Design of Permanent Magnet Machines with Different Rotor Type

Transcription

1 Worl Amy o Sin, Enginring n Thnology Intrntionl Journl o Eltril n Computr Enginring Dsign o Prmnnt Mgnt Mhins with Dirnt Rotor Typ Tyun Gunogu, Guvn Komurgoz Intrntionl Sin Inx, Eltril n Computr Enginring wst.org/pulition/15311 Astrt This ppr prsnts sign, nlysis n omprison o th irnt rotor typ prmnnt mgnt mhins. Th prsnt mhins r sign s hving sm gomtril imnsions n sm mtrils or omprison. Th min mhin prmtrs o intrior n xtrior rotor typ mhins inluing y urrnt t, torqu-sp hrtristis n mgnti nlysis r invstigt using MAXWELL progrm. With this progrm, th omponnts o th prmnnt mgnt mhins n lult with high ury. Six typs o Prmnnt mhins r ompr with rspt to thir topology, siz, mgnti il, ir gp lux, voltg, torqu, loss n iiny. Th nlysis rsults monstrt th tivnss o th propos mhins sign mthoology. W liv tht, this stuy will hlpul rsour in trms o xmintion n omprison o th si strutur n mgnti turs o th PM (Prmnnt mgnt) mhins whih hv irnt rotor strutur. Kywors Motor sign, Prmnnt Mgnt, Finit-Elmnt mtho. E I. INTRODUCTION ltril Mhins r lmost ntirly us in prouing ltriity. Nw mhin typs ply onsirl rol in th istriut nrgy systms. In th pst w yrs, mny uthors hv vot thmslvs to th irnt typ signs o ltril systms. Th PM mhins hs now ommril n importn o th PM upriss y tr y us o th signiint improvmnts in prmnnt mgnts n powr ltroni vis n vr inrsing n to vlop smllr, hpr n mor nrgy-iint motors. PM motors r not th most prvlnt motor typ in us t th prsnt tim. But, s thir ost rss, thy will om ominnt motor typ us o thir omptnss, high powr nsity, st ynmis, high torqu to inrti rtio, riv n iiny hrtristis [1]. Th irst PM xittion systms wr ppli to ltril mhins s rly s th 19th ntury,.g., J. Hnry (1831), H. Pixii (1832), W. Rithi (1833), F. Wtkins (1835), T. Dvnport (1837), M.H. Joi (1839) [2]. Thr r lot o irnt PM onstrutions whih r hng oring to th us o th motor (onstnt torqu, onstnt sp, onstnt powr n t.). An lso ths T. G. is Rsrhr Assistnt in th Istnul Thnil Univrsity, Fulty o Eltril n Eltronis, Mslk, 8626, Istnul, Turky (orrsponing uthor to provi phon: ; -mil: tyun.gunogu@gmil.om). G. K. is n Ass. Pro. Dr. in th Istnul Thnil Univrsity, Fulty o Eltril n Eltronis, Mslk, 8626, Istnul, Turky (-mil: komurgoz@itu.u.tr). motors hv intrior n xtrior rotor typs. Th rnt stuis in opn litrtur init tht mny rsrhrs n nginrs hv strt working on sign o PM mhins. Th nlysis o irnt PM mhins or hyri ltri vhils pplition ws invstigt y Djku n Grling. In this stuy, mhin prmtrs, ltromgnti torqu n th skwing t r invstigt using ANSYS progrm [3]. Th sign o 2 rpm, 3- phs rushlss prmnnt mgnt DC motor or us in rition wling unit, in whih stus up to 3 mm imtr r wl y oorinting th rottionl sp o th motor with th or ppli y linr prmnnt mgnt srvo-tutor, ws sign y Zhu t l.