Chapter 36 Transport in Vascular Plants Chapter 37 Plant Nutrition Chapter 39 Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

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1 Chapter 36 Transport in Vascular Plants 1. Define osmosis and water potential. Explain how water potential is measured. 2. Explain how physical properties of plants cells are changed when the plant is placed into solutions that have higher, lower, or the same solute concentration. 3. Define the terms flaccid, plasmolyze, turgor pressure, and turgid. 4. Relate the structure of sieve-tube cells, vessel cells, and tracheids to their functions in bulk flow. 5. Explain how mycorrhizae enhance the uptake of materials by roots. 6. Define the terms transpiration and guttation. 7. Explain how transpirational pull moves xylem sap up from the root tips to the leaves. 8. Describe the role of guard cells in photosynthesis-transpiration. 9. Explain how and when stomata open and close. Describe the cues that trigger stomatal opening at dawn. 10. Explain how xerophytes reduce transpiration. 11. Describe crassulacean acid metabolism and explain why it is an important adaptation to reduce transpiration in arid environment. Chapter 37 Plant Nutrition 1. Name the nine macronutrients required by plants 2. List the eight micronutrients required by plants and explain why plants need only minute quantities of these elements. 3. Explain why soil management is necessary in agricultural systems but not in natural ecosystems such as forests and grasslands. Describe an example of human mismanagement. 4. Explain the importance of nitrogen-fixing bacteria to life on Earth 5. Explain how a legume protects its nitrogen-fixing bacteria from free oxygen, and explain why this protection is necessary. 6. Explain the symbiotic relationship between a legume and its nitrogen-fixing bacteria AND a plant and a mycorrhizal fungus. 7. Name one modification for nutrition in each of the following groups of plants: a. epiphytes b. parasitic plants c. carnivorous plants Chapter 39 Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals 1. Explain, using several examples, what researchers have learned about the activity of plant hormones by study of mutant plants. 2. List six classes of plant hormones, describe their major functions, and note where they are produced in the plant. 3. Explain the probable mechanism by which gibberellins trigger seed germination. 4. Summarize in your how plants respond to light. 5. Summarize how plants respond to environment other than light. 6. Explain how plants deter herbivores with physical and chemical defenses. 7. Describe the multiple ways that plants defend against pathogens 1

2 C h a p t e r 4 6 Animal Reproduction Overview of Animal Reproduction 1. Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction. 2. List and describe four mechanisms of asexual reproduction 3. Describe several adaptive advantages of asexual reproduction. Discuss the conditions that may favor the occurrence of asexual reproduction. 4. Describe an example of an animal life cycle that alternates between asexual and sexual reproduction. 5. Define parthenogenesis and describe the conditions that favor its occurrence. Note examples of invertebrate and vertebrate species that use this form of reproduction. 6. Explain how hermaphroditism may be advantageous in sessile or burrowing animals that have difficultly encountering a member of the opposite sex. 7. Distinguish between male-first and female-first sequential hermaphroditism.. Note the adaptive advantages of those reproductive systems. Mechanisms of Sexual Reproduction 8. Describe mechanisms that increase the probability that mature sperm will encounter fertile eggs of the same species in organisms that use external fertilization. 9. Explain the function of pheromones in mate attraction. 10. Compare the reproductive systems of a polychaete worm, a parasitic flatworm, an insect, a common nonmammalian vertebrate, and a mammal. Mammalian Reproduction 11. Compare menstrual cycles and estrous cycles. 12. Describe spermatogenesis and the structure and function of mature sperm. 13. Describe three major differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis. 14. Describe human menopause. Describe a possible evolutionary explanation for human menopause. 15. Define conception, gestation, and parturition. 16. Compare the length of pregnancies in humans, rodents, dogs, cows, and elephants. 17. Explain the role of embryonic hormones during the first few months of pregnancy. 18. Describe mechanisms that may help prevent the mother s immune system from rejecting the developing embryo. 19. Explain how and when in vitro fertilization, zygote intrafallopian transfer, and gamete intrafallopian transfer may be used. 2

3 Chapter 47: Animal Development AP Biology Baker Fertilization 1. List and briefly describe the three successive stages that begin to build the animal s body. 2. Describe the process of the acrosomal reaction and the corical reaction during sea urchin fertilization (external fertilization). Be sure to include the bold words in your description. 3. Describe the process of fertilization in mammals (internal fertilization). Be sure to include the bold words in your description. Comparison Chart of Cleavage, Blastula and Gastrula (Your answers you will not fit in this box) 4. Cleavage Blastula Gastrula Sea Urchin Frog Bird Mammal 5. Explain the importance of cleavage. 6. Most animals have definite polarity except. 7. List the four factors that define definite polarity. 8. Compare the vegetal and animal pole. 9. Explain the importance of gastrulation. 10. List the germ layers produced by gastrulation. 11. What is the fate of the archenteron and blastopore in gastrulation? Organogenesis 12. Explain what occurs during organogenesis. 13. List the adult derivatives of the three embryonic layers in vertebrates. 14. What is the fate of the notochord? Neural crest? Somites? 3

