. metre) Mineable Minor Mineral Potential (in Metric Tonn) (60%of total mineral Potential) Present status of mining. Presently two Mining leases have been aaplied in the bed of this stream by Sh. Balbir Singh, Partner M/S Bala Sundri Stone Crusher, Village Bajari, P.O. Barma, Tehsil Nahan, Distt. Sirmour & Sh. Naib Singh, Prop. M/S Shiv Shakti Stone Crusher, Village Mirzapur, Tehsil Naraingarh Haryana for establishment of stone crusher which are pending due to compeletion of farmalities. Minor Mineral Potential in the River Bed As the stream cut its course through the boulder beds of Siwalik rocks and this formation is the prominent source of annual deposition in the river beds. During flood season, the water carries heavy sediment load comprising gravels and sand which are deposited in the bed of stream. The following mineral potentials have been calculated based on the %age of each mineral constituent upto a depth of one metre. The annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed has been calculated by taking into consideration the annual deposition of about 5 Cms

141 Table Showing Minor Mineral Potential and Annual Deposition of Run Nadi Mineral Potential Boulder (in MT) River Born Bajri (in MT) Sand (in MT) Annual Deposition Total Mineable Mineral Potential (in MT) Recommendation It is evident from the above table that about metric tones of different sizes of minor minerals are available upto depth of one metre in the river bed of Run Nadi in the Sirmour District. Similarly the annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed is approximately to the tune of metric tones. As such metric tones of minor mineral can safely be lifted from the river bed. It is therefore recommended that mineral concession can be granted in the river bed of Run Nadi From Downstream of confluence of Tarapur Ki Nadi to Haryana Border. No mineral concession may be granted in small tributaries for proper replenishment of Khad Kandiwala Ki Nadi (Toposheet No. 53F2 and 53F6 ) Kandiwala ki Nadi is the Left bank tributary of the Run Nadi and merge into Run near village Telpura. Its Total length in Sirmour is about 12.8 km. It originates from Kangu Ki Dhar at an elevation of 1282 metre

142 Upstream google earth view of Kandiwala ki Nadi near Barma Portion of the River/Strea m Recommen ded for Mineral Concession From Downstrea m of Village Kandiwala to Confluence with Run Nadi Length of Area Recommen ded for Mineral Concession (in Km) Average Width of Area Recommended for Mineral Concession (in Metre) Area Recommen ded for Mineral Concession (in Sq. metre) Mineable Minor Mineral Potential (in Metric Tonn) (60%of total mineral Potential) -72 -

143 Present status of mining. Presently no mineral concession have been granted in the beds of this stream. Minor Mineral Potential in the River Bed As the stream cut its course through the boulder beds of Siwalik rocks and this formation is the prominent source of annual deposition in the river beds. During flood season, the water carries heavy sediment load comprising gravels and sand which are deposited in the bed of stream. The following mineral potentials have been calculated based on the %age of each mineral constituent upto a depth of one metre. The annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed has been calculated by taking into consideration the annual deposition of about 4 Cms. Table Showing Minor Mineral Potential and Annual Deposition of Kandiwala ki Nadi Recommendation Mineral Potential Boulder (in MT) River Born Bajri (in MT) Sand (in MT) Annual Deposition Total Mineable Mineral Potential (in MT) It is evident from the above table that about metric tones of different sizes of minor minerals are available upto depth of one metre in the river bed of Kandiwala ki Nadi in the Sirmour District. Similarly the annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed is approximately to the tune of metric tones. As such metric tones of minor mineral can safely be lifted from the river bed. It is therefore recommended that mineral concession can be granted in the river bed From Downstream of Village Kandiwala to Confluence with Run Nadi. No concession may be granted in small tributaries for proper replenishment of Khad

144 11.12 Khairi Ka Khala(Toposheet No. 53F/6 ) Khairi ka Khala is the Left bank tributary of the Markanda River and merge into Markanda near village Kanthra. Its Total length in Sirmour is about 6.6 km. It originates from Khairwala Reserve Forest at an elevation of 650 metre. Upstream google earth view of Kairi Ka Khala near Village Simbalwala Portion of the Length of Average Area River/Stre Area Mineable Minor Width of Area Recommende am Recommen Mineral Potential Recommende d for Mineral Recomme ded for (in Metric Tonn) d for Mineral Concession nded for Mineral (60%of total Concession (in Sq. Mineral Concession mineral Potential) (in Metre) metre) Concessio (in Km) n From Downstrea m of Village Simbalwal -74 -