[4]. A init-lmnt nlysis o th ltromhnil il o BLDC motor onsiring sp ontrol n mhnil lxiility ws prsnt y Jng t l. [5]. In this stuy, th mgnti il is nlyz y th nonlinr tim-stpping init-lmnt mtho onsiring th swithing tion o th puls with moultion invrtr. A nw pproh to th optimiz sign o sur-mount PM rushlss DC motor ws invstigt y Binhi n t l. [6]. Th othr stuis, nlytil lultion, moling n optimiztion o th prmnnt mgnt motors ws invstigt n simult. [7]-[1]. In this stuy, intrior n xtrior typ PMDCMs (prmnnt mgnt motors) r invstigt oring to onstnt imnsions, mtrils n powr to mk omprison twn irnt sign. To o this th MAXWELL progrm is mploy n th sm imnsions suh s, siz n numr o slots, outr n innr imtrs, typ o prmnnt mgnt, t. r us in ll typs o th PMDCMs. Tht mns gomtri nlysis ws prorm. On th othr hn, thr r mny stuis on PMs whih hv vrious typs o rotor gomtry. But non o thm hv tkn into ount to omprison o mgnt gomtris (vrious rotor typs) s th prsnt stuy os. II. PERMANENT MAGNET MACHINES Th us o PMs in onstrution o ltril mhins rings th ollowing nits [11]: 1) No ltril nrgy is sor y th il xittion systm n thus thr r no xittion losss whih mns sustntil inrs in th iiny, 2) Highr torqu n/or output powr pr volum thn whn using ltromgnti xittion, 3) Bttr ynmi prormn thn motors with ltromgnti xittion, Intrntionl Sholrly n Sintii Rsrh & Innovtion 4(1)

2 Worl Amy o Sin, Enginring n Thnology Intrntionl Journl o Eltril n Computr Enginring Intrntionl Sin Inx, Eltril n Computr Enginring wst.org/pulition/ ) Simpliition o onstrution n mintnn, 5) Rution o pris or som typs o mhins. Th sttor o PM mhin hs onvntionl thrphs wining, n th rotor n hv mgnts mount on th sur o th rotor, or thr n mgnts uri insi th rotor [3]. In PM rushlss motors th powr losss r prtilly ll in th sttor whr ht n sily trnsrr through th ri rm or, in lrgr mhins. Ths motors r us xtnsivly whr pris sp ontrol is nssry, s ltri rio-ontroll vhils, in omputr isk rivs or in vio sstt rorrs, th spinls within CD, CD- ROM rivs, in inustril roots, in th rooti rms, n mhnisms within oi prouts suh s ns, lsr printrs n photoopirs in ommonly us. A. Prmnnt Mgnts A PM n prou mgnti il in n ir gp with no xittion wining n no issiption o ltri powr. Extrnl nrgy is involv only in hnging th nrgy o mgnti il, not in mintining it. As ny othr rromgnti mtril, PM n sri y its B-H hystrsis loop. PMs r lso ll hr mgnti mtrils, mning rromgnti mtrils with wi hystrsis loop. Thr r thr lsss o PMs urrntly us or ltri motors [11]: 1) Alnios (Al, Ni, CO, F); 2) Crmis (rrits),.g., rium rrit BOx6Fz3 n strontium 3) Rr-rth mtrils, i.., smrium-olt SmCo n noymiumrrit SrOx6Fz3; iron-oron NFB. B. Lotion o th Prmnnt Mgnts Figur 1 shows six si onfigurtions o th PM mhins. Minly, th mgnts oul pl on th ) ) ) ) ) ) Fig. 1 Dirnt rotor onstrution o PM mhins; ) Sur mount mgnts-vrtil to sht, ) Sur mount mgntsprlll to sht, ) Sur mount mgnts ) Buri ril mgnts, ) Buri tngntil mgnts, ) PM mhin outr rotor [12]. rotor surs or uri in th rotor. Th rotor onstrution n lotion o th prmnnt mgnts hv onsirl t on th motor proprtis. Th intrior onstrution simpliis th ssmly n rlivs th prolm o rtining th mgnts ginst ntriugl or. It lso prmits th us o rtngulr inst o r shp mgnts, n usully thr is n ppril rlutn torqu whih ls to wi sp rng t onstnt powr. III. MATHEMATICAL MODELING Th nlysis n ontrol o ltril mhins rquirs n urt mthmtil mol or prormn ssssmnt n systm simultion. PM motor oprts