New India Publishing Agency Pitam Pura, New Delhi

Transcription

1 Prof. N. Raaman Senior Professor Laboratory of Natural Products Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany University of Madras, Guindy Campus Chennai (INDIA) 2006 New India Publishing Agency Pitam Pura, New Delhi

2 Contents Preface CHAPTER 1. Introduction 1 2. Production Processes for Herbals and Botanicals Introduction, Cultivation, Collection from the Wild, Cleaning, Drying, Natural Drying, Artificial Drying, Packaging of Dried Plants, 5 3. Selection of Plant and Plant Parts for Phytochemical Analysis 7 4. Methods of Extraction Introduction, Organic Solvent Extraction, Maceration, Percolation, Cold Percolation, Countercurrent Extraction, Extraction with Supercritical Gases, Steam Distillation, Other Minor Extraction Methods, Extraction of Essential Oil, Soxhlet Extractor, Accelerated Solvent Extractor, Purification and Concentration of Miscella, Schemes of Procedure for Extracting Plant Tissues, Qualitative Phytochemical Screening Introduction, Detection of Alkaloids, Detection of Carbohydrates and Glycosides, Detection of Saponins, Detection of Proteins and Amino Acids, 21 v

3 5.6 Detection of Phytosterols, Detection of Fixed Oils and Fats, Detection of Phenolic Compounds and Tannins, Detection of Gum and Mucilages, Detection of Volatile Oil, Methods for Separation of Phytochemicals Introduction, Chromatography, Introduction, Theoretical Principles, Paper Chromatography, Introduction, Theoretical Principles, Instrument, Sample Handling, Detection and Identification of Components, Thin layer Chromatography, Introduction, Theoretical Principles, Instrument, Sample Handling, TLC Plate Visualization by Spraying and Dipping, Column Chromatography, Introduction, Theoretical Principles, Instrument, Sample Handling, Qualitative and Quantitative Estimation of Phytochemicals Introduction, Gas Chromatography, Introduction, Theoretical Principles, Instrument, Sample Handling, Chromatogram, 5(5 7.3 Liquid Chromatography, Introduction, Preparative Chromatography, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, 58 1A. 1 Introduction, Principles High Performance Liquid Chromatography, 59

4 7.4.3 HPLC Instrument, Sample Handling, Identification, Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography, Introduction, Theoretical Principles, Instrument, Sample Handling, Chromatogram Evaluation, HPTLC Identification of Astragalus and Hedysarum, Optimum Performance Laminar Chromatography (OPLC), Introduction, Theoretical Principles, Instrument, A Sample Handling, Methods of Identification 8.1 Introduction, Physical Characteristics, Introduction, Colour, Odour, Acid or Base character, Solubility, Melting Point, Boiling Point, Spectroscopy, Introduction, Ultra Violet Spectroscopy, Introduction, Theoretical Principles, Instrument, P Sample Handling, Interpretation of Spectrum, Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy, Introduction, Theoretical Principles, Instrument, Sample Handling, Interpretation of Spectrum, Near-Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy (NIR), Introduction, Instrument, Mass Spectroscopy, Introduction, 108

5 8.7.2 Theoretical Principles, Equipment, Sample Handling, Mass Spectrum, Interpretation of a Mass Spectrum, Determination of Molecular Formula, Calculation of Molecular Weight, Combinations of Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Introduction, Theoretical Principles, Carbon -13 NMR ( 13 CNMR), Hydrogen-1 NMR('HNMR), 75/ Instrument, Sample Handling, Interpretation of NMR Spectra, Different Techniques of NMR, CHN Analysis, Introduction, Estimation of Elements, Determination of Molecular Weight, Calculation of Empirical and Molecular Formula, X-Ray Crystallography, Introduction, Theoretical Principles, Instrument, Sample Handling, Categories of Phytochemicals Introduction, Terpenoids, Introduction, General Properties of Terpenoids, Classification of Terpenoids, Determination of Structure of Terpenoids, Monoterpenoids, Sesquiterpenoids, Diterpenoids, Triterpenoids, Pentaterpenoids, Essential Oils, Steroids, Introduction, 2/ Stereochemistry of Steroids, Sterols, Steroidal Alkaloids, 220

6 (xi) 9.4 Phenolic Compounds, Introduction, Phenylpropanoids, 223 9A3 Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Introduction, Distribution, Properties, Test for Alkaloids, Extraction of Alkaloids, Structure and Classification, Glycosides, Carbohydrates, Introduction, Classification, Monosaccharides, A Disaccharides, Trisaccharides, Polysaccharides, Structural Polysaccharides, Food Storage Polysaccharides, Lipids and Related Compounds, Introduction, Classification of Lipids, Fats and Oils, Waxes, Phospholipids, Plant Pigments, Introduction, 25/ Chlorophylls, Carotenoids, Phycobilins, Anthocyanins, Vitamins, Introduction, Classification of Vitamins, 26/ Sources of Vitamins, Structures of Vitamins, Amino Acids, Introduction, Essential and Non-essential Amino Acids, Classification of Amino Acids, Structures of Amino Acids, Proteins, Introduction, 267

7 Peptides, 26S Primary Structure of Peptides, Secondary and Tertiary Structures of Large Peptides and Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Introduction, DNA, RNA, Base Pairing, Double Helix structure of DNA, A Case Study in Prof. N. Raaman's Laboratory Introduction, Preparation of Extracts from Clausena dentata, Qualitative Phytochemical Screening, Isolation of Compounds, Thin Layer Chromatography, Column Chromatography, Quantitative Estimation of Isolated Compounds in Extracts by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), Characterisation of Compound CD-I, Physical Characteristics, Gas Chromatogram, U V and Visible Spectrum, Infra Red Spectrum, 'H - NMR and U C - NMR Spectra, GC-MS Spectrum, Identification of Compound CD-I, Identification of a Compound from Plant Using X-ray Crystallography, Ph.D. Theses Under the Supervision of Prof. N. Raaman on Natural Products, 286 References 289 Index 295 Common and Scientific Names of Plants Names of Chemicals Used Subject Index