145 a to Confluenc e with River Markanda Present status of mining. Presently no mineral concession have been granted in the beds of this stream. Minor Mineral Potential in the River Bed As the stream cut its course through the boulder beds of Siwalik rocks and this formation is the prominent source of annual deposition in the river beds. During flood season, the water carries heavy sediment load comprising gravels and sand which are deposited in the bed of stream. The following mineral potentials have been calculated based on the %age of each mineral constituent upto a depth of one metre. The annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed has been calculated by taking into consideration the annual deposition of about 6 Cms. Table Showing Minor Mineral Potential and Annual Deposition of Khairi ka Khala Recommendation Mineral Potential Boulder (in MT) River Born Bajri (in MT) Sand (in MT) Annual Deposition Total Mineable Mineral Potential (in MT) It is evident from the above table that about metric tones of different sizes of minor minerals are available upto depth of one metre in the river bed of Khairi ka Khala in the Sirmour District. Similarly the annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed is approximately to the tune of metric tones. As such metric tones of minor mineral can safely be lifted from the river bed. It is therefore recommended that mineral concession can be granted in the river bed From Downstream of Village Simbalwala to Confluence with River Markanda. No mineral concession may be granted in small tributaries for proper replenishment of Khad

146 11.13 Somb Nadi (Toposheet No. 53F/6 and 53F/7 ) Somb is the Right bank tributary of the Yamuna River and enters in State of Haryana near Devwala village. Its Total length in Sirmour is about 9.3 km. It originates from Nagiwala Reserve Forest at an elevation of 636 metre. Upstream google earth view of Somb Nadi near village Haripur Portion of Length of the Average Area Area River/Strea Width of Area Recommende Recomme m Recommende d for Mineral nded for Recommen d for Mineral Concession Mineral ded for Concession (in Sq. Concessio Mineral (in Metre) metre) n (in Km) Concession Mineable Minor Mineral Potential (in Metric Tonn) (60%of total mineral Potential) -76 -

147 From Downstrea m of Village Dhakranwal a to Haryana Border Near Devwala Village Present status of mining. Presently no mineral concession have been granted in the beds of this stream. Minor Mineral Potential in the River Bed As the stream cut its course through the boulder beds of Siwalik rocks and this formation is the prominent source of annual deposition in the river beds. During flood season, the water carries heavy sediment load comprising gravels and sand which are deposited in the bed of stream. The following mineral potentials have been calculated based on the %age of each mineral constituent upto a depth of one metre. The annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed has been calculated by taking into consideration the annual deposition of about 5 Cms. Table Showing Minor Mineral Potential and Annual Deposition of Somb Nadi Recommendation Mineral Potential Boulder (in MT) River Born Bajri (in MT) Sand (in MT) Annual Deposition Total Mineable Mineral Potential (in MT) It is evident from the above table that about metric tones of different sizes of minor minerals are available upto depth of one metre in the river bed of Somb Nadi in the Sirmour District. Similarly the annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed is approximately to the tune of metric tones. As such metric tones of minor mineral can safely be lifted from the river bed. It is therefore recommended that mineral concession can -77 -

148 be granted in the river bed From Downstream of Village Dhakranwala to Haryana Border Near Devwala Village. No mineral concession may be granted in small tributaries for proper replenishment of Stream Lohgarh Ka Khol (Toposheet No. 53F/7 ) Lohgarh ka Khol is the Left bank tributary of the Somb Nadi and and enters in State of Haryana near Bhagwanpur village of Haryana. Its Total length in Sirmour is about 9.8 km. It originates from Lohgarh Reserve Forest at an elevation of 655 metre. Upstream google earth view of Lohgarh Ka Khol near village Lohgarh -78 -

149 Portion of the River/Stre am Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n From Downstrea m of Village Lohgarh to Haryana Border Length of Area Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n (in Km) Average Width of Area Recommended for Mineral Concession (in Metre) Area Recommen ded for Mineral Concession (in Sq. metre) Mineable Minor Mineral Potential (in Metric Tonn) (60%of total mineral Potential) Present status of mining. Presently no mineral concession have been granted in the beds of this stream. Minor Mineral Potential in the River Bed As the stream cut its course through the boulder beds of Siwalik rocks and this formation is the prominent source of annual deposition in the river beds. During flood season, the water carries heavy sediment load comprising gravels and sand which are deposited in the bed of stream. The following mineral potentials have been calculated based on the %age of each mineral constituent like boulder, river borne bajri, sand upto a depth of one metre leaving the clay and silt as waste. The annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed has been calculated by taking into consideration the annual deposition of about 6 Cms. Table Showing Minor Mineral Potential and Annual Deposition of Lohgarh Ka Khol Mineral Potential Boulder (in MT) River Born Bajri (in MT) Sand (in MT) Annual Deposition Total Mineable Mineral Potential (in MT) -79 -