onvrting ltril nrgy to mgnti n thn to mhnil nrgy. Mgnti nrgy plys n importnt rol in th proution o torqu. So it is nssry to ormult mgnti il. Th timpnnt mgnti qution is xprss s: Whr H is th orivity o th prmnnt mgnt, v is th vloity o th moving prts, A is th mgnti vtor potntil, V is th ltri potntil, J s is th sour urrnt nsity, is th rlutivity. Th trnsint solvr pplis rrn rm tht is ix with rspt to th omponnts in th mol y stting th vloity, v, qul to zro. This is possil y onsiring th qution or th mgnti vtor potntil oth in moving prt n sttionry prt in thir own rrn rm in whih vloity is lwys zro. Bus th moving omponnts hv now n ix to thir own oorint systm, th prtil tim rivtiv oms th totl tim rivtiv o A. Thus, th motion qution oms [13]: IV. ANALYSIS OF PM MACHINES USING FEM Dtil knowlg o th il istriution in th ir gp o PM motor is o grt importn or urt prition torqu n iiny hrtrizs. Mgnti il istriution n oun nlytilly or vry simpl gomtris. In most ss, th mgnti il istriution n otin using som numril mthos suh s Finit Elmnt Mtho (FEM), Finit Dirn Mtho (FDM), Bounry Elmnt Mtho (BEM). By using FEM, it is possil to mk th urt il lultions in th ltril mhins. FEM prous th most urt rsults i th gomtri isritztion is in nough. FEM llows urt trmintion o mhin prmtrs through mgnti il solutions s it tks into ount th tul istriution o th wining, tils o gomtry, n th non-linrity o th mgnti mtrils o n ltril mhin. Th mhin prmtrs n th ltromgnti torqu r vry importnt onsirtions or oth nlysis n sign o ltril mhins. In this stuy, mgnti xmintion o th sign rushlss prmnnt mgnt DC motors oring to iron sht pkg strutur ws prorm with Mxwll 2D progrm. From this ltromgnti nlysis, tul potntil Intrntionl Sholrly n Sintii Rsrh & Innovtion 4(1)

3 Worl Amy o Sin, Enginring n Thnology Intrntionl Journl o Eltril n Computr Enginring mgnti lux intnsity o th motor ws otin. Th simultion ws omplt ollowing stps; 1) Crt th gomtri mol 2) Assign mtrils to ojts in th strutur 3) Dtrmintion o th ounry onitions n msh oprtion 4) Din th sir sours (ltromgnti xittions) n ounry onitions or th mol 5) Comput othr quntitis o intrst uring th solution pross. Quntitis inlu ors, torqus, mtris, or lux linkg 6) Comput th sir il solution n ny rqust prmtrs (or, torqu, n so orth) 7) Solv to gnrt th solutions 8) Viw th rsults TABLE II GEOMETRIC STATOR PARAMETERS Numr o Sttor Slots 36 Outr Dimtr o Sttor (mm) 22 Innr Dimtr o Sttor (mm) 15 Lngth o Sttor Cor (mm) 66 Stking Ftor o Sttor Cor.97 Typ o Stl Stl_18 Dirnt mgnti mtrils slt or irnt prts o th motor r prsnt in Tl IV. Intrntionl Sin Inx, Eltril n Computr Enginring wst.org/pulition/15311 V. MOTOR GEOMETRY A. Prmtrs o sign PM mhins In this work, twlv-pol rotor nu m up y NFB mgnt mtril n sttor nu with 36 slots oil on oppr onutor n spinl r us or ll typs o th sign motors. All nlysis ws prorm oring to onstnt powr, so th rt o hng o th rt motor rpm is twn 197 n 224. Dimnsions o th sign motors r trmin oring to urrnt typ, rt sp, motor oiint n powr nsity o th motor. Gnrl gomtris o th motors r shown in Fig. 2. n Fig. 3. ) ) ) ) ) ) Fig. 2 Ovrwiv o sign motors. Rt vlus, gomtri sttor n