Towards the Conceptualisation of Maritime Delimitation

Transcription

1 Towards the Conceptualisation of Maritime Delimitation Legal and Technical Aspects of a Political Process NUNO MARQUES ANTUNES MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS Ll-LIDEN BOSTON

2 CONTENTS General Introduction 1 I. DELIMITATION LAW IN THE LOSC: THREE DECADES OF DEVELOPMENT Introduction to Part I 13 Chapter 1 - The 1958 Conventions Introduction The ILC Pursuit of Normative Standards a) Pre-1958 State Practice b) First Drafts b)(i) The Continental Shelf b)(ii) The Territorial Sea c) Subsequent Development of a General Substantive Rule The First Conference on the Law of the Sea a) Draft Articles b) The Debates in the Conference c) Ratio Legis of the Delimitation Rules c)(i) Equidistance and Special Circumstances c)(ii) Historie Title c)(iii) Delimitation of the Contiguous Zone c)(iv) Oppositeness and Adjacency in Continental Shelf Delimitation c)(v) The'Procedural Element' 39 Chapter 2 - Relevant Case Law Pre The Selected Case Law The Grisbadarna Arbitration a) Overview: The Dispute and the Award b) Critical Analysis The North Sea Continental Shelf Cases a) Overview of the Judgment a)(i) The Dispute a)(ii) The Reasoning a)(iii) A Brief Initial Comment b) The Assessment of Customary Law b)(i) Summaryof State Practice Post b)(ii) The Court'sApproach 50 XI

3 xii TOWARDS THE C0NCEPTUAL1SAT10N OF MARITIME DELIMITATION 2.3.c) The Rule of Article 6 versus Natural Prolongation d) Normative Standards of Delimitation The Anglo/French Arbitration a) Overview a)(i) The Dispute a)(ii) The Award b) Some Points of Contrast with the North Sea Cases b)(i) A Different Task b)(ii) The Clarification of Certain Issues b)(iii) The Contribution to International Law C) Article 6 of the CS Convention c)(i) Interpretation c)(ii) Conventional and Customary Law c)(iii) Special Circumstances, Geography and Equity 76 Chapter 3 - Maritime Delimitation in the LOSC Introduction Brief Notes on Treaty Interpretation EEZ and Continental Shelf a) Drafting History b) The Interpretation of Articles 74(1) and 83(1) b)(i) Common Intention of the Parties b)(ii) The Text and the Context b)(iii) Normativity and Equitable Solution b)(iv) The Standards of Delimitation in International Law Territorial Sea: Crystallisation of a Balanced Rule Contiguous Zone: Non-Existence of a Delimitation Rule The 'Procedural Element' of Delimitation Rules a) Introductory Remarks b) Agreements in Maritime Delimitation c) Is There an Obligation to Negotiate? d) The Justiciability of Maritime Boundary Disputes 106 Conclusions to Part I 109 II. CORE ISSUES: CONCEPT, METHODS AND NORMATIVITY Introduction to Part II 117 Chapter 4 - The Concept of Maritime Delimitation The Need for Conceptualisation Delimitation: A Two-Phase Operation a) Political-Legal Determination and Technical Definition b) Case Law b)(i) North Sea Continental Shelf Cases b)(ii) Anglo/French Arbitration b)(iii) Dubai/Sharjah Arbitration b)(iv) Tunisia/Libya Case b)(v) Gulfof Maine Case 123

