The Discovery of the Cell

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1 7-1 Life Is Cellular Review The cell is the basic unit of life! Life began with the first cell! All living things are composed of cells! Cells make up tissues, organs, organ systems and organisms! Understanding cell structure and function is fundamental to biology! The discovery of the cell as the basic unit of life depended on the invention of the microscope! The Discovery of the Cell Nucleus (not all) Cytoplasm (Cytosol + Organelles) Plasma Membrane 1

2 The scientist to the right is Robert Hooke. The material in the micrograph is cork (tree bark). In 1665, Robert Hooke observed and described cells using a primitive microscope, like the one shown here. In doing so, he established cytology (the study of cells). The Discovery of the Cell Early Microscopes Cork The scientist at right is Anton van Leeuwenhoek. In 1670, he observed tiny swimming organisms in pond water using his own version of a microscope (above). In doing so, he established microbiology. He called them animalcules. Today, we call them microbes. 2

3 The Development Of Cell Theory The Discovery of the Cell The scientist at right is Matthias Schleiden. In 1838, he observed plant tissues from many species under the microscope. He established that all plants (left) are composed of cells. The scientist at right is Theodore Schwann. In 1839, he observed animal tissues from many species under the microscope. He established that all animals (left) are composed of cells. The scientist below is Rudolph Virchow. In 1855 he observed cells dividing under the microscope (below, right). He established that all cells come from preexisting cells (Omnis cellula e cellula). Cell Theory 1) All living things are composed of cells. 2) Cells are the basic unit of structure & function. 3) Cells can only come from preexisting cells. 3

4 Types Of Microscopes Exploring the Cell The two major classes of microscopes are light and electron. The electron microscope produces 1000x greater resolution and magnification! The drawback for the electron microscope is that only dead specimens can be viewed because the process to prepare them is lethal. The micrograph on the left is a highly magnified, 2D view of a cell nucleus captured using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The micrograph on the right is a less magnified, 3D view of 2 neurons captured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). 4

5 Types Of Microscopes Exploring the Cell The micrograph on the left was produced with a special kind of light microscope called a confocal microscope, which uses lasers to visualize specific cellular structures, like the nuclei and cytoskeletons of these cells! The micrograph on the right was produced using a scanning tunneling electron microscope that uses a fine probe to trace the surfaces of samples for magnifications capable of seeing molecules, like this DNA! HeLa Cells (Henrietta Lacks, 1951) 5

6 Like the hierarchy of biological organization, this chart ranges from atoms to molecules to organelles to cells. Meter The base unit! Decimeter 0.1 m = 1 x 10-1 meter 1m Centimeter 1 cm = 1 x 10-2 meter Millimeter = 1 x 10-3 meter Human height Length of some nerve and muscle cells Chicken egg Unaided eye How small are cells? 10 m Frog egg 100 µm 10 µm Prokaryotes! Micrometer (Micron) 1 µm = 1 x 10-6 meter 100 nm Most plant and animal cells Nucleus Most bacteria Mitochondrion Smallest bacteria Viruses Ribosomes 10 nm Electron microscope Eukaryotes! Light microscope 1 mm Proteins Nanometer 1 nm = 1 x 10-9 meter 0.1 nm Lipids Small molecules Atoms 6

7 Two Major Cell Types All living cells have DNA, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm & Plasma Membrane! Prokaryotes Organelles Eukaryotes Cell Wall Nucleus Plasma Membrane Plant Cell - Evolved ~4bya - 1μm - 10μm - No Membrane-bound Nucleus or Organelles - Domains: Archaea & Bacteria Kingdoms: Archaebacteria & Eubacteria - Evolved ~2bya (Endosymbiosis!) - 10μm - 100μm - Membrane-bound Nucleus and Organelles - Domain: Eukarya Kingdoms: Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Prokaryotes were first and set up the system we all live within! 7

8 Plasma Cell Wall E. Coli (Heterotroph, Membrane Prokaryote S & F Flagellum Capsule Consumer) Nucleoid (DNA) Cytoplasm Ribosomes Mesosome (ER-like) Cyanobacteria (Autotroph, Producer) Pili Plasmid (DNA) All functions will be explained in class! Thylakoid Membrane Simple cells can perform all basic life functions! 8

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