Unit Two Chemistry of the Human Body

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1 I. Introduction to atoms Unit Two Chemistry of the Human Body A. Chemistry is the branch of science that concerns itself with the structure of matter, including the interaction between atoms. 1. Atoms- 2. Atomic number - 3. Elements - *abbreviations for elements come from English or Latin 4. Atomic weight - 5. Compound- 6. Nucleus * Do not be confused with the nucleus of the cell when learning about the nucleus of an atom. The only connection is the general definition of the word nucleus. II. Structures of atoms commonly found in cells A. Diagram of hydrogen atom B. Diagram of carbon atom atomic number 1 atomic number 6 atomic weight 1 atomic weight 12 electric charge electric charge *typically the outer shell of an atom seeks to hold eight electrons; this is the basis for chemical reactions.

2 III. Forming of chemical bonds A. Forming of an ionic bond 1. Diagrams of two atoms that commonly form ions (an ion is an atom that will gain or lose elections during the bonding process): A. Diagram of chlorine atom b. Diagram of sodium atom Atomic number 17 atomic number 11 Atomic weight 35 atomic weight 23 Electric charge electric charge 2. Diagram of the above two atoms joining to form an ionic bond: A. Diagram of chlorine atom b. Diagram of sodium atom (now a -1 ion because it gained (now a +1 ion because it gave an An electron from sodium to fill electron to chlorine so it would Its outer shell) have a full outer shell) *the resulting attraction of electric charges cause bonds to be formed between the chlorine and sodium atom resulting in the compound sodium chloride.

3 B. Forming of a covalent bond 1. Diagrams of two atoms that commonly form molecules: A. Diagram of carbon atom B. Diagram of hydrogen atom 2. Diagram of one carbon atom combining with four hydrogen atoms *the sharing of electrons causes bonds to be formed between carbon and hydrogen forming a molecule of methane. C. Comparing the two bond types:

4 C. The structural formula of several atoms representing their electron clouds (Bohr model structure, dot structure and line structure) type of structure Atomic #1 (H) hydrogen Atomic #6 (C) carbon Atomic #7 (N) nitrogen Atomic #8 (O) oxygen Compound H2O Bohr model Lewis dot model Line D. Now do the dot and line structures for ch3ch2oh (ethanol) 1. Dot structure 2. Line structure

5 IV. Important organic compounds (macromolecules) Compound Elements always found Functions 1. Carbohydrates (sugar & starches) 2. Lipids (fats & steroids) 3. Proteins (20 amino acids) 4. Nucleic acid (DNA & RNA) 5. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) 1:2:1 ratio Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Quick Energy source Energy storage (ex. glycogen) Structural (ex.cellulose, chitin) Energy source Energy storage Structural components Chemical messengers Physical protection Catalyst (enzymes) Structural components Movement/transport Defense Control & coordination Genetic information Chemical energy Dehydration Synthesis = Hydrolysis =

6 A. Molecular structures for carbohydrates (starches and sugars) 1. Monosaccharides (simple sugars/carbohydrates) Saccharide = Glucose molecule Glucose molecule (ring structure) 2. Disaccharides Sucrose glucose (mono) + fructose (mono) 3. Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) Starch = glucose chain Glycogen = animal starch Cellulose = plant cell wall starch Chitin = fungi cell wall starch & insect exoskeletons

7 B. Molecular structures for lipids (fats, triglycerides) Molecule of fat (triglyceride) glycerol + fatty acids (3) Saturated fats = Unsaturated fats = 3. Molecular structure for proteins (amino acid chains) General amino acid structure (there are 20 amino acids) Glycine (an amino acid) Alanine (an amino acid) Serine (an amino acid) + A protein (amino acid order predicts function of the protein) The bonds holding the amino acids together are called, therefore proteins can also be called.

8 4. Molecular structure for nucleic acids: Nucleic acids hold the information determining the structure and function of the cell. a. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) b. RNA 1. Contains the 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group and one of the four nitrogen bases:,,, 2. Located in the nucleus of a cell. 3. Segments of DNA make up which code for your characteristics. Genes determine heredity traits and control cell activities. 1. Contains the 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and one of the four nitrogen bases the four nitrogen bases:,,, 2. RNA is able to leave the nucleus carrying DNAs message of proteins to make. 3. There are three types of RNA molecules, each playing a different role in the cell. Diagram of a nucleotide (the repeating structure in DNA and RNA): (Simplified) DNA structure: RNA Structure:

9 5. Molecular structure for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) A. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the chemical energy found universally in living things. Its function is to store for all basic life activities. B. Diagram of the three components that make up ATP and how they join: adenine (an amino acid) ribose (a simple sugar) 3 phosphate groups C. ATP ADP + (P) + energy The body gets energy by breaking down into and. This releases the stored energy in the bonds and runs all cell activities allowing life to survive! Combining ADP and P to remake ATP energy is required. The energy for this process is supplied by the breakdown of (from photosynthesis) in the during a process called.

10 V. Types of chemical reactions taking place in cells A. Metabolism the sum of all the biochemical reactions that occur within an organism, including the synthetic (anabolic) reactions and decomposition (catabolic) reactions. 1. Anabolism (synthesis reaction) when two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules. C + 2H 2 CH 4 one carbon atom two hydrogen one methane molecules molecule 2. Catabolism (decomposition reaction) the reverse of a synthesis reaction. When a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules, ions or atoms. CH 4 C + 2H 2 one methane one carbon atom two hydrogen molecule molecules B. Photosynthesis taking place in the chloroplasts of plants is anabolism (a synthesis reaction when glucose is formed). C. Cellular respiration taking place in the mitochondria of plants and animals is catabolism (a decomposition reaction when glucose is broken down).

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