rotor prmtrs o th sign mhins r givn in Tl I-III. TABLE I PARAMETERS OF ALL THE DESIGNED MACHINES Rt Output Powr (kw).16 Rt Voltg (V) 24 Numr o Pols 12 Givn Rt Sp (rpm) 16 Fritionl Loss (W) 1,88235 Wing Loss (W) Rotor Position Innr Typ o Lo Constnt Powr Oprting Tmprtur ( C) 75 Fig. 3. Slot gomtry o th sttor TABLE III GEOMETRIC ROTOR PARAMETERS Air Gp (mm).6 Innr Dimtr (mm) 4 Lngth o Rotor (mm) 66 Stking Ftor o Iron Cor.97 Typ o Stl Stl 18 Mhnil Pol Emr.92 Eltril Pol Emr Mx. Thiknss o Mgnt (mm) 5 With o Mgnt (mm) 35,6846 Typ o Mgnt NFB35 TABLE IV MAGNETIC MATERIALS USED IN DESIGNED PM MACHINES Sttor (Lmintion) Stl_18B-H urv Rotor (Lmintion) Stl_18 B-H urv Sttor onutor typ Coppr Prmnnt mgnt NFB35 B-H urv Air gp Air (.6 mm) Spinl Stinlss stl Fig. 4 B. Wining Topologis Sttor n oil strutur o th sign motors Th oprtion prinipl o ltri mhins is s on th intrtion twn th mgnti ils n th urrnts Intrntionl Sholrly n Sintii Rsrh & Innovtion 4(1)

4 Worl Amy o Sin, Enginring n Thnology Intrntionl Journl o Eltril n Computr Enginring Intrntionl Sin Inx, Eltril n Computr Enginring wst.org/pulition/15311 lowing in th winings o th mhin. In this stuy, th istriut typ winings r us in th ll typs o sign mhins. It is sir tht th MMF (mgnto-motiv or) prou y sttor winings to s sinusoil s possil. Th numr o th phss in th motors sign in this stuy is thr n h o th phs oils inlu 4 turns onutor. Th numr o th pols in th sign is 12, n th numr o th slots ws trmin to 36. Th oils r in th orm o two-story (two oin gs pr slot), yt thy r in th orm o onntri oil. In Fig. 4, sttor oils n th strutur o lyr mounting oil n sn s wll. C. Drivr Ciruit o th sign mhins Ths motors r rivn y iruit onsisting o 6 trnsistors. Th quir squr wv shps n th sttor without using ny rkown. During h ommuttion, irst oil is nrgiz with positiv powr, son oil is ngtiv n th thir oil is in th stt o not nrgiz [14]. During tht tim, th thir oil os not rry urrnt n it is th urrnt hngs its irtion rom on o th onuting lins towrs unlo lin. L ngl o triggr in ltri grs n triggr puls with in ltri grs o th sign motors r 1 n 12 rsptivly. VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Th mhin prmtrs n th ltromgnti torqu r vry importnt onsirtions or oth nlysis n sign o ltril mhins. Mgnti xmintion o th sign rushlss PMDCMs oring to iron sht pkg strutur with th sm mgnt imnsions us in ll th sign motors ws prorm (s givn Fig. 5). Th rsults o th simultions wr nlyz through urvs n grphis. Ths urvs n nlysis rsults r prsnt in Fig. 6-1 n Tl V rsptivly. From this ltromgnti nlysis, tul potntil mgnti lux intnsity o th motor ws otin. Thy show tht th rt working orrs r within th ptl lvls. Flux lins o th sign mhins r shown in th Fig.5. Fig. 5. Flux lins o th sign mhins. Aoring to sp n iiny, th typ motor is ttr thn th othrs (Tl V). Aoring to rt torqu, th n typs motors r ttr tht th othrs. From th B/H hrtristi urvs o NFB mgnt us or rotor n stl 18 us or sttor, it n sn tht, Stl 18 n NFB mgnt hs sturtion point t T n 1,23 T rsptivly. Tht is mnt tht, motors nvr work t sturtion point xpt typ. In th mgnti nlysis onut with Mxwll 2D, no-lo oprtion lux nsity o sign motors ws oun s shown in Tl VI. Flux Intrntionl Sholrly n Sintii Rsrh & Innovtion 4(1)

