Autotrophs/producers- make own energy through

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1 Name Class EXAM Date Unit 11 Plant Kingdom Characteristics of Plants Multicellular- made of cells Eukaryotes- have & membrane bound organelles Cell - made of Autotrophs/producers- make own energy through Stationary ( ) : no mobility What Do Plants Need? and minerals exchange (photosynthesis & cellular respiration) of water and nutrients throughout the plant body Classification of Plants A. NONVASCULAR PLANTS Ex. Mosses, hornworts, liverworts Earliest to to live on land Live close to the NO true or (use rhizoids) because they tissue (xylem & phloem) They take in by Water needed to Evolution of Vascular Tissue is specialized to conduct water and nutrients throughout the plant. The first vascular plants contained tracheids which are cells specialized to conduct water. Tacheids make up xylem and phloem carries from the roots to every part of a plant. transports solutions of and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis.

2 B. SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS Example Reproduce by NOT seeds Better adapted to live on land due to tissue Ferns and their relatives have true,, and. Ferns have vascular tissues, strong roots, underground stems called, and leaves called. SEEDED VASCULAR PLANTS Includes Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Contains tissue (xylem/phloem) Produce which allowed them to better on Adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce include: - flowers or cones - The transfer of sperm by - the protection of embryos in seeds C. SEEDED VASCULAR PLANTS: GYMNOSPERMS Contains tissue (xylem/phloem) Seeds inside a fruit naked seeds seed-bearing structures ex. pine cones Pollen The male gametophyte is contained in a tiny structure called a. The transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure is called.

3 Seeds A is an embryo of a plant that is encased in a and surrounded by a. The surrounds and protects the embryo and keeps contents of the seed from drying out. An is an organism in its early stage of development. Plant seeds can stay in a state of dormancy ( growing) Seed Dormancy Many seeds will not grow when they first mature. These seeds enter a period of dormancy, during which the embryo is alive but. Environmental factors such as and can cause a seed to end dormancy and germinate. Germination stage of a plant Seeds are dispersed (spread out) by,, and/or. D. SEEDED VASCULAR PLANTS: ANGIOSPERMS The majority of plants alive today are plants Contains tissue (xylem/phloem) A flower or blossom is the structure Produce enclosed in a ripened which is a Can be divided into or

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5 What are the ORGAN SYSTEMS of a VASCULAR Plant? System: This includes parts found ex: roots. System: This includes parts found ex: stems, leaves, flowers. What are the ORGANS of a VASCULAR Plant? A. Leaf: makes for the plant B. Stem: carries and through the plant. C. Root: carries from the soil to the plant. D. Flower (angiosperms): makes. A. LEAVES Where takes place and (sugar) energy is made : Cell organelle where photosynthesis occurs Green pigments called / absorbs light. Cuticle: covering on top of the leaf that helps transpiration (water loss) Veins - Transport from roots & / food that was made in leaves to other parts of plant - Made of xylem and phloem cells which can be called Stomata- Openings on the of the leaf - Allows carbon dioxide, Allows oxygen to go - Water is through these openings (transpiration) - Guard cells and the stomata to prevent transpiration

6 TRANSPIRATION Loss of from a plant through the Helps & required up stem from roots. Part of the, trees transpire water back into the atmosphere. Usually occurs during the day when there is a lot of Will also occur if a plant has to remove extra water (maintain ) WATER PRESSURE The combination of root pressure,, and transpiration provides enough to water through the xylem tissue of even the tallest plant. is the attraction of molecules of the same substance to each other. is the attraction between unlike substances. (hydrogen bonds) The tendency of water to rise in a thin tube is called. of a plant results from the of water. B. STEMS produce leaves, branches and flowers leaves up to the sunlight transport substances between roots and leaves ( ) have adaptations for extra of nutrients and/or water ex. tuber, bulbs Annual Wood Rings = layers of - Each pair of light & dark rings = year s growth. - : weather conditions were not favorable - : weather conditions were favorable.

7 C. ROOTS Underground organs that and minerals and keeps the plant in place 2 Main Types: root and roots a. Tap roots: one main root follows water underground b. Fibrous roots: many roots spread out and follows water close to the Structure of Roots - Root Hairs: increase surface for water & mineral - Meristem: region where are produced (mitosis) - Root Cap: tip of growing root PLANT REPRODUCTION Asexual Reproduction: Vegetative Propagation Grafting Cutting Budding Sexual Reproduction: Pollination Pollination- The transfer of pollen to a stigma, ovule, flower, or plant to allow fertilization A. Self- Pollination: Pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of either the or genetically flower B. Cross Pollination: The transport of from a single plant to a plant by insects or the wind. PLANT RESPONSES Relating plants to humans: Reproduction: reproductive systems, and male/female coming together to! Transport: vascular system/ system, of water and minerals in and out of cells Response: control things!

8 Plant Hormones: Hormones things to happen for plants, just like humans and cell division Growth of roots, seeds, fruits, flowers and stems! This is a communication to maintain! Plant Response: Phototropism: Plant responds to stimulus using hormone auxin by growing the source. Geotropism: Plant responds to by roots growing and leaves/stems growing. Thigmatropism: Plants respond to or physical. PLANT ADAPATIONS Deciduous plants (those that lose their leaves in winter) prepare for winter dormancy by Turning off photosynthetic pathways Transporting materials from leaves to roots Sealing leaves off from the rest of the plant

9 Desert plants Extensive roots to locate water Reduced leaves, less stomata, needle leaves for protection Pleated, thick stems that can expand to store water Aquatic plants To take in sufficient oxygen, many aquatic plant have tissues with large air filled spaces through which oxygen can diffuse. Air bladders float plants towards surface for light absorption PLANT RELATIONSHIPS Mutualism Plants: Nitrogen fixing bacteria place fixed nitrogen from air into soil for plants to absorb and in return plants give sugar to bacteria Mycorrhizae: fungus helps with absorption of water and minerals to plants and in return, plants provide food to the fungus Commensalism Plants An plant is not rooted in soil but instead grow directly on the bodies of other plants. gather their own moisture, generally from rainfall, and produce their own food so do not harm nor help the other plant. Parasitic Plants Mistletoes attach to and penetrate the branches of a tree or shrub through which they absorb water and nutrients from the host plant. Carnivorous Plants (YES, they do photosynthesis) Grow in areas where soil are or minerals so they have adaptations to attract and trap insects for absorption Example Venus fly trap, sundew, pitcher plant