Unit 1: Chemistry - Guided Notes

Transcription

1 Scientific Method Notes: Unit 1: Chemistry - Guided Notes 1 Common Elements in Biology: Atoms are made up of: In order to be stable, an atom of an element needs a full valence shell of electrons. This is usually unless it is a small atom such as hydrogen which only needs. An atom may gain or lose electrons to become stable. It will then become charged. The atom is now known as an. Examples of Ions: An Isotope is an atom that has extra or missing. Types of Bonding Between Atoms: Ionic vs Covalent Types of Covalent Bonds Polar Bonds vs. Nonpolar Bonds Not a Bond, But an Important Force Between Molecules Hydrogen Bonding: when the hydrogen atoms in one molecule are attracted to the oxygen atoms in other molecules. It occurs between hydrogen and a very electronegative atom such as O, F, and N. It is a relatively bond by itself that is easily broken but when there are many hydrogen bonds together, it is very.

2 Water and Its Importance Structure of Water: 2 Hydrogen Bonding In Water: Properties of Water: Property Meaning Importance of Property

3 Organic Chemistry Basics Properties of Carbon 3 General Information About Macromolecules The Four Main Classes of Large Biological Molecules: a. b. c. d. Polymers: Large organic molecule made up of many identical or similar molecules linked together Monomers: These are the building blocks of polymers (the identical molecules linked together!) Dehydration/Condensation Reactions: Hydrolysis Reactions: A group of atoms responsible for the characteristics of a compound are: They can make the molecule polar or nonpolar, acidic or basic, and can allow bonding

4 4 Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides a. General Info: b. Structure/Function: c. Note hydroxyl and carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone) functional groups d. Examples of Monosaccharides: 2. Disaccharides a. General Info: b. Structure/Function: c. Examples of Disaccharides: 3. Polysaccharides a. General Info: b. Structure/Function: c. Examples of Polysaccharides: 1) Storage Polysaccharides 2) Structural Polysaccharides

5 5 Lipids Background information: Types of Lipids 1. Fats a. Made up of glycerol and fatty acids (note functional groups) b. Structure: c. Function: d. May be saturated or unsaturated: Saturated vs. Unsaturated 2. Steroids a. Structure: b. Examples of Steroids and importance: 3. Phospholipids a. Structure (note functional group): b. Importance:

6 Proteins The monomers of proteins are: 6 Amino Acid Structure (note functional groups): Parts of an amino acid: There are 20 R groups so there are different amino acids. Amino acids will join together from a reaction. The bonds formed between amino acids are bonds. 2 amino acids joined by a peptide bond become a: Many amino acids joined together by a peptide bond are called a: Protein Structures: 1. Primary Structure this is the sequence of amino acids. It is the simplest protein structure. The order of amino acids determines the shape and structure of the protein. 2. Secondary Structure may be alpha helical shaped or beta pleated shaped. The secondary structure comes from bonds between the side chains of the amino acids.

7 3. Tertiary Structure occurs when the secondary structure folds up in a very specific shape and forms a specific protein. The tertiary structure comes from interactions/bonds between the R groups of the amino acid. Most of the interactions that occur between amino acid R groups are from: 7 4. Quaternary Structure occurs when several proteins with a tertiary structure combine together and form a protein. It makes a complex 3-D structure. Examples of Proteins: Enzymes Antibodies Hemoglobin Actin in Muscles Collagen Hormones Keratin Other important information about proteins: Remember that proteins have a specific shape (from the order of the amino acids) which gives them a specific function. If the interactions between the side chains of the amino acids are disrupted, the protein will unfold and lose its specific shape and, therefore, its function. If you heat up a protein to a certain point or put it in a solution with a low ph (acidic), the side chain interactions between the amino acids will be disrupted and the protein will lose its shape. The protein will be: Examples of denaturing proteins:

8 Nucleic Acids The monomers of Nucleic Acids are (note functional groups): 8 Most nucleic acids consist of many nucleotides bonded together. Examples of Nucleic Acids: 1. DNA: The nucleotide of DNA is made up of: 1. The 5-carbon sugar is: 2. The phosphate group 3. The nitrogenous bases are: 2. RNA: The nucleotides of RNA consist of: 1. The 5-carbon sugar is: 2. The phosphate group 3. The nitrogenous bases are: RNA is: Compare DNA to RNA: DNA RNA 3. ATP: a Nucleic Acid made of 1 monomer that transports energy The nucleotide of ATP consists of Adenine, sugar, and 3 phosphate groups. Energy is stored between the second and third phosphate groups. When the energy is released, so is a phosphate group. The molecule then becomes ADP.