5 Worl Amy o Sin, Enginring n Thnology Intrntionl Journl o Eltril n Computr Enginring Intrntionl Sin Inx, Eltril n Computr Enginring wst.org/pulition/15311 lin istriutions pss ovr sttor n rotor n through th ir gp. This shows tht th sign motor works t pproprit ir gp. Th prormn urvs o th sign motors show tht rt working gps r t th ptl lvls. TABLE V ANALYSIS RESULTS OF THE SIX MOTORS Ftur\Motor Typ Totl Nt Wight (kg) 15,744 15,851 15,844 15,327 15,95 15,712 Rt Sp (rpm) 22,69 224,71 223,18 196,8 266,81 212,4 Rt Torqu (N.m) 6,935 6,866 6,851 7,7646 5,726 7,263 Totl Loss (W) 34,618 34,961 34,755 34,626 58,271 5,224 Output Powr (W) 16,17 16,17 16,11 16,2 159,98 16,1 Input Powr (W) 194,79 195,13 194,87 194,64 218,26 21,24 Eiiny (%) 82,228 82,83 82,165 82,21 73,31 76,111 TABLE VI NO-LOAD MAGNETIC DATA Mgnti Dt Sttor-Tth B (T) 2,28 1,894 1,931 2,46,488 2,92 Sttor-Yok B (T) 1,897 1,89 1,944 2,51,451,473 Rotor-Yok B (T),391,41,41,384,84 2,17 Air-Gp B (T) 1,164 1,74 1,99 1,161 1,27,955 Mgnt B (T) 1,39 1,112 1,89,89 1,214,945 In th typ motor, th mgnts ppr orthogonl to th ir gp, rthr thn ing it, n th mgnt lux is irt to th ir gp through ltril stl. Th primry rson or this strutur is tht lux onntrtion is possil i th sur r o th mgnts xs tht o th lok o stl t th ir gp. This onfigurtion is populr whn highr prormn is sir whn using inxpnsiv rrit mgnts. As it is sn in Fig. 6, ir gp lux intnsity o th rushlss DC motor is in th orm o isosls trpzoi. Air-Gp Flux Dnsity (T) 1,5 1,5 -,5-1 -1, Eltri Dgr (Dgr) Fig. 6 Air gp lux intnsity urv o th sign motors. As it is sn in Fig. 7 n (3); whil motor is strting, xssiv urrnt is rivn rom th ntwork us strting sp is zro, so IR is mximum n I is lso mximum. Whn motors rh th rt sp, thy rw pproximtly 8 A. Sp-urrnt rng o th typ motor is lrgr thn th othrs. Th sp o th mhin oring si quivlnt motor iruit is givn in (3). Whr, is input voltg, is input urrnt, is rmtur rsistn, EMF onstnt o th motor, is sp. Input Currnt (A) Sp (rpm) Fig. 7 Input urrnt-sp grph o th sign motors. Th iiny o th motor n in s ollows; As it is sn in (4), input powr is proportionl to input voltg, output powr is proportionl to sp. In Fig. 8, it is sn tht output powr-sp rng o th typ motor is lrgr thn th othr motors. Th typ motor n us in th pplition whih rquirs lrg output powr-sp rng. Outout Powr (W) Sp (rpm) Fig. 8. Output powr-sp grph o th sign motors. In Fig. 9, iiny-sp grph o th sign motor is shown. Th iiny o motor pns with th rtio o output powr n input powr. Th n typ motors hv lmost sm iiny-sp rtio. Th typ motor hs vry lrg iiny-sp rtio., n typ motors hv vrg iiny-sp rtio. In Fig. 1, th torqu-sp grph o th sign motor is shown. As it is mntion or, torqu n sp r Intrntionl Sholrly n Sintii Rsrh & Innovtion 4(1)

