Bright blue marble floating in space. Ecology. AP Biology

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1 Bright blue marble floating in space Ecology

2 Earth s biomes

3 Environmental factors Abiotic factors non-living chemical & physical factors temperature light water nutrients Biotic factors living components animals plants

4 Marine benthos coral reef intertidal

5 Tropical rainforest distribution: equatorial precipitation: very wet temperature: always warm characteristics: many plants & animals, thin soil

6 Savanna distribution: equatorial precipitation: seasonal, dry season/wet season temperature: always warm characteristics: fire-adapted, drought tolerant plants; herbivores; fertile soil

7 Desert distribution: 30 N & S latitude band precipitation: almost temperature: variable daily & seasonally, hot & cold characteristics: sparse vegetation & animals, cacti, succulents, drought tolerant, reptiles, insects, rodents, birds

8 Temperate Grassland distribution: mid-latitudes, mid-continents precipitation: seasonal, dry season/wet season temperature: cold winters/hot summers characteristics: prairie grasses, fire-adapted, drought tolerant plants; many herbivores; deep, fertile soil

9 Temperate Deciduous Forest distribution: mid-latitude, northern hemisphere precipitation: adequate, summer rains, winter snow temperature: moderate warm summer/cool winter characteristics: many mammals, insects, birds, etc.; deciduous trees; fertile soils

10 Coniferous Forest (Taiga) distribution: high-latitude, northern hemisphere precipitation: adequate to dry (temperate rain forest on coast) temperature: cool year round characteristics: conifers; diverse mammals, birds, insects, etc.

11 Arctic Tundra distribution: arctic, high-latitude, northern hemisphere precipitation: dry temperature: cold year round characteristics: permafrost, lichens & mosses, migrating animals & resident herbivores

12 Alpine Tundra distribution: high elevation at all latitudes precipitation: dry temperature: cold year round characteristics: permafrost, lichens, mosses, grasses; migrating animals & resident herbivores

13 Chapter 52 Population Ecology

14 Changes to population size Adding & removing individuals from a population birth death immigration emigration

15 Growth rate Exponential growth characteristic of a population without limiting factors ex. introduced to a new environment Whooping crane coming back from near extinction African elephant protected from hunting

16 Carrying capacity Can populations continue to grow exponentially? of course NOT! what sets limit? resources, predators, parasites Carrying Capacity (K) maximum population size that environment can support with no degradation of habitat not fixed; varies with changes in resources

17 Model of growth Decrease in rate of growth as reach carrying capacity

18 Different life strategies K-selection r-selection K-selection mortality constant r-selection

19 Reproductive strategies K-strategy have few offspring & invest a lot of energy in raising them to reproductive age primates coconut r-strategy have many offspring & invest little in their survival insects dandelion & other weeds

20 Predator prey interactions Population cycles

21 Age structure Relative number of individuals of each age What do the data imply about population growth in these countries?

22 Human population What factors have contributed to this exponential growth pattern? billion Is the human population reaching carrying capacity? million

23 Chapter 53 Community Ecology

24 Inter-species interactions Symbiotic interactions competition (-/-) compete for limited resource 2 species cannot coexist in a community if their niches are identical predation / parasitism (-/+) mutualism(+/+) lichens (algae & fungus) commensalism (+/0) barnacles attached to whale

25 (+/+) mutualism commensalism (+/0) predation (+/-) (-/-) competition

26 Niche An organism s niche is its ecological role habitat = address, niche = job Resource partitioning

27 Niche & competition Competitive Exclusion No two similar species can occupy the same niche at the same time

28 Predation drives evolution Predators adaptations locate & subdue prey Prey adaptations elude & defend horns, speed, coloration spines, thorns, toxins

29 Trophic structure Food chains feeding relationships food chain usually 4 or 5 links = trophic levels length of food chain limited by inefficiency of energy transfer

30 Energy transfer Energy in from the Sun captured by autotrophs = producers (plants) Energy through food chain transfer of energy from autotrophs to heterotrophs (herbivores to carnivores) heterotrophs = consumers herbivores carnivores

31 Energy inefficiency incomplete digestion metabolism

32 Pyramids of production represent the loss of energy from a food chain how much energy is turned into biomass

33 Food webs Food chains are hooked together into food webs Who eats whom? a species may weave into web at more than 1 trophic level bears there s always a bigger fish What limits the length of AP a Biology food chain?