4 CONTENTS xiii 4.2.b)(vi) Jan Mayen Case c) State Practice d) Technical Support to Maritime Delimitation e) Compliance of the Definition with the Determination Overlapping of Entitlements as the Object-Matter a) Early Developments in Case Law b) Overlapping of Entitlements and Overlapping of Claims c) Title, Entitlement and Delimitation d) The Inexorable'Amputation'of Potential Entitlements d)(0 The Overlapping of Entitlements as Concurrence of Rights ] d)(ii) Delimitation as 'Amputation' of Entitlements of the Same Type d)(iii) Precedence between Entitlements: Practice d)(iv) Precedence between Entitlements: Rationale 142 Chapter 5 - Methods and Line-Defining Techniques Introductory Notes La) The Need for Technical Expertise b) Methods and Line-Defining Techniques c) Technicalities and Law Equidistance and Equidistance-Related Methods a) Method of Equidistance a)(i) A Proper Historical-Technical Background a)(ü) Contents and Technical Aspects b) Simplified and Modified Equidistance c) Adjustmentof Baselines and Partial-Effect Adjustments d) "Methodes de Lissage" d)(i) Perpendicular-Lines d)(ü) Bisector-Lines d)(üi) Radial-Lines of a Circumference d)(iv) Appraisal and Rationale e) Pseudo-Equidistance f) Equiratio Method Other Methods and Line-Defining Techniques a) Enclaving b) Navigable Channel (Thalweg) c) Coastal Length Comparison (Proportionality) d) ^//oc-approaches d)(i) Basic Notion d)(ii) Parallels, Meridians and Other Straight Lines d)(iii) 'Corridor-Solutions' 175 Chapter 6 - Normativity in Maritime Delimitation The Delimitation Process: Choice of Procedural Means La) Preliminary Notes b) Negotiation versus Adjudication: Outstanding Issues b)(i) Operative Distinction between Negotiation and Adjudication b)(ii) Normativity in Negotiated Agreements b)(iii) Adjudication: Realjurisprudenz or Judicial Reasoning? Dogmatics of Normativity and Maritime Delimitation 184

5 xiv TO WARDS THE CONCEPTUALISA TION OF MARITIME DELIMITA TION 6.2.a) KeyAspects b) Legal Systems: Principles and Rules c) Normativity in Maritime Delimitation c)(i) Brief Appraisal c)(ii) Legal Principles in International Law The Principle of Maritime Zoning a) Maritime Jurisdiction a)(i) Basic Concept a)(ii) Ambit of Interest for This Study b) Allocation of Maritime Jurisdiction: Maritime Zoning b)(i) Introductory Remarks b)(ii) The Paramountcy of Proximity in Maritime Zoning c) Maritime Zoning versus Maritime Delimitation c)(i) Maritime Entitlement and Overlapping of Entitlements x)(ii) Overview of Case Law. The Pre-LOSC Period c)(iii) Overview of Case Law: The Post-LOSC Period d) Equidistance ('Closer Proximity') asa Legal Concept d)(i) Recent Trend in Case Law d)(ii) A Corollary Emanating from to the Principle of Maritime Zoning d)(iii) Equidistance as Reference Point for the "Third-State Issue' d)(iv) The Equitable Normative Content of Equidistance The Principle of Equity in Maritime Delimitation a) Key Thoughtson the Concept of Equity a)(i) An 'Indefinable' Concept a)(ii) Legal Systems, Normativity and Equity a)(iii) Justice In Casu and 'Normative Equity' a)(iv) Functions and Bounds of 'Normative Equity' a)(v) Reasonableness as the Scope of 'Normative Equity' b) 'Normative Equity' in Maritime Delimitation b)(i) First Period ( ) b)(ii) Second Period ( ) b)(iii) Third Period (1993 to date) b)(iv) A Requiem for the Term "Equitable Principles" 234 Conclusions to Part II 239 III. DENOUEMENT Introduction to Part III 255 Chapter 7 - Delimitation Process: A Proposal for Rationalisation Determination of a Line: The Key Issue Choice of Factors: 'Factual Matrix' and 'Legal Matrix' a) The Notion of Unicum b) Delimitation Factors: Preliminary Approach c) Delimitation Factors: A Basis for Objective 'Typification' The 'Weighing-Up Process' a) A Legal Multiple-Factor Analysis b) 'Multicriteria Decision-Making' in an Extra-Legal Context 266