150 Recommendation It is evident from the above table that about metric tones of different sizes of minor minerals are available upto depth of one metre in the river bed of Lohgarh ka Khol in the Sirmour District. Similarly the annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed is approximately to the tune of metric tones. As such metric tones of minor mineral can safely be lifted from the river bed. It is therefore recommended that mineral concession can be granted in the river bed From Downstream of Village Lohgarh to Haryana Border. No mineral concession may be granted in small tributaries for proper replenishment of Khad Nimbuwala Khala(Toposheet No. 53F/7 ) Nimbuwala Khala Right bank tributary of the Yamuna River and enters in State of Haryana near Palhori village. Its Total length in Sirmour is about 15.5 km. It originates from Garuk Reserve Forest at an elevation of 635 metre. Upstream google earth view of Nimbuwala Khala near village Palhori -80 -

151 Portion of the River/Stream Recommende d for Mineral Concession From Downstream of Village Pir Marusidh to Haryana Border Near Village Palhori Length of Area Recommend ed for Mineral Concession (in Km) Average Width of Area Recommend ed for Mineral Concession (in Metre) Area Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n (in Sq. metre) Mineable Minor Mineral Potential (in Metric Tonn) (60%of total mineral Potential) Present status of mining. Presently no mineral concession have been granted in the beds of this stream. Minor Mineral Potential in the River Bed As the stream cut its course through the boulder beds of Siwalik rocks and this formation is the prominent source of annual deposition in the river beds. During flood season, the water carries heavy sediment load comprising gravels and sand which are deposited in the bed of stream. The following mineral potentials have been calculated based on the %age of each mineral constituent like boulder, river borne bajri, sand upto a depth of one metre leaving the clay and silt as waste. The annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed has been calculated by taking into consideration the annual deposition of about 5 Cms. Table Showing Minor Mineral Potential and Annual Deposition of Nimbuwala Khala Mineral Potential Boulder (in MT) River Born Bajri (in MT) Sand (in MT) Annual Deposition Total Mineable Mineral Potential (in MT) -81 -

152 Recommendation It is evident from the above table that about metric tones of different sizes of minor minerals are available upto depth of one metre in the river bed of Nimbuwala Khala in the Sirmour District. Similarly the annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed is approximately to the tune of metric tones. As such metric tones of minor mineral can safely be lifted from the river bed. It is therefore recommended that mineral concession can be granted in the river bed From Downstream of Village Pir Marusidh to Haryana Border Near Village Palhori. No mineral concession may be granted in small tributaries for proper replenishment of Khad Matar Ki Khol (Toposheet No. 53F/6 and 53F/7 ) Matar ki Khol is Right bank tributary of the Somb Nadi and enters in State of Haryana near Katgarh village. Its Total length in Sirmour is about 7.9 km. It originates from Brahmanwala Reserve Forest at an elevation of 648 metre. Upstream google earth view of Matar ka Khol near village Matar -82 -

153 Portion of the River/Strea m Recommen ded for Mineral Concession From Downstrea m of Confuence of Kalhuwala and Brahamanw ala streams to Village Matar Length of Area Recomm ended for Mineral Concessi on (in Km) Average Width of Area Recommended for Mineral Concession (in Metre) Area Recommen ded for Mineral Concession (in Sq. metre) Mineable Minor Mineral Potential (in Metric Tonn) (60%of total mineral Potential) Present status of mining. Presently no mineral concession have been granted in the beds of this stream. Minor Mineral Potential in the River Bed As the stream cut its course through the boulder beds of Siwalik rocks and this formation is the prominent source of annual deposition in the river beds. During flood season, the water carries heavy sediment load comprising gravels and sand which are deposited in the bed of stream. The following mineral potentials have been calculated based on the %age of each mineral constituent upto a depth of one metre. The annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed has been calculated by taking into consideration the annual deposition of about 8 Cms. Table Showing Minor Mineral Potential and Annual Deposition of Matar Ki Khol Mineral Potential Boulder (in MT) River Born Bajri (in MT) Sand Total Mineable (in MT) Mineral Potential -83 -

