Study Guide: Basic Chemistry, Water, Life Compounds and Enzymes

Transcription

1 Study Guide: Basic Chemistry, Water, Life Compounds and Enzymes 1. Lipids are good energy-storage molecules because a) the can absorb a large amount of energy while maintaining a constant temperature b) they have many carbon-hydrogen bonds c) they are composed of many simple sugars d) they cannot be broken down by enzymes 2. When sodium chloride is dissolved in water, the sodium ions a) are attracted to the oxygen atoms of water molecules b) are attracted to the hydrogen atoms of the water molecule c) are attracted to each other d) do not dissociate from the sodium chloride 3. What is a peptide bond? a) an amino acid glycerol group c) a covalent bond between a polymer and lipid b) an amino acid hydrogen group d) a covalent bond between two amino acids 4. A monomer is a small, building block of a(n) a) atom b) molecule c) nucleus d) ion 5. Which of the following use polysaccharide for strength and structure? a) humans b) amebas c) animals d) plants 6. The distinguishing feature of a molecule of a polar compound is its a) even distribution of electrical charge c) even temperature b) uneven distribution of electrical charge d) uneven temperature 7. The element that readily bonds to itself, forming long chains and rings, is a) hydrogen b) nitrogen c) carbon d) oxygen 8. Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are a) monosaccharides b) disaccharides c) polysaccharides d) simple sugar 9. Water is an effective solvent because a) it is a polar molecule c) it dissolves other polar substances b) it dissolves ionic compounds d) All of the above 10. The presence of four electrons in the outermost energy level of a carbon atom enables a) carbon atoms to form four covalent bonds with atoms of other elements b) carbon atoms to form covalent bonds with other carbon atoms c) carbon atoms to form double bonds with other atoms d) All of the above 11. The breakdown of polymers into monomers occurs through a process known as a) hydrolysis b) condensation c) dissociation d) removal of a functional group 12. Fats, and oils are all a) lipids b) carbohydrates c) human energy sources d) food

2 13. Polysaccharides are giant polymers consisting of thousands of linked a) monosaccharides b) fat molecules c) ethers d) proteins 14. Table sugar is also known as sucrose. Sucrose is a common a) disaccharide b) monosaccharide c) cellulose d) carbonate 15. The attractive force between unlike particles is called a) cohesion b) condensation reaction c) adhesion d) hydrolysis 16. Organic compounds contain a) many kinds of elements except carbon c) only carbon and hydrogen b) only carbon d) carbon and usually other elements 17. Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are a) monosaccharides b) polysaccharides c) simple sugars d) disaccharides 18. How many electrons does the element carbon (Atomic Number 6) have? a) 6 b) 2 c) 8 d) The monomer of nucleic acids is called a(n) a) polymer b) fatty acid c) amino acid d) nucleotide 20. The monomer of many polysaccharides is a) fatty acid b) glucose c) amino acid d) cohesion 21. The breaking apart of large molecules into smaller ones is called a) cohesion b) condensation reaction c) adhesion d) hydrolysis 22. This forms large molecules from smaller ones a) cohesion b) condensation reaction c) hydrolysis d) adhesion 23. The attractive force between like particles is called a) cohesion b) adhesion c) condensation d) hydrolysis 24. The monomer of a protein is called a(n) a) glucose b) nucleotide c) amino acid d) fatty acid 25. In a water molecule, a) all of the atoms have a slight positive charge b) the oxygen atom has a slight negative charge and the hydrogen atoms have a slight positive charge c) the oxygen atom has a slight positive charge and the hydrogen atoms have a slight negative charge d) all of the atoms have a slight negative charge 26. The number of covalent bonds a carbon atom can form with other atoms is a) 1 b) 2 c) 4 d) Organic compounds contain a) carbon and usually other elements c) many kinds of elements except carbon b) only carbon d) only carbon and hydrogen 28. What three elements make up all carbohydrates? a) nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon c) carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen b) carbon, oxygen, and sulfur d) carbon, hydrogen, and sugar

3 29. A peptide is a compound consisting of two or more a) amino acids b) lipids c) sugars d) steroids 30. Special proteins that speed up the chemical reactions in a cell are called a) acids b) enzymes c) sites d) casein 31. A compound that is stored as glycogen in animals and as a starch in plants is a) alcohol b) cellulose c) glucose d) phosphate 32. The most important function of nucleic acids is a) catalyzing chemical reactions c) forming a barrier between the inside and outside of a cell b) storing energy d) storing information related to heredity and protein synthesis 33. The breakdown of a polymer involves a) hydrolysis c) a dehydration synthesis reaction b) the breaking of hydrogen bonds d) the breaking of ionic bonds 34. A covalent bond formed when two atoms share one pair of electrons is called a a) single bond b) double bond c) triple bond d) quadruple bond 35. Most enzymes a) are changed by the reactions they catalyze b) increase the activation energy of the reaction they catalyze c) strengthen the chemical bonds in their substrate d) are sensitive to changes in temperature or ph 36. Organic molecules that catalyze reactions in living systems are a) phospholipids b) enzymes c) polysaccharides d) steroids 37. A bond that forms between a positively charged hydrogen atom of one molecule and a negative charged region of another molecule is a(n) a) ionic bond b) hydrogen bond c) covalent bond d) basic bond 38. Water allows materials to rest on top of it because of a. high heat of vaporization b. capillary action c. high surface tension d. none of the above 39. Which compound has a chemical composition most closely related to glycogen? a. starch b. ATP c. protein d. RNA 40. The smallest unit of a chemical element is called a(n) a. bond b. electron c. atom d. nucleus 41. Which atomic particle lack electrical charge? a. proton b. electron c. neutron d. none of the above 42. Which atomic particle carries a negative charge? a. proton b. electron c. neutron d. none of the above 43. Which atomic particles are found in the nucleus of an atom? a. electrons only b. protons only c. electrons and neutrons d. protons and electrons