4 Extended Curriculum Ecology Chapters AP: CHAPTER 50: ECOLOGY & THE BIOSPHERE 1. List examples of factors that limit geographic distribution. 2. Define the terms: a. Biosphere b. Ecosystem c. Community d. Population 3. How does dispersal influence distribution? 4. What are the most important factors influencing terrestrial distribution? 5. Define the term biome. 6. What is the largest biome on earth? 7. Identify factors that are significant to organism distribution and abundance in a lake. 8. What is the difference between a lake that is oligotrophic and one that is eutrophic? 9. Fill in the following chart Biome Abiotic Characteristics Biotic Characteristics Tropical Rain Forest Savanna Desert Temperate Grassland Temperate Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest (Taiga) Artic Tundra AP: CHAPTER 51: BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY 1. Define the two basic types of behavior. 2. Compare and contrast instincts and reflexes. 3. What is a fixed action pattern? 4. Describe the following behaviors: a. Imprinting b. Habituation c. Trial and Error d. Associative Learning Classical conditioning Operant conditioning e. Agonistic behavior f. Dominance Hierarchy g. Altruistic Behavior 5. Explain the difference between proximate and ultimate causes. 6. In the PowerPoint presentation, why do you think the birds are spaced that particular distance apart? 4

5 7. List an advantage and a disadvantage of defending a territory. 8. What are pheromones and how do they help in communication? 9. What are circadian rhythms and how are they of adaptive value? 10. Explain the evolutionary adaptation of kin selection. AP: CHAPTER 52: POPULATION ECOLOGY 1. How can an ecologist estimate the numbers of individuals in a population? 2. What are some possible difficulties in counting populations? 3. Describe three patterns of dispersal. 4. Compare the survival strategies of species and give an example of each type. a. Type I b. Type II c. Type III 5. Write the formula for population growth without limits. Define the terms. 6. Define carrying capacity. 7. Write the formula for population growth with limits. Define the terms. 8. What happens to a population when the number of individuals approaches carrying capacity? 9. Compare K-selected to r-selected species. Give examples of each. 10. Identify factors that regulate population size. 11. Compare density-independent and density-dependent factors limiting populations. 12. Have humans reached K? What factors are significant when explaining our growth curve? 13. Look at the age structure diagrams of different countries on page 1154 Fig How might the age structure influence policy? AP: CHAPTER 53: COMMUNITY ECOLOGY 1. How is co-evolution significant in community ecology? 2. Fill in the chart of interspecific interactions. Interaction Competition Predation (includes parasitism) Mutualism Commensalism Effects on Population Density Example 3. What is the competitive exclusion principle? 4. Describe Gausse s experiment with Paramecia. 5. Define ecological niche. 6. Define and give an example of resource partitioning. 7. Describe several defense mechanisms to predation in plants. 8. Define and give an example of the following animal defenses: a. Cryptic coloration b. Aposematic coloration c. Batesian mimicry d. Mullerian mimicry 9. What is meant by the trophic structure of a community? 10. What does a food web show that isn t indicated by a food chain? 11. What limits the length of a food chain? 5

6 12. Define a keystone species and why are they so important to a community? 13. Define ecological succession. 14. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? AP: CHAPTER 54: ECOSYSTEMS 1. How does the definition of ecosystems expand on the concept of the community? 2. What is needed to maintain a self-sustaining ecosystem? 3. Define the following energy budget terms: a. Primary productivity b. Gross primary productivity c. Net primary productivity 4. Which ecosystems have the highest productivity per unit area? 5. What factors do you think contribute to such high productivity? 6. Why is the open ocean so low in productivity? 7. What is secondary productivity? 8. What happens to the size each level in the idealized pyramid as energy is transferred through the trophic levels? 9. Explain what happens to the energy and biomass as it is passed through the trophic levels? 10. Why is it essential that elements move through biogeochemical cycles in the ecosystem? 11. What are the major processes that move carbon through the ecosystem? 12. What is the impact of combustion on the carbon cycle? 13. Identify the role of each of the following in the nitrogen cycle: a. Nitrogen fixation b. Ammonification c. Nitrification d. Denitrification e. Assimilation 14. Why is human population growth at the root of environmental issues? 15. Define cultural eutrophication. Why is it a problem? 16. What is the source of acid rain? 17. Why is acid rain a problem? 18. What happens in biological magnification? 19. What would be some of the properties of molecules that could be candidates for biological magnification? 20. What are possible reasons for global warming called the greenhouse effect? 21. Is depletion of the ozone layer a possible reason for global warming? 22. What is the cause for the depletion of the ozone layer? Why is it a problem? 23. List several additional disruptive impacts humans have had on the environment. 6