154 Recommendation (in MT) Annual Deposition It is evident from the above table that about metric tones of different sizes of minor minerals are available upto depth of one metre in the river bed of Matar Ki Khol in the Sirmour District. Similarly the annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed is approximately to the tune of metric tones. As such metric tones of minor mineral can safely be lifted from the river bed. It is therefore recommended that mineral concession can be granted in the river bed From Downstream of Confuence of Kalhuwala and Brahamanwala streams to Village Matar. No concesion may be granted in small tributaries for proper replenishment of Khad Jagat Ka Nala (Toposheet No. 53F/6 and 53F/10) Jagat ka Nala is Right bank tributary of the Giri river and merge into Giri. Its Total length in Sirmour is about 20.6 km. It originates from Dawai Dhar at an elevation of 2462 metre

155 Upstream google earth view of Jagat ka Khala near Conflence with Giri Portion of the River/Stre am Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n From Downstrea m of village satna to Confuence with River Giri Length of Area Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n (in Km) Average Width of Area Recommended for Mineral Concession (in Metre) Area Recommen ded for Mineral Concession (in Sq. metre) Mineable Minor Mineral Potential (in Metric Tonn) (60%of total mineral Potential) -85 -

156 Present status of mining. Presently no mineral concession have been granted in the beds of this stream. Minor Mineral Potential in the River Bed As the stream cut its course through the boulder beds of Siwalik rocks and this formation is the prominent source of annual deposition in the river beds. During flood season, the water carries heavy sediment load comprising gravels and sand which are deposited in the bed of stream. The following mineral potentials have been calculated based on the %age of each mineral constituent like boulder, river borne bajri, sand upto a depth of one metre leaving the clay and silt as waste. The annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed has been calculated by taking into consideration the annual deposition of about 7 Cms. Table Showing Minor Mineral Potential and Annual Deposition of Jagat Ka Nala Mineral Potential Boulder (in MT) River Born Bajri (in MT) Sand (in MT) Annual Deposition Total Mineable Mineral Potential (in MT) Recommendation It is evident from the above table that about metric tones of different sizes of minor minerals are available upto depth of one metre in the river bed of Jagat Ka Nala in the Sirmour District. Similarly the annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed is approximately to the tune of metric tones. As such metric tones of minor mineral can safely be lifted from the river bed. It is therefore recommended that mineral concession can be granted in the river bed From Downstream of village satna to Confluence with River Giri. No mineral concession may be granted in small tributaries for proper replenishment of Stream Katli Ki Nadi (Toposheet No. 53F/6) -86 -

157 Katli Ki Nadi is the right bank tributary of River Markanda. It merge into Markanda near village Dhagat. Its Total length in Sirmour is about 5.2 km. It originates from the Simbhwala Dhar near village Santhal at an elevation of 1390 metre. Upstream google earth view of Katli ki nadi near village Katli Portion of Length of the Average Area River/Strea Width of Area Recommen m Recommende ded for Recommen d for Mineral Mineral ded for Concession Concession Mineral (in Metre) (in Km) Concession From Downstrea m of village Karlia to Confuence with Dhagat Ka Khala Area Recommende d for Mineral Concession (in Sq. metre) Mineable Minor Mineral Potential (in Metric Tonn) (60%of total mineral Potential) -87 -

158 Present status of mining. Presently no mineral concession have been granted in the beds of this stream. Minor Mineral Potential in the River Bed As the stream cut its course through the boulder beds of Siwalik rocks and this formation is the prominent source of annual deposition in the river beds. During flood season, the water carries sediment load comprising gravels and sand which are deposited in the bed of stream. The following mineral potentials have been calculated based on the %age of each mineral constituent upto a depth of one metre. The annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed has been calculated by taking into consideration the annual deposition of about 8 Cms. Table Showing Minor Mineral Potential and Annual Deposition of Katli Ki Nadi Mineral Potential Boulder (in MT) River Born Bajri (in MT) Sand (in MT) Annual Deposition Total Mineable Mineral Potential (in MT) Recommendation It is evident from the above table that about metric tones of different sizes of minor minerals are available upto depth of one metre in the river bed of Katli ki Nadi in the Sirmour District. Similarly the annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed is approximately to the tune of metric tones. As such metric tones of minor mineral can safely be lifted from the river bed. It is therefore recommended that mineral concession can be granted in the river bed From Downstream of village Karlia to Confluence with Dhagat Ka Khala. No concession may be granted from Wah Devi to Matlahna. The mineral concession may be granted in small tributaries for proper replenishment of Khad -88 -