4 44. A substance that is formed by the bonding of atoms in definite proportions is a(n) a. ion b. macromolecule c. substrate d. chemical compound 45. After atoms gain or lose electrons, they are called a. molecules b. bonds c. ions d. compounds 46. What is an ionic compound? a. water b. sugar c. carbon d. salt 47. A group of covalently bonded atoms from a unit called a(n) a. molecule b. ion c. element d. chemical 49. A substance dissolved in water forms a (n) a. acid b. base c. molecule d. solution 50. Which indicates the strength of an acid or a base? a. periodic table b. litmus paper c. enzyme d. ph scale 51. Which is not an organic compound? a. NaCl b. CH 4 c. C 6 C 12 O 6 d. all aren t organic 52. Small organic molecules that are linked together make up a(n) a. ion b. nitrogen c. polymer d. monomer 53. Which of the following is a disaccharide? a. fructose b. galactose c. glucose d. sucrose 54. A disaccharide is an example of a(n) a. lipid b. protein c. carbohydrate d. nucleic acid 55. The monomer of a protein is known as a (n) a. fatty acid b. amino acid c. sugar d. base 56. Which molecules within a cell are responsible for carrying hereditary information? a. amino acids b. nucleic acids c. fatty acids d. lipids 57. The substance produced as a result of a chemical reaction is called a(n) a. reactant b. nucleic acid c. product d. enzyme 58. A substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction is a(n) a. catalyst b. lipid c. molecule d. element 59. In chemical bonding, atoms that share electrons form a. ionic bonds b. covalent bonds c. ions d. elements 60. Na + and Cl - are examples of a. ions b. compounds c. atoms d. elements 61. What type of bond is formed when atoms transfer electrons? a. ions b. covalent c. molecular d. elemental

5 62. Because a molecule of water has a positive and negative end, it is said to be a. ionic b. covalent c. nonpolar d. polar 63. An acid has a ph of a. below 7 b. 0 c. 7 d. above NaOH is an example of a(n) a. element b. solution c. acid d. base 65. The simplest carbohydrates are the a. nucleic acids b. monosaccharides c. disaccharides d. polysaccharides 66. Animals store excess carbohydrates as a. protein b. fat c. glycogen d. cholesterol 67. Proteins are polymers made up of a. amino acids b. fatty acids c. glycerols d. nucleic acids 68. Nucleic acids are composed of units called a. amino acids b. fatty acids c. glycerols d. nucleic acids 69. In the chemical reaction Na + Cl > NaCl is the a. reactant b. protein c. product d. base 70. The region on an enzyme to which a substrate binds is called a(n) a. substance b. active site c. polar end d. nucleus 71. Which enzyme below breaks down proteins? a. amylase b. pepsin c. anhydrase d. catalase 72. Which of the factors below can affect enzyme function? a. ph b. temperature c. chemicals d. all of the above MATCH THE MOLECULE WITH THE SUBUNIT THAT BUILDS IT: 73. POLYSACCHARIDES 74. NUCLEIC ACIDS 75. PROTEINS A B C

6 Match the molecule with its description: LIPIDS CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS 76. made by joining amino acid subunits in long chains which provide a wide variety of functions in cells 77. made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms 78. made from nucleotide subunits which store and carry information 79. fats, oils, waxes, & steroids made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms in long chains COMPARE: KINDS OF CARBOHYDRATES 80. MONOSACCHARIDES # of SUGARS it contains GIVE 3 EXAMPLES 81. POLYSACCHARIDES 82. Reactants in an enzyme catalyzed chemical reaction are called A. polymers B. products C. substrates D. organics 83. Macromolecule that can act as enzymes are. A. carbohydrates B. lipids C. Nucleic acids D. proteins 84. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by. A. decreasing the activation energy B. increasing the activation energy C. making more hydrogen bonds D. changing the ph of the solution 85. Proteins (like enzymes) unwind or when placed in extreme ph or temperature conditions. A. desensitize B. polymerize C. depolarize D. denature

7 86. Enzymes are A. used up during chemical reactions B. unchanged during chemical reactions and reusable C. used to slow down chemical reactions D. all of the above 87. MATCH EACH COMPONENT IN THE ENZYME CATALYZED REACTION BELOW WITH ITS NAME BY WRITING THE LETTER ON THE LINE PROVIDED. Refer to page 39 of your book if you need help. PRODUCTS SUBSTRATE ACTIVE SITE ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX ENZYME 88. Which of the following enzymes would digest a fat? a. sucrase b. fatase c. protease d. lipase 89. An enzyme that hydrolyzes protein will not act upon starch. This fact is an indication that enzymes are a. hydrolytic b. specific c. catalytic d. synthetic 90. Vitamins are essential to the survival of organisms because vitamins usually function as a. substrates b. nucleic acids c. coenzymes d. nucleotides 91.

8 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS USING COMPLETE SENTENCES. 92. What is an organic compound? 93. What property allows carbon compounds to exist in a number of forms? 94. Describe the structure of a water molecule, and explain why it is considered the universal solvent. 95. How does a dehydration synthesis reaction differ from a hydrolysis reaction?