Ch 3: Chemistry of Life. Chemistry Water Macromolecules Enzymes

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1 Ch 3: Chemistry of Life Chemistry Water Macromolecules Enzymes

have similar properties and made up of atoms Molecule =

2 Chemistry Atom = smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means Element = substances that have similar properties and made up of atoms Molecule = substance made of 2 or more different bonded elements

3 Structure of Atoms Parts: Nucleus and Energy levels Protons = positive charge Neutrons = neutral charge Electrons = negative charge

4 Chemical Formula H 2 O = 2 Hydrogen and 1 Oxygen Polarity = one side is more positive and one side is more negative Main elements: Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous

5 Types of Bonds Covalent = sharing electrons between 2 elements Ionic = transfer electrons and bond forms between positive and negative charge Ion = element with a charge Hydrogen = bond between hydrogen of 1 molecule and another negative element on a different molecule

7 REVIEW 1. What are the 5 main elements of living things? 2. What are the 3 parts of an atom and which part is on the outside of the nucleus? 3. What type of bond shares electrons?

8 REVIEW 4. Are the molecules in the middle positive or negative? What is it called when a molecule has a positive and negative side? A B

Adhesion = attraction of different particles Surface tension

9 Properties of Water A) Water molecules stick to each other and other things Cohesion = attraction of the same particles Adhesion = attraction of different particles Surface tension = ability of water to hold its shape because of hydrogen bonds

10 Properties of Water B) Water molecules are polar (negative and positive sides) Works as a solvent to dissolve substances and do chemical reactions in the body

11 Properties of Water C) Water absorbs and releases heat without a large change in temperature (High specific heat) Heat has to break the hydrogen bonds before molecules can start to move and increase the temperature

12 Properties of Water D) Ice floats on water Solid state of water is less dense and molecules are spread out due to the hydrogen bonds Allows organisms to live under water in cold temperatures

13 VIDEOS Water strider Basilisk lizard

14 Solutions Solution = solute + solvent Change in the amount of H+ creates: acids and bases Acids more H+, ph orange juice, battery acid Base less H+, ph Soap, shampoo Neutral 7 ph Water

15 ph Scale

16 Carbon (Organic) Compounds Carbon = basic unit of macromolecules

17 4 Main Type of Macromolecules (Organic molecules or Biomolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

18 Why is it important to learn about nutrition? Do you know how many carbs, proteins, and fats you are supposed to eat in a day? What do these things do for your body?

19 Polymers Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids are polymers Polymers: long molecule built by linking repeating units with covalent bonds Each unit of polymer = monomer Repeating units

20 Synthesis of Polymers Dehydration synthesis: H 2 O is lost Monomers joined by removal of water One contributes OH One contributes H Together H 2 O Process requires energy and enzymes (proteins)

21 Breakdown of Polymers Hydrolysis Reaction: Hydro = water Lysis = to break apart Reverse of dehydration synthesis reaction Uses water to split polymer H 2 O splits into -H & -OH -H & -OH bond to where covalent bond was before

22 Guess the Macromolecule

23 Carbohydrate Elements: C, H, O with a ratio of 1:2:1 Polymer: polysaccharide (saccharide = sugar) Monomer: monosaccharide (example: glucose) Function: Immediate energy and structure

24 Carbohydrate Examples: Plants = cellulose and starch Animals = glycogen

25 What is the difference between this sugar and sugar from bread and vegetables?

26 Carb Structure and Energy Sources Structural Carbohydrates Cellulose every other glucose molecule is flipped upside down which allows the rows to fit closely together (beta configuration) Chitin similar glucose arrangement to cellulose but found in fungi cell walls

27 Carb Structure and Energy Sources Energy Carbohydrates Glycogen - stored glucose in the liver in the alpha configuration Starch glucose molecules are all the same orientation so it forms a spiral and can be broken down (alpha configuration )

29 Guess the Macromolecule

30 Lipids Elements: C,H,O with C-H chains Polymer: no true polymers Monomer: fatty acid Function: Stored energy, Structure, and Protection and insulation

31 Lipids Examples: Triglyceride = fat Phospholipid Wax, Hormones, Steroids, and Cholesterol

32 Saturated Fats Contains all the hydrogens that can be bound to the carbons in the chain Solid at room temperature

33 Unsaturated Fats Lacks all the hydrogens that can be bound to the carbons in the chain which forms double bonds between electrons Liquid at room temperature

34 Phospholipids Make up the cell membrane which is the boundary of the cell Has two regions: Hydrophobic tails that repel water Hydrophilic head that attracts water

35 Guess the Macromolecule

36 Protein Elements: C, H, O, N Polymer: polypeptide Monomer: amino acid Function: Structure, Chemical reactions, Movement, Transport oxygen, Immunity (defense) Examples: transport proteins, enzymes, muscle proteins, hemoglobin, antibodies

37 Protein Amino acid structure: Central Carbon atom Contains an amino group with a NH 2, a Carboxyl group with a COOH, and a H The last side group is the R group. Each amino acid has a different R group that gives the amino acid a unique characteristic

38 How to build proteins Dehydration synthesis of 2 or more amino acids (-COOH) and (NH 2 ) group are joined by a covalent called a peptide bond The bonds create a repeated N-C-C sequence which is backbone of polypeptide chain

39 Protein Structure & Function Function depends on structure it all starts with amino acid sequence Folded, twisted, coiled into specialized shape There are 4 levels of protein structure

structure of amino acids Amino acid sequence is determined by the DNA

40 Protein Structure - Primary Linear structure based on the order of amino acids and peptide bonds Each type of protein has a unique primary structure of amino acids Amino acid sequence is determined by the DNA sequence Small change in DNA will affect the protein and can cause serious problems

41 Sickle Cell Anemia Result of only one amino acid change in primary structure of hemoglobin.

42 Protein Structure - Secondary Folding and coiling of the amino acid chain Can be an alpha (α) helix or beta (β) pleated sheet Folds are result of hydrogen bonds between R-groups of different amino acids

43 Protein Structure Secondary Spider silk: a structural protein containing beta (β) pleated sheets

44 Protein Structure Tertiary Determined by interactions and bonding between R- groups Hydrophobic & Hydrophilic interactions due to water around the protein More Hydrogen bonds Disulfide bridges between R- groups with sulfur Ionic bonds with a transfer of electrons

46 Protein Structure Quaternary Two or more polypeptide chains joined together causing the overall protein structure Ex: Collagen fibrous protein helical subunits twisted into one large subunit Ex: Hemoglobin oxygen binding protein of red blood cells 4 polypeptide subunits

47 Protein Structure Review 3 R Groups Hydrophobic & Hydrophilic interactions H & ionic bonds Disulfide bridges 1 Amino acid sequence peptide bonds Determined by DNA 2 R Groups H Bonds 4 Multiple polypeptides

48 Guess the Macromolecule

49 Nucleic Acid Elements: C, H, O, N, P Polymer: DNA, RNA Monomer: nucleotide Function: Genetic information stores and transports Examples: DNA, RNA, ATP

50 3 Parts: 1. Nitrogen containing base 2. Sugar (5C) Nucleotide Structure Deoxyribose in DNA Ribose in RNA 3. Phosphate Group

51 Types of Nucleotide Bases 2 Types of Bases 1. Pyrimidines Single ring N-base Cytosine ( C ) Thymine (T) Uracil (U) 2. Purines Double ring N-base Adenine (A) Guanine (G)

52 ATP Structure Adenine nitrogen base Ribose sugar 3 phosphate groups

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Circle the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Summer Work Quiz - Molecules and Chemistry Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Circle the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The four most common elements in living organisms