6 CONTENTS xv 7.3.c) From Objectivity to'subjectivity': An Inevitable Step Modus Operandi of Delimitation Factors: Choice of Line a) 'Multicriteria Decision-Making' in the Legal Context b) Framework for Reasoning Discourse c) The Determination of the Boundary 279 Chapter 8 - The Quest for a Boundary-Line Elements Germane to the 'Weighing-Up Process' Facts Related with the Basis of Maritime Entitlement a) Coastline b) 'Controlling Basepoints' C) Islands d) General Direction of the Coast and Facades e) Coastal Length (and Its Role in Proportionality) e)(i) Introductory Notes e)(ii) Three Fundamental Issues e)(iii) Tentative Suggestions for Practical Use Macrogeography (and Entitlements of Third-States) g) Natural Prolongation: Geology and Geomorphology Facts Related with the Regime of Exclusiveness a) Natural Resources: Petroleum and Fisheries in Particular b) Defence and Security c) Navigation d) Historical Regimes Complementary Delimitation Elements a) Delimitation Area and the Scope to Redress Inequities b) Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles b)(i) Areas Beyond 200 Nautical Miles: Entitlement and Overlap b)(ii) Overlapping of Two Entitlements Beyond 200 M b)(iii) 200 M Entitlement versus Entitlement Beyond 200 M c) The Single Maritime Boundary Issue c)(i) Towards the 'Territorialisation' of Maritime Boundaries c)(ii) All-Purpose Boundary: Single Line or Dual-Coincident Lines d) The Emergence of 'Grey Areas' e) Other Issues e)(i) Simplicity of the Boundary-Line e)(ü) Agreement on Aspects of the Boundary-Line e)(iii) Joint Zones 348 Chapter 9 - Test Study: Maritime Delimitation between Australia and East Timor Introductory Notes Background Aspects a) The Geographical Setting of the Timor Sea a)(i) Coastal Geography a)(ii) Seabed Aspects b) Developments Conceming the Continental Shelf b)(i) Emergence of the Australian Theory of the 'Two Shel ves" b)(ii) The 1972 Australia/Indonesia Seabed Boundary Agreement b)(iii) The Portuguese Approach 356

7 xvi TO WARDS THE CONCEPTUALISA TION OF MARITIME DELIMITA TION 9.2.b)(iv) The 1989 Timor Gap Treaty b)(v) The 2002 Timor Sea Treaty c) Jurisdiction over the Water Column: Brief Notes Starting Point for the Delimitation a) The Overlapping of Entitlements a)(i) Entitlements Based on Distance a)(ii) The Australian Theory of the 'Two Shelves': What Relevance? b) The 'Third-State Issue': Aspects Relating to Indonesia c) The Provisional Equidistance-Line Relevant Facts a) Coastal Length and Proportionality a)(i) Coastal Lengths a)(ii) Proportionality b) Natural Prolongation: the Timor Trough b)(i) Timor Trough: Brief Morphological and Geological Account b)(ii) Timor Trough: Relevance for Continental Shelf Delimitation c) Basepoints Unrepresentative of Coastal Relaüonships c)(i) The Lateral Equidistance-Lines c)(ii) Australian Basepoints to the East of Cape Londonderry d) Macrogeographical Considerations e) Natural Resources: Petroleum The Choice of Boundary-Line a) Delimitation Factors a)(i) Factor A - Coastal Length and Proportionality a)(ii) Factor B - Natural Prolongation (the Timor Trough) a)(iii) Factor C - Cut-Off Effect of the 'Lateral-Equidistances' a)(iv) Factor D~ Effect of the Islands East of Timor a)(v) Factor - Holothuria Reefs a)(vi) Factor F- Macrogeography a)(vii) Factor G - Natural Resources b 'Discovery' of an Equitable Solution b)(i) The 'Decision-Matrix' b)(ii) Recourse to 'Yardsticks' b)(iü) The Boundary-Lines 399 Conclusions to Part III 403 General Conclusions 411 PostScript 423 APPENDICES Appendix 1. Sketch-Maps and Illustrations 441 Appendix 2. State Practice in Maritime Delimitation 557 Appendix 3. Elementar} Technical Aspects 583 Appendix 4. Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms 629 Appendix 5. Bibliographie References 637 Index 681

8 CONTENTS xvii TABLES Table 1 - Maritime Zoning and Maritime Delimitation: Analogical Relationships 207 Table 2 - 'Decision-Matrix': Analysis of the Parties' Claims 279 Table 3 - 'Decision-Matrix': 'Weighing-Up' of the Delimitation Factors 282 Table 4 - Average 'Distance Ratio' in Certain Adjacent Boundaries 284 Table 5 - 'Negotiation-Matrix': Identification of Goals of States A and B 287 Table 6 - 'Decision-Matrix': Delimitation between Australia and East Timor 393 GRAPHICS Graphic 1 - Intensity of Powers of the Coastal State versus Distance from the Coast 143 Graphic 2 - Principle of Maritime Zoning versus Principle of Equity 244