CHEMISTRY. 2 Types of Properties Associated with Matter. Composition of Matter. Physical: properties that do not change the identity of the substance
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1 CHEMISTRY Composition of Matter Matter Mass Anything that occupies space and has mass Quantity of matter an object has Weight Pull of gravity on an object 2 Types of Properties Associated with Matter Physical: properties that do not change the identity of the substance Examples: color, smell, freezing/boiling point, attraction/repulsion to magnets, luster, density Chemical: properties that do change the identity of the substance Examples: flammability, reactivity with water, ph 1
2 States of Matter Atoms are in constant motion How fast the atoms are moving determines its state Atoms The simplest particle of an element that retains all the properties of that element Parts of an atom Protons Neutrons Electrons 2
3 The Proton Positively charged Lives in nucleus All atoms of a given element have the SAME NUMBER of protons Atomic Number Number of protons Whole number on periodic table Also number of electrons (in an atom that is not bonding with another atom) The Neutron No charge (neutral) Lives in nucleus 3
4 The Nucleus Center of atom Consists of protons and neutrons The Electron Negatively charged Lives in energy levels outside of nucleus Very small Atomic Mass Add the number of protons & neutrons in an atom Number on periodic table with decimal places (go out at least to 100 ths place!) 4
5 Elements Pure substances made of one type of atom More than 100 elements (92 naturally occurring) Element Symbols Consists of 1-2 letters First letter is always capitalized Let s Review Atomic Number? # of protons & electrons Element symbol? 1 or 2 letters; 1 st letter capitalized Atomic Mass? # of protons & neutrons 11 Na How do you get # of neutrons? Atomic mass (red) minus atomic number (blue) 5
6 What elements are humans made of? 96% of our mass is made of O, C, H, N, Ca, P Energy The ability to do work or cause change Various forms include: chemical, thermal, electrical, and mechanical energy Can be converted from one form to another Free energy is the energy in a system that is available for work Energy and Chemical Reactions (rxn) Energy released or absorbed when chemical bonds are broken or formed 6
7 Chemical Equation Represents chemical reaction 2H 2 + O 2 à 2H 2 O Reactants = what you start with & shown on the left side of the arrow Products = what you end up with & shown on the right side of the arrow Energy Transfer Exothermic rxn Endothermic rxn Release of energy Absorption of energy Example: cellular respiration Example: photosynthesis Most rxn in life; organisms require constant source of energy 7
8 Exogonic Endogonic The energy our cells use is called ATP. Activation energy The amount of energy needed to start the reaction is called activation energy Catalyst Reduce the amount of activation energy required Biological catalyst are called enzymes 8
9 An Enzyme s Job E N Z Y M E NO Enzyme More about enzymes Mostly protein Each is specific for a different chemical reaction Form = function Form = Function 9
10 Enzyme Structure Enzymes work on substances called substrates Substrates must fit into a place on an enzyme called the active site Enzymes are reusable! Enzymes are picky Optimum ph Optimum temperature Denature enzymes shape will irreversibly change Happy Enzyme (optimum temperature & ph) 10
11 Denatured No form means NO FUNCTION Water & Life Life began in water 3/4 of Earth is water All living things need water Your cells 65-95% water Structure of Water Polar Unequal sharing of electrons Opposite charges on opposite ends Appears bent δ + δ + δ - 11
12 n Structure of Water Hydrogen bonds Weak attractions of neighboring water molecules due to polarity n Properties of Hydrogen Bonds in Water n Cohesion: attraction between molecules of the same substance Properties of Hydrogen Bonds in Water n Adhesion: attraction between molecules of different substances 12
13 Other Life-Supporting Properties of Water Moderates temperature Heats & cools slowly Earth s water supply keeps temperatures within limits that support life Evaporative Water s Life-Supporting Properties Ice As water cools, molecules move farther apart à Ice floats 13
14 Water s Life-Supporting Properties Solvent Water can dissolve many things The medium for chemical reactions Recap: What are water s life sustaining properties? Moderates temperature Forms ice Acts as a solvent Cohesion and adhesion Acids and Bases The degree of acidity or alkalinity must be in an ideal state! 14
15 Acids Measure of H + ions ph of 6 and lower Bases Measure of OH - ions ph of 8 and higher Dissociation of Water H 2 O à H + + OH - H + = hydrogen ion (acidic) OH - = hydroxide ion (alkaline) H + O H + O & H H + 15
16 ph Scale Measurement of H + ions Range from 0-14 Neutralis equal to 7 ph scale is logarithmic Each ph is 10X stronger than the next. How many times more acidic is a ph of 1 vs. a ph of 3? 100 How many times more basic is a ph of 14 vs. a ph of 13? 10 16
17 Carbon Basis of organic chemistry Carbon can form single, double, or triple bond with other carbons Forms benzene rings -C-C- -C=C- Typical binding atoms of C C H N O P S A R B O N Y D R O G E N I T R O G E N X Y G E N H O S P H O R U S U L F U R The MACROmolecules 1. proteins 2. carbohydrates (CHO) 3. nucleic acids 4. lipids 17
18 What are macromolecules made of? Monomer a single molecule that has the ability to combine with identical or similar molecules Polymer Chain of many monomers Polymerization Process in which large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together Protein a.k.a. polypeptide Monomer = amino acid 20 types Held together by peptide bonds 18
19 4 Levels of Protein structure Primary (1 ) Secondary (2 ) Tertiary (3 ) Quaternary (4 ) Hemoglobin Protein function Control rate of chemical reaction Used to form bone and muscle Transport material into and out of cell Protect the cell (fight disease) CHO Monomer = monosaccharide a.k.a. simple CHO = 1 sugar molecule Polymer = polysaccharide a.k.a complex CHO = polysaccharide 19
20 CHO function Store energy Animals = glycogen Plants = starch Cellulose (plants) Rigidity Strength Lipids Mostly C & H Fatty acid + glycerol Fat, oil, wax Types of Lipids Saturated = single bonds between C Unsaturated = at least 1 double bond between C Solid Liquid 20
21 Lipid function Store energy Major component of cell membrane Can water proof Involved in nerve formation and function Nucleic Acid Monomer = nucleotide 5 C sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base Nucleic acid function Store & transmit genetic material Two types DNA RNA 21
22 n oh.*d.j J Macromolecules Chart Your task is to complete the chart identifying chemical composition, examples, functions and important vocabulary for the following macromolecules: 1. protein 2. carbohydrate 3. nucleic acid 4. lipids i' L- J.:: l:l J. t j I v, z Htrl F ogcl IJJ F {ECI g $ee { L'{ /)& 1),{ t) t{ul J t3z IrJ ot' J. q. /: HI Jil J _jjjj': 22
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