Teacher Instructions

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1 Teacher Instructions To print handouts for students Go to File print, change Print what: to handouts, change # per page if desired to enlarge slides on page Change Print range to slides and type in slide numbers of only those slides you which to print for students

2 Unit 3: Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life

3 Part 1: Basics of Chemistry Atomic Structure Reminder: Atoms contain three subatomic particles 1. charge 2. charge 3. charge These are located in! Electrons surround the nucleus in

4 Part 1: Basics of Chemistry Atomic Structure Reminder: Atoms contain three subatomic particles 1. Protons positive charge 2. Neutrons no charge 3. Electrons negative charge These are located in NUCLEUS! Electrons surround the nucleus in orbitals

5 - Elements, Mixtures, and Compounds a substance made up of one type of atom. - organized on - each element has a unique number of its

6 - Elements, Mixtures, and Compounds - 1. Element - a pure substance made up of one type of atom. - organized on periodic table - each element has a unique number of protons its atomic number Examples: Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), and Sodium (Na)

7 The rows are called PERIODS

8 The columns are called GROUPS The elements in each group have the same number of valence electrons so they react in the same way.

9 These groups are MOST reactive

10 This group is LEAST reactive

11 Each The element atomic is number described is with the its number name and of PROTONS symbol

12 The atomic mass is the number of PROTONS plus the number of NEUTRONS

13 So an atom of silicon has how many neutrons? = 14 neutrons

14 - Elements, Mixtures, and Compounds made up of more than one type of substance - combined

15 - Elements, Mixtures, and Compounds - 2. Mixture - made up of more than one type of substance - physically combined Examples: mixture of sugar and salt, salad dressing, solutions, and your blood!

16 - Elements, Mixtures, and Compounds made up of more than one type of substance - combined - always combined in same that s the chemical formula!

17 - Elements, Mixtures, and Compounds - 3. Compound - made up of more than one type of substance - chemically combined - always combined in same RATIO that s the chemical formula! Examples: water (H 2 O), glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ), and salt (NaCl)

18 Chemical Bonding 1. two or more atoms electrons to form a molecule 2. electrons are by atoms and become charged

19 Chemical Bonding 1. Covalent Bond two or more atoms share electrons to form a molecule 2. Ionic Bond electrons are lost/gained by atoms and become charged

20 Part 2: Properties of Water and ph Draw structure of five water molecules O and H atoms do not share electrons equally Oxygen is slightly negative Hydrogen atoms are slightly positive

21 Part 2: Properties of Water and ph Draw structure of five water molecules O and H atoms do not share electrons equally Oxygen is slightly negative Hydrogen atoms are slightly positive polar covalent bond hydrogen bond

22 Properties of Water All properties due to the fact that water molecules are

23 Properties of Water Storage of Heat Cohesion Adhesion All properties due to the fact that water molecules are POLAR Universal Solvent

24 Ions Remember that atoms that either or electrons become, which are particles If an atom loses an electron, it becomes a ion called a If an atom gains an electron, it becomes a ion called a

25 Ions Remember that atoms that either gain or lose electrons become ions, which are charged particles If an atom loses an electron, it becomes a positive ion called a cation If an atom gains an electron, it becomes a negative ion called an anion

26 ph Scale In solutions, water molecules can split into ions and ions are substances that produce ions in solution are substances that produce ions in solution The measures how or a solution is, which is based on ratio of and ions

27 ph Scale In solutions, water molecules can split into hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions Acids are substances that produce hydrogen ions in solution Bases are substances that produce hydroxide ions in solution The ph scale measures how acidic or basic a solution is, which is based on ratio of hydrogen and hydroxide ions

28 ph Scale Acidic solutions have a greater number of ions than ions Basic solutions have a greater number of ions than ions

29 ph Scale Acidic solutions have a greater number of hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions Basic solutions have a greater number of hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions

30 Part 3: Macromolecules Four categories of organic molecules What does the term organic mean? In general, called First three categories are also

31 Macromolecules Four categories of organic molecules 1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Nucleic Acids 4. Lipids What does the term organic mean? In general, called macromolecules First three categories are also polymers

32 Polymer Principles Polymer Monomer

33 Polymer Principles Polymer a long molecule consisting of similar or identical building blocks covalently linked together Monomer the individual building blocks that make up the polymers Ex. If a sentence is a polymer, words are monomers

34 Polymer Principles

35 Carbohydrates Commonly called Only contain the elements,, and in a specific ratio of Example: Main Function: Found in:

36 Carbohydrates Commonly called sugars Only contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a specific ratio of 1:2:1 Example: formula for glucose is C 6 H 12 O 6 Main Function: short-term energy source Found in: foods like fruits, vegetables, grain

37 Carbohydrates Monomers are called Ex. Link two together to form a Ex. Many linked together to form a Ex. Ex.

38 Carbohydrates Monomers are called monosaccharides Ex. simple sugars like glucose and fructose Link two together to form a disaccharide Ex. sucrose common table sugar Many linked together to form a polysaccharide Ex. glycogen in animals Ex. starch and cellulose in plants

39 Proteins Also called Contain elements,,,, and Monomers are called different types of building blocks properties vary based on structure of are assembled by

40 Proteins Also called polypeptides Contain elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur Monomers are called amino acids 20 different types of building blocks Chemical properties vary based on structure of the amino acids Proteins are assembled by RIBOSOMES

41 Proteins

42 Proteins Polypeptide Amino Acid Peptide Bond After amino acids are linked together, the chain folds into a specific shape! Shape determines protein s functions!

43 Proteins Many Functions! A Note about Enzymes A is a molecule that an enzyme reacts with. Enzymes and substrates fit together like a

44 Proteins Many Functions! structural proteins like collagen in skin antibodies in your immune system contractile proteins in your muscles ENZYMES help speed up chemical reactions by reducing activation energy A Note about Enzymes A substrate is a molecule that an enzyme reacts with. Enzymes and substrates fit together like a lock and key.

45 Proteins Remember the function of all proteins is based on the shape of the protein! If the shape of a protein changes, the protein can no longer do its job!

46 Nucleic Acids Two types: Contain elements,,,, and Monomers are called made up of three subunits

47 Nucleic Acids Two types: DNA and RNA Contain elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus Monomers are called nucleotides made up of three subunits 1.5-carbon sugar 2.nitrogen base 3.phosphate group

48 Nucleic Acids

49 Nucleic Acids Nucleotide Phosphate Group 2. 5-Carbon Sugar (Dexoyribose or Ribose) 3. Nitrogen Base

50 Nucleic Acids There are 4 different nitrogen bases in DNA: RNA uses the nitrogen base instead of DNA carries genetic information, while RNA is used in the making of proteins

51 Nucleic Acids There are 4 different nitrogen bases in DNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine RNA uses the nitrogen base Uracil instead of Thymine DNA carries genetic information, while RNA is used in the making of proteins

52 Lipids Technically not a Include:,,, and. Composed of a backbone and chains Functions:

53 Lipids Technically not a polymer Include: fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes. Composed of a backbone glycerol and fatty acid chains Functions: 1. Fats serves as long-term energy storage. 2. Cell membranes are made of phospholipids. 3. Many hormones are steroids.

54 Lipids Glycerol Fatty Acid Chains Phospholipid General Structure of a Steroid