Syllabus 1/20/2018. CSLOs. 1. BIOL 1406 PreRequisite Form Signup 2. Discuss Main Points in Syllabus 3. Why so many RULES?

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1 CSLOs Course Student Learning Outcomes (CSLOs) for BIOL 2320 LECTURE: 1. Describe distinctive characteristics and diverse growth requirements of prokaryotic organisms compared to eukaryotic organisms. 2. Provide examples of the impact of microorganisms on agriculture, environment, ecosystem, energy, and human health, including biofilms. 3. Distinguish between mechanisms of physical and chemical agents to control microbial populations. 4. Explain the unique characteristics of bacterial metabolism and bacterial genetics. 5. Describe evidence for the evolution of cells, organelles and major metabolic pathways from early prokaryotes and how phylogenetic trees reflect evolutionary relationships. 6. Compare characteristics and replication of acellular infectious agents (viruses and prions) with characteristics and reproduction of cellular infectious agents (prokaryotes and eukaryotes). 7. Describe functions of host defenses and the immune system in combating infectious diseases and explain how immunizations protect against specific diseases. 8. Explain transmission and virulence mechanisms of cellular and acellular infectious agents. Syllabus 1. BIOL 1406 PreRequisite Form Signup 2. Discuss Main Points in Syllabus 3. Why so many RULES? 4. NO CELL PHONES MOBILE DETOX CLASS MOBILE DETOX CLASS 1

2 Syllabus GRADING 3 lecture exams (3 out of 4 -lowest dropped) 20 % each 60% District Final Exam (Comprehensive and Mandatory) 10% MasteringBiology Assignments/Homew 20% Comprehensive Case Study Script (SAVE BUGGS) Includes Class Quiz/Group Discussion/Activities ~7.5% Attendance/Conduct ~2.5% TOTAL 100% FINAL DEPT EXAM stats Average 50 %, top 80 % Extra Credit: EC1: Virtual Research Project Modules (Scientific Method/Application/Debate Even 70 % in final Assignment) can get A 1.0% EC2: TBA (at instructor s discretion) 1.0% Bloom s Taxonomy The different levels describe the types of assessments we use in class. Traditional-Learning vs Active-Learning HCC is a learner-centered college, which means that instructors don't just lecture, but include the students in the learning process. There is a major movement in higher education called the learning college movement or community-centered learning. Learning has become learner, or student-centered rather than instructorcentered. This can happen in many ways, including questioning, activities, and student discovery strategies. Students who are engaged gain a deeper understanding of the material. 2

3 CCSS ACTIVITY SAVE (UNCLE) BUGGS 17 Chapters Chapter 2 and 5 is selfstudy (BIOL1406) CONCEPTs FACTs What is the Difference between? CONCEPT FACT 3

4 CONCEPT On your way to work you used to notify your instructor that you are running late. (A) laptop (B) (C) cell phone (D) smoke signaling FACT Most of cell phone are -based. (A) windows (B) android (C) ios (D) Black berry CONCEPTs FACTs EXAMs Quizzes Mastering Microbiology Bloom s Taxonomy Format of questions based on CSLO CHECK CSLO 1. Describe distinctive characteristics and diverse growth requirements of prokaryotic organisms compared to eukaryotic organisms. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University C H A P T E R 1 A Brief History of Microbiology 4

5 Microbiology is study of microorganisms CONCEPT 1.1 What are Microorganisms? Or What are Microbes? Red Blood Cells Microbes? need a microscope to see them = microscopic Entire living organism is microscopic Microbes? Bacteria How small are Microbes? CONCEPT 1.2 How small is a micrometer or micron? 1 µm (micrometer) = 1.00 µ (micron) Microbes are really small measured in microns 1 millimeter = 1000 microns Microbe pictures come with scale 5

