Indonesia s Internal Maritime Boundaries

Transcription

1 University of Wollongong-Lecture in Boundaries, November 2005 Indonesia s Internal Maritime Boundaries 1

2 Lecture Outline Indonesia's internal maritime boundaries Law no. 22/ > Law no. 32/2004 Technical guidance for maritime boundary delimitation Regional Governance -> 1 January 2001 The first since Law No. 5/1974 The Realization of decentralization and regional autonomy concept The local level (kabupaten/kota) is the level of government having broad and wideranging autonomy. Law No. 22/1999 Law No. 22/1999 & Marine Area Article 3: Provincial Regions marine area Province A A 4 A 1 A 2 A 3 12 M Article 10 (2): Regional authority: exploration, exploitation & management administrative interests administration; spatial administration; law enforcement of regulations; and assistance for the enforcement of state security and sovereignty. Article 10 (3): The authority of Regency Regions & Municipal Regions = one-third of Provincial Regions 2

3 Law No. 32/2004 Law No. 32/2004 & Marine Area Successor and purification of Law No. 22/1999 Clearer articles governing the head of region election. Governed in article 18 Similar to Law No. 22/1999 Not to divide the territory but to regulate the authority between central and regional government Law No. 22/1999 vs. 32/2004 Clearness and explicitness of marine area Method in marine boundary delimitation between provinces and regencies Traditional fishing activities Maritime boundary delimitation: a Technical guidance Based on Permendagri No. 1/2006 Outlines Introduction UNCLOS Indonesian Maritime Regime after UNCLOS III Authority limit of Province and Regency over maritime area s, Reference Points, Border Points Adjacent and Opposite Provinces (Median/Equidistance line) Vertical datum Definition of Bay and baseline configuration Normal baseline application Comparison between straight and normal baseline The case of island and fringing islands Choosing Map, s and baselines Mapping concept in Indonesia Marine Cadastre Indonesia Territory Introduction Introduction Territorial sea and Maritime Environment Ordnance M Territorial sea 3

4 Introduction Djoeanda Declaration 1957 Wawasan Nusantara Territorial sea and Exclusive Economic Zone UNCLOS EEZ EEZ EEZ EEZ UNCLOS Visualization Indonesian Maritime Regime after UNCLOS III State A Main land Archipelagic State B Fringing islands Island Low Tide Elevation Baselines Internal Waters Judicial bay Territorial sea Limit Contiguous zone Limit Continental margin EEZ Limit Overlapping claim Maritime boundary B A Continental Shelf Exclusive Economic Zone Archipelagic Waters Territorial Sea Internal Waters s, Reference Points, Border Points Boundary between adjacent provinces - equidistance line Dm Province A Reference point 12 nautical miles Equidistance line High Water Line Low Water Line Limit Point Province B 4

5 Boundary between opposite provinces - median line Vertical Datum Province A Coast line during high tide Reference point Coast line on a topographic map Coast line Law No. 22/1999 High Water Line Mean Sea Level Province B Equidistance line Law No. 22/1999 Low Water Line Defining a Judicial Bay (UNCLOS III) Defining a Judicial Bay (Law NO 22/1999) LWL LWL LWL LWL Entrance points Bay Entrance points Bay Entrance points Bay Entrance points Bay Sea Sea Sea Sea Judicial bay Not a judicial bay Judicial bay Not a judicial bay Straight baseline configuration Normal baseline Configuration 1 Configuration 2 Configuration 3 Configuration 4 Configuration 5 Normal baseline (LWL) Limit of marine area Constraint: One segment of straight line <= 12 NM 5

6 Normal baseline UNCLOS III Comparison between straight and normal baseline Territorial sea limit Cross section line b c a High-water mark Boundary measured from a normal baseline Boundary measured from a straight baseline a Low-water mark b 12 NM c Straight baseline a b c : island : low-tide elevation that creates its own territorial sea : low-tide elevation that does not create its own territorial sea Normal baseline Combining straight and normal baseline The case of island An arc centered at Straight baseline Low Water Line distance > 2 x 12 NM National marine area Provincial marine area Local (kab/kota) marine area Small island 12 NM < distance < 2 x 12 NM The case of fringing islands Choosing Charts, s and Baselines National Sea Environmental Chart for design Chart of 1: for survey and boundary definition distance > 2 x 12 NM Boundary chart contains coordinate of boundary points, reference points and basepoints Official chart: autographed by the head of technical team (central government), official in dept. of home affairs, DKP, governors and finally minister of home affairs. National marine area Provincial marine area Local (kab/kota) marine area Small island 12 NM < distance < 2 x 12 NM Reference points are surveyed using geodetic GPS, dual frequency and to be referenced in the national geodetic control network. Using National Geodetic Datum 1985 (DGN85), ellipsoid

7 National Sea environment Map (Peta LLN) By Bakosurtanal & Dishidros (1:500,000) Small scale depicted coast line = low water line s selection Employing Median/equidistance line Boundary Delimitation Cartometric Method Boundary Demarcation In Situ Survey Geodetic GPS receiver, dual frequency, at least 2 units for deferential positioning system Handheld GPS receiver for reconnaissance Theodolite for low water line observation Material for building reference points (RP) Camping equipment (base camp) Other equipments including flash light, camera, rain coat, umbrella, communication devices, etc Who do the Surveys? Operationally conducted by and under budget scheme of regional government Central government (Dept. Home affairs and DKP) act as the facilitator and technical assistance provider Survey could be done by outsourcing procedure (Bakosurtanal, Dishidros, a university) but paid by the regional government Joint survey team between the regions in questions Reconnaissance step Defining the low water line in one day (or two days if needed) Defining the location of reference points (RP) 100 Cm 200 Cm 200 Cm 30 m 120 Assisting pillar Reference pillar Field Survey Step Distance and azimuth measurements using theodolite, total station, or GPS Precise positioning for reference point (RP) and tight to a nearest national GPS network point Sketch map depicting reference point (RP) and assisting points with contour lines Dm Reference point 12 nautical miles High Water Line Low Water Line Limit Point Coordinates computation (office treatment) Data: coordinate of RP (Lat, Lon), Distance in meter (Dm) and azimuth of RP and (α), distance -Limit point (DBB) = 12 NM = 22,224 m as 1 NM = 1825 m Computing coordinate of border point No physical pillar for border point but depicted on a largescale map (1:10000) N α Dm RP DBB Limit point 7

8 Socialization Reference point is NOT a border point Mapping Concept in Indonesia Principles of mapping Basic map and derived map Topographic map and thematic map Geographic Information Systems National Standard Coordinate System Datum Map Projection Marine Cadastre: an illustration Further Reading Positioning System (coordinates) on earth GPS: A satellitebased positioning system Thank You 8