159 11.19 Sudanwala Khala (Toposheet No. 53F/6 and 53F/7) Sudanwala Khala is the right bank tributary of River Bata. It merge into Bata near Dhaula Kuan. Its Total length in Sirmour is about 6.4 km. It originates from the Sudanwala Reserve Forest at an elevation of 655 metre. Upstream google earth view of Sudanwala Khala near confluence with Gariwali Khol Portion of the River/Stre am Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n Length of Area Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n (in Km) Average Width of Area Recommended for Mineral Concession (in Metre) Area Recommen ded for Mineral Concession (in Sq. metre) Mineable Minor Mineral Potential (in Metric Tonn) (60%of total mineral Potential) -89 -

160 From Downstrea m of Confuence of Gariwali Khol to Confluenc e with river Giri Present status of mining. Presently no mineral concession have been granted in the beds of this stream. Minor Mineral Potential in the River Bed As the stream cut its course through the boulder beds of Siwalik rocks and this formation is the prominent source of annual deposition in the river beds. During flood season, the water carries sediment load comprising gravels and sand which are deposited in the bed of stream. The following mineral potentials have been calculated based on the %age of each mineral constituent upto a depth of one metre. The annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed has been calculated by taking into consideration the annual deposition of about 7 Cms. Table Showing Minor Mineral Potential and Annual Deposition of Sudanwala Khala Mineral Potential Boulder (in MT) River Born Bajri (in MT) Sand (in MT) Annual Deposition Total Mineable Mineral Potential (in MT) Recommendation -90 -

161 It is evident from the above table that about metric tones of different sizes of minor minerals are available upto depth of one metre in the river bed of Sudanwala Khala in the Sirmour District. Similarly the annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed is approximately to the tune of metric tones. As such metric tones of minor mineral can safely be lifted from the river bed. It is therefore recommended that mineral concession can be granted in the river bed From Downstream of Confluence of Gariwali Khol to Confluence with river Giri. No concession may be granted in small tributaries for proper replenishment of Khad 11.20Gumti Nadi (Toposheet No. 53F/2) Gumti Nadi is the left bank tributary of River Ghaggar and enters in State of Haryana near Katgarh village Churan. Its Total length in Sirmour is about 13.4 km. It originates from the Gumti sambhalwa Reserve Forest at an elevation of 620 metre Upstream google earth view of Gumti Nadi near Haryana Border -91 -

162 Portion of the River/Stre am Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n From Downstrea m of Near Village Gumti to Haryana Border Length of Area Recommen ded for Mineral Concession (in Km) Average Width of Area Recommended for Mineral Concession (in Metre) Area Recommen ded for Mineral Concession (in Sq. metre) Mineable Minor Mineral Potential (in Metric Tonn) (60%of total mineral Potential) Present status of mining. Presently no mineral concession have been granted in the beds of this stream. Minor Mineral Potential in the River Bed As the stream cut its course through the boulder beds of Siwalik rocks and this formation is the prominent source of annual deposition in the river beds. During flood season, the water carries heavy sediment load comprising gravels and sand which are deposited in the bed of stream. The following mineral potentials have been calculated based on the %age of each mineral constituent upto a depth of one metre. The annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed has been calculated by taking into consideration the annual deposition of about 7 Cms

163 Table Showing Minor Mineral Potential and Annual Deposition of Gumti Nadi Mineral Potential Boulder (in MT) River Born Bajri (in MT) Sand (in MT) Annual Deposition Total Mineable Mineral Potential (in MT) Recommendation It is evident from the above table that about metric tones of different sizes of minor minerals are available upto depth of one metre in the river bed of Gumti Nadi in the Sirmour District. Similarly the annual deposition of minor mineral in the river bed is approximately to the tune of metric tones. As such metric tones of minor mineral can safely be lifted from the river bed. It is therefore recommended that mineral concession can be granted in the river bed From Downstream of Near Village Gumti to Haryana Border. No mineral concession may be granted in small tributaries for proper replenishment of stream Dholirao Khalla (Toposheet No. 53F/2) Dholirao Khalla is the left bank tributary of River Yamuna. Its Total length in Sirmour is about 8 km. It originates from the Village Navi near Rajpura at an elevation of 620 metre

164 Upstream google earth view of Gumti Nadi near Haryana Border Portion of the River/Stre am Recomme nded for Mineral Concessio n From Downstrea m of Near Village Gumti to Haryana Border Length of Area Recommen ded for Mineral Concession (in Km) Average Width of Area Recommended for Mineral Concession (in Metre) Area Recommen ded for Mineral Concession (in Sq. metre) Mineable Minor Mineral Potential (in Metric Tonn) (60%of total mineral Potential) -94 -