6 1.5mm = 1500 micron = 1500 bacteria width of penny can hold 1500 bacteria ~10 um ~1 um Red Blood Cells FACT 1.1 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (lay-won-hook) 1674: First to see the microbial world Figure 1.2 Reproduction of Leeuwenhoek's microscope. Lens Specimen holder Leeuwenhoek made simple microscopes Often made a new microscope for each specimen /van-leeuwenhoek-microscopereplica 6

7 Figure 1.3 The microbial world. Leeuwenhoek observed a drop of pond water "animalcules = protozoa beasties = bacteria Pond Scum Under the Microscope Real beasties FACT 1.1 Leeuwenhoek s saw all of the following microorganisms Bacteria Archaea Except viruses Fungi Protozoa Algae Small multicellular animals 7

8 CONCEPT 1.3 What are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? All living organisms have cell(s) except viruses cell(s) are of 2 types (1) prokaryotic (2) eukaryotic Membrane around nucleus Membrane-bound organelles Figure 1.4 Cells of the bacterium Streptococcus (dark blue) and two human cheek cells. Prokaryotic Nucleus of bacterial cells eukaryotic cheek cell What are the 3 domains? CONCEPT major types of living cellular organisms called domains

9 2 µm 2 µm 1/20/2018 CONCEPT 1.5 Which organisms belong to the 3 domains? prokaryotic eukaryotic Membrane around nucleus Membrane-bound organelles Figure 1.13 (a) Domain Bacteria ALL microbes (b) Domain Archaea ALL microbes Prokaryotic (c) Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia 100 µm Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi Some Eukarya are microbes Protists CONCEPT 1.6 What are the differences and similiarities between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells? Use self-study guide 9

10 2 µm 2 µm 1/20/2018 CONCEPT 1.6 prokaryotic Internal membrane absent No Membrane around DNA i.e. no nucleus No Membrane-bound organelles Cell wall maybe present but does not contain cellulose Flagella maybe present eukaryotic Internal membrane present Membrane around DNA = nucleus Membrane-bound organelles Cell wall maybe present and may contain cellulose Cilia, Flagella maybe present Which are the Prokaryotic Microbes FACT 1.2 and Eukaryotic Microbes FACT 1.3 Figure 1.13 (a) Domain Bacteria ALL microbes (b) Domain Archaea ALL microbes Prokaryotic (c) Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia 100 µm Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi Protists 10

11 2 µm 2 µm 1/20/2018 FACT 1.2 Prokaryotic Microbes Bacteria and Archaea Unicellular and lack nuclei Much smaller than eukaryotes Most have cell walls but Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan; Archaeal cell walls composed of polymers other than peptidoglycan Figure 1.13 (a) Domain Bacteria ALL microbes (b) Domain Archaea ALL microbes Prokaryotic (c) Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia microplants: Algae Kingdom Plantae 100 µm microanimals: Protozoa Kingdom Fungi Protists microfungi FACT 1.3 Eukaryotic Microbes Algae (microplants) Unicellular or multicellular Photosynthetic Categorized on the basis of pigmentation and composition of cell wall 11

12 FACT 1.3 Eukaryotic Microbes Fungi (microfungi) Obtain food from other organisms possess cell walls Molds multicellular; grow as long filaments; Yeasts unicellular FACT 1.3 Eukaryotic Microbes Protozoa (microanimals) Similar to animals in nutrient needs and cellular structure Live freely in water; some live in animal hosts unicellular Most are capable of locomotion by: Pseudopods cell extensions that flow in direction of travel Cilia numerous short protrusions that propel organisms through its environment Flagella extensions of a cell that are fewer, longer, and more whiplike than cilia CONCEPT 1.7 What are Acellular microbes? So microbes can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic And they all are madeup of a cell But there are also microbes without cells Cellular microbes e.g. bacteria Acellular microbes e.g. viruses 12

13 Figure 1.9 A colorized electron microscope image of viruses infecting a bacterium. Virus Viruses (acellular microbes) Bacterium Viruses assembling inside cell CONCEPT 1.8 Characterisitics of cellular vs acellular microbes youtube-history-micro tube.com/watch? v=zrirf5baat4&f eature=youtu.be 13