34 Implications Dynamics of energy through ecosystems have important implications for human populations what food would be more ecologically sound?

35 Disturbances Most communities are in a state of change due to disturbances fire, weather, human activities, etc. not all are negative

36 Disturbances Disturbances are often necessary for community development & survival

37 Ecological cycle fire as part of a natural community cycle

38 Ecological succession The sequence of community changes after a disturbance transition in species composition over ecological time years or decades Mt. St. Helens

39 Succession Change in species mix over time From bare soil, then bacteria lichens & mosses grasses shrubs trees make soil{

40 Succession from mosses & lichens = pioneer species to shrubs & trees

41 Climax forest The species mix of climax forest is dependent on the abiotic factors of the region solar energy levels temperature rainfall fertility & depth of soil birch, beech, maple, hemlock

42 Chapter 54 Ecosystems

43 Ecosystem Community of organisms plus the abiotic factors that exist in a certain area

44 Nutrient cycling Decomposition connects all trophic levels

45 Carbon cycle CO 2 in atmosphere Diffusion Respiration Photosynthesis Combustion of fuels Industry and home Plants Animals Dissolved CO2 Bicarbonates Photosynthesis Animals Plants and algae Deposition of dead material AP Carbonates Biology in sediment Deposition of dead material Fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal)

46 Nitrogen cycle Carnivores Atmospheric nitrogen Herbivores Plankton with nitrogenfixing bacteria Birds Fish Excretion Loss to deep sediments Plants Nitrogenfixing Death, excretion, feces bacteria Decomposing bacteria (plant roots) Amino acids Nitrogenfixing Ammonifying bacteria bacteria Nitrifying bacteria (soil) Denitrifying Soil nitrates bacteria

47 Phosphorus cycle Loss in drainage Plants Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) Animal tissue and feces Phosphates in solution Land animals Soluble soil phosphate Aquatic animals Urine Rocks and minerals Animal tissue and feces Plants and algae Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) Precipitates Loss to deep sediment

48 What have we done!

49 Impact of ecology as a science Ecology provides a scientific context for evaluating environmental issues Rachel Carson, in 1962, in her book, Silent Spring, warned that use of pesticides such as DDT was causing population declines in many non-target organisms

50 Barry Commoner s Laws of Ecology Everything is connected to everything else Everything must go somewhere there is no such place as away Nature knows best There is no such thing as a free lunch Laws of Unintended Consequences

51 Acid Precipitation nitrogen oxides sulfur dioxide power plants industry transportation

52 Acid rain

53 BioMagnification

54 BioMagnification PCBs General Electric manufacturing plant on Hudson River PCBs in sediment striped bass nesting areas

55 Carbon Dioxide Global Warming

56 CO 2 NO x methane

57 Ozone Depletion protects from UV rays

58 Ozone Depletion

59 Bad ozone vs. good ozone

60 Ozone Depletion Loss of ozone above Antarctica

61 Deforestation Loss of habitat Loss of biodiversity

62 Loss of Diversity 3 levels of biodiversity ecosystem diversity mix of species in community genetic diversity within population All decreased by human activity loss of genetic diversity loss of biodiversity

63 Driven to extinction

64 Introduced species Introduced species transplanted populations grow exponentially in new area non-native species out-compete native species lack of competitors & predators reduce diversity examples African honeybee gypsy moth zebra mussel purple loosestrife gypsy moth kudzu

65 Zebra mussel ~2 months

66 Purple loosestrife

67 Purple loosestrife Non-native species out-compete native species lack of competitors & predators reducing diversity causing loss of food & nesting sites for animals

68 Overexploitation North Atlantic bluefin tuna

69 Fragmented habitat

70 Biodiversity hot spots

71 Restoration projects

72 Think Globally, Act Locally

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