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1 Name: Date: Period: Biology Notes: Biochemistry Directions: Fill this out as we cover the following topics in class Part I. Water Water Basics Polar: part of a molecule is slightly, while another part is slightly Oxygen hogs from hydrogen; results in charge on oxygen and charge on hydrogen Creates bonds where on water sticks to another Water Properties High specific heat: Resists temp changes - much is needed to break water bonds - helps to maintain a constant temp Cohesion - polar water molecules attracted to other water molecules Adhesion - polar water sticks to other Solutions Solution: where one substance dissolves in another 2 parts to a solution 1. : substance that dissolves (atom, ions, ) 2. : substance in which the solute is dissolved (usually ) - ex: human blood: solvent is (watery part of blood) and are carbs, proteins, sugars, etc. ph Scale ph scale measure the amount of in a solution 1 minute: Discuss with your neighbor: A) Which base has the most H + ions? B) Which substance has the fewest H + ions? C) Which is the strongest acid? Some molecules release H + ions when dissolved (ph= ) Some molecules release (hydroxide) ions when dissolved (ph= ) Solution is when H + = OH - (ph= ) ph balance is vital to life. Ex: Blood ph (7.4): break down outside normal ph

2 Review 1) Vocabulary: Polar, Adhesion, Cohesion, High Specific Heat, Solution, Solute, Solvent, ph 2) Name 4 basic features of water. 3) Which water property explains that one atom is positively charged, while another is negatively charged? 4) How does cohesion and adhesion differ? 5) Which is a stronger acid? Substance A with a ph of 5 or substance B with a ph of 3? 6) Which has more H+ ions? Substance A with a ph of 5 or substance B with a ph of 3? 7) Which has more OH- ions? Substance A with a ph of 5 or substance B with a ph of 3? 8) How does a solute differ from a solvent? 9) What is the solute and solvent of blood? Part II. Organic Molecules A. Organic Molecules Carbon = building block of organic molecules ( ) Carbon is unique - 2 nd electron level full - Only has electrons in 2 nd level - Will bond up to times Monomer: carbon molecules - Ex: Amino acid Polymer: of linked - Ex: Protein Carbon creates 4 bonds to be stable Is Carbon stable with 4 electrons in its outer layer? Is Hydrogen stable with 1 electron in its layer? So what do atoms do when they are unstable? B. Carbohydrates Readily available food source C : H : O ratio - Ex: = C 6 H 12 O 6 Monomer: - Simple sugars - Bond to form sugars Polymer: - Complex sugars Carbohydrate Polymers: chain of monosaccharides Ex: Starch: excess sugar converted & stored Draw stable C & H compound. Ex: Glycogen: starch made by ; stored in & muscles Ex: Cellulose: starch made by ; stored by plants to make Review Carbohydrates 1) How many electrons does Carbon have in the 1 st energy level? 2 nd energy level? 2) Which type of organic molecule is most commonly used as energy for cells? 3) If a carbohydrate has 8 carbon atoms, how many oxygen and hydrogen atoms will it most likely have? 4) What are the monomers of carbohydrates called? 5) Which polymer of carbohydrates is stored by animals? 6) Which polymer of carbohydrates is stored by plants?

3 C. Lipid Structure Fats, Oils, Cholesterol, Waxes Monomer: Polymer: Phospholipid: - Structure (3 parts): o Head = & o Tails = Fatty acids Trigylceride: - Structure (2 parts): o Head = Glycerol o Tails = 3 Fatty Acids Function: Provide for cells, insulation - Cholesterol: Gives cell membrane Saturated Fatty Acids Long chain of C-C bonds (all bonds) Each is saturated with atoms - Common in fats Health Alert! - Solid at room temps; more likely to clog veins Unsaturated Fatty Acids Chain with C=C bonds ( bonds) - Double bonds H from attaching - Double bonds makes the chain Unsaturated: space for H atoms - Common in Health Alert: - Liquid at room temps; Less likely to clog veins Review Lipids 1) What are the three parts of a phospholipid called? a. Which part is the head? b. Which part are the tails? How many? 2) What are the 2 parts of a triglyceride called? a. Which part is the head? b. Which part are the tails? How many? 3) How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ? 4) Which lipid gives cells their flexibility? 5) Why are saturated fats less healthy? D. Nucleic Acid Basics Contains instructions to build Two types: - - Composed of smaller units called - Monomer: - Polymer:

4 Nucleotide Structure Three parts Nucleotides combine to make Instructions for to make Monomers link to make Polymers! DNA RNA Nucleic Acids - Monomer: - Polymer: How many nucleotides are pictured? What is this chain of nucleotides called? Double Helix: chains of nucleotides Four DNA bases: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine - A pairs with & pairs with G Gene: of DNA that for a chain of nucleotides RNA bases: Adenine,, Cytosine, Guanine Function: Help cells with the creation of Review Nucleotides 1) Name the polymer of nucleotides. 2) Draw and label a nucleotide. 3) How are the four nitrogen bases of DNA abbreviated? 4) What does the phosphate molecule of a nucleotide bond with? 5) What do you call a section of DNA that codes for a protein? 6) If the DNA nitrogen bases were TACCGGAT, how would the attached DNA strand read? 7) How are DNA and RNA different? E. Protein Basics Used in a variety of functions Made of smaller amino acids - Monomer: - Polymer: Only amino acids but of proteins - Exact of amino acids the protein Amino Acid Structure 5 basic parts 1) Central atom 2) group (NH 2 ) 3) 4) group (COOH) 5) group What differs between amino acids? Draw a nucleotide.

5 Review Proteins 1) What are the smaller monomers that make proteins called? 2) How many different amino acids exist? 3) How does each amino acid differ? 4) The NH 2 part of the amino acid is called the group. 5) The COOH part of the amino acid is called the group. Part III. Chemical Reactions Change substance into different one by breaking and forming - Reactants are the substances during a chemical reaction - Products are the substance by a chemical reaction Activation Energy: amount of energy needed to a reaction Controlled Settings Human body ~ 98.6F - Can t raise body temp to start reactions Internal reactions would be too slow to sustain life without a Ex: Saliva: Breaks down starch x faster with amylase How do Enzymes Help? Enzymes Review Activation energy usually comes from an increase in temp - process Catalyst: substance that decreases the energy needed to start a chemical reaction - reaction Enzymes reduce energy needed (activation energy) to start a chemical reaction and increases reaction rate Enzyme shape allows specific to bind together - Reactants = - Ex: Amylase & starch: Starch is the because it binds to Substrates bind to sites on the enzyme ( fitting into ) Once bonded to enzyme, substrates bonds and break Substrates re-bond to each other and a new is formed. Catalyst is Type of so sensitive to,, - Ex: If a high fever: enzymes lose ability to work 1) How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions? 2) What are the molecules called that react with enzymes? 3) Given the following chemical formula list the products and reactants: 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O 4) What are the substances that are changed during a chemical reaction called? 5) What is another term for a catalyst? 6) Why can t the human body raise its temperature to allow chemical reactions to happen quicker?

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