14 Table 1.3 Fields of Microbiology FACT 1.4 * The Golden Age of Microbiology (late 1800 to 1900) Scientists searched for answers to four questions 1) Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible? 2) What causes fermentation? 3) What causes disease? 4) How can we prevent infection and disease? Figure 1.13 The scientific method, which forms a framework for scientific investigation or research. CONCEPT 1.9 experimentation is key H E R accept OR not accept Results 14

15 Q1- Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible? CONCEPT 1.10 Is there growth of microbes? NO But Critics said 1) sealed vials did not allow enough air for organisms to survive and Lazzaro Spallanzani's experiments 2) prolonged heating destroyed the "life force" Figure 1.11 Louis Pasteur. Figure 1.12 Pasteur's experiments with "swan-necked flasks." CONCEPT 1.11 There is NO spontaneous generation of microbes Cells come from parent Cells 15

16 Cell theory Core Principle of Biology The Cell Theory states: cells in a cork All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular. The cell is the basic unit of life. Cells arise from pre-existing cells. (They are not derived from spontaneous generation.) CONCEPT 1.12 Q2- What Causes Fermentation? Spoiled wine threatened livelihood of vintners Vintners funded research of methods to promote production of alcohol and prevent spoilage during fermentation Some believed air caused fermentation; others insisted living organisms caused fermentation Louis Pasteur used scientific method to find the cause of fermentation of grape juice into wine. Figure 1.14 How Pasteur applied the scientific method in investigating the nature of fermentation. CONCEPT 1.13 Yeast alcohol Bacteria acid 16

17 What is pasteurization? FACT 1.5 Pasteur's experiments led to the development of pasteurization Process of heating liquids just enough to kill most bacteria Began the field of industrial microbiology or biotechnology (Intentional use of microbes for manufacturing products) Table 1.1 Some Industrial Uses of Microbes Live Yeast cells are used for fermenting grapes = wine, grains = beer But can you use Yeast Extracts? Eduard Buchner, a scientist, demonstrated that fermentation does not require living cells because enzymes promote chemical reactions CONCEPT 1.14 He began the field of biochemistry and the study of metabolism 17

18 CONCEPT 1.15 FACT 1.6 Q3- What Causes Disease? Pasteur developed germ theory of disease (microbes cause disease) now applies to infectious diseases only Robert Koch developed etiology (study of causative agents of disease) also developed experimental microbiology FACT 1.7 Robert Koch also developed the field of experimental microbiology Simple staining techniques Use of Petri dishes Techniques to transfer bacteria CONCEPT 1.16 How to find out What Causes Disease? Koch's 4 postulates (illustrated on next slide) 1) Suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts 2) Agent must be isolated and grown outside the host 3) When agent is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease 4) Same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host 18

19 1 Figure 14.7 Koch's postulates. 1 The suspected agent must be present in every case of the disease. Diseased subjects Agent not typically found in healthy subjects Healthy subject 2 Petri plate The agent must be 2 isolated and grown in pure culture. Bacterial colonies Streaked plates 4 The same agent must be reisolated from 4 the diseased experimental host. 3 Injection 3 The cultured agent must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible experimental host (animal or plant). Table 1.2 Other Notable Scientists of the "Golden Age of Microbiology" and the Agents of Disease They Discovered CONCEPT 1.17 How Can We Prevent Infection and Disease? Especially prevent NOSOCOMIAL Infections Semmelweis and handwashing Lister's antiseptic technique Nightingale and nursing Snow infection control and epidemiology Jenner's vaccine field of immunology Ehrlich's "magic bullets" field of chemotherapy FACT

20 Figure 1.19 Some of the many scientific disciplines and applications that arose from the pioneering work of scientists just before and around the time of the Golden Age of Microbiology. FACT