6 Worl Amy o Sin, Enginring n Thnology Intrntionl Journl o Eltril n Computr Enginring Intrntionl Sin Inx, Eltril n Computr Enginring wst.org/pulition/15311 invrsly proportionl to h othr. It is sn tht th torqusp grph o th,, n typs o motors r linr. Eiiny (%) Sp (rpm) Fig. 9. Eiiny-sp grph o th sign motors. Linrity o th torqu-sp urv o motor is importnt or stl oprtion. So,,, n typs o motors r lwys stl ut, n typs o motors r stl tr 5 rpm. Th torqu rippl n minimiz oth y th propr motor sign n motor ontrol. Msurs tkn to minimiz th torqu rippl y motor sign inlu limintion o slots, skw slots, spil shp slots, sltion o th numr o sttor slots with rspt to th numr o pols, ntr mgnts, skw mgnts, shit mgnt sgmnts, sltion o mgnt with, irtion-pnnt mgntiztion o PMs [15]. Output Torqu (N.m) Sp (rpm) Fig. 1. Torqu-sp grph o th sign motors. VII. CONCLUSION In this ppr, th gnrl n mgnti prormns o PM mhins with intrior n xtrior rotor typs r invstigt using init lmnt mtho. Th min mol prmtrs r nlyz using MAXWELL progrm. Six typs PM mhins r lso ompr with rspt to thir topology, siz, mgnti il, ir gp lux, voltg, torqu, loss, n iiny. Atr simultions w rliz tht, th iiny o th typ motor is wr tht th othrs us o th sttor slot shp. REFERENCES [1] D. C. Hnslmn, Brushlss Prmnnt-Mgnt Motor Dsign. Nw York: MGrw-Hill, 1994 h. 5 [2] B. B. Philips Thn Rviw 35(4): 77-95, [3] G. Djku n D. Grling, Dsign o Prmnnt Mgnt Mhins or Hyri Vhils, Mting 27. [4] Z.Q. Zhu, K. Ng, n D. How, Dsign n Anlysis o High-Sp Brushlss Prmnnt Mgnt motors, Eighth Intrntionl Conrn on Eltril Mhins n Drivs 1-3 Spt. 1997, p [5] G. H. Jng, J. H. Chng, D. P. Hong, n K. S. Kim, Finit-Elmnt Anlysis o n Eltromhnil Fil o BLDC Motor Consiring Sp Control n Mhnil Flxiility, Mgnt [6] Eltril Mhins n Drivs, IEEE Eighth Intrntionl Conrn (Con. Pul. No. 444), 1997 [7] A. Mrino, Anlytil Moling n Optimiztion o Ril Prmnnt Mgnts Synhronous Mhin LEROY-SOMER, Frn. [8] J. H. So, S. Y. Kwk, T. K. Chung, S. Y. Jung n H. K. Jung, Optiml sign o intrior-prmnnt mgnt synhronous mhin or vhil using improv nihing Journl o Appli Eltromgntis n Mhnis 29 (29), pp 37 45,29. [9] S.R. Holm, H. Polinr, J.A. Frrir, M.J. Hoijmkrs, P. vn Glr Anlytil Clultion o th Mgnti Fil in Eltril Mhins u to th Currnt Dnsity in n Airgp Pro. Intrntionl Conrn on Eltril Mhins (ICEM 1996), pp [1] D. Zrko, D. Bn, n T. A. Lipo, Anlytil Clultion o Mgnti Fil Distriution in th Slott Air Gp o Sur Prmnnt- Mgnt Motor Using Complx Rltiv Air- IEEE Trnstions On Mgntis, Vol. 42, No. 7, July 26. [11] J. F. Girs, Prmnnt Mgnt Motor Thnology Dsign An Applitions. Son Eition, Rvis An Expn, Nw York: Mrl Dkkr, 22, h. 1. [12] Ansot Mxwll RMxprt Progrm, Vrsion 12.2., Ansot LLC. [13] Ansot Mxwll Onlin Hlp,Vrsion 12.2., Ansot LLC. [14] Brushlss DC (BLDC) Motor Funmntls. Mirohip, Pmrj Yml Mirohip Thnology In. 23. [15] B. J. Brunsh, G. Hnnrgr, T. Klph -593., T. Gunogu omplt his BS (29) in ltril ution t th Gzi Univrsity. H is working s rsrhr ssistnt in th ltril nginring prtmnt t th Istnul Thnil Univrsity. H is intrst in Dsign o Eltril Mhins, Powr Eltronis, Artiiil Nurl Ntworks, n Miroontrollrs. G. Komurgoz omplt hr BS (1991), MS (1995), n PhD (22) ll in ltril nginring t th Istnul Thnil Univrsity. Sh is urrntly n ssistnt prossor o ltril nginring. Sh is intrst in Ht Trnsr, Numril Mthos, Dsign o Trnsormr n Eltril Mhins. Intrntionl Sholrly n Sintii Rsrh & Innovtion 4(1)