Microbiology and Immunology BIOL200, BIOL343. Microbiology

Transcription

1 Microbiology and Immunology BIOL200, BIOL343 Microbiology 2 1

2 Course Outline MICROBIOLOGY: Introduction: Microbial world and the historical roles of the microbiologist; cell theory, spontaneous generation, biogenesis theory, fermentation, pasteurization and germ theory of the diseases. Koch s postulates; classification and characteristics of living organisms; basic structure, similarities and differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes Microbial growth and nutritional requirements. Media used for cultivating microorganisms. Characterization of microorganisms; pure culture techniques. Preparing microorganisms for light microscopy. Characterization of microorganisms. Control of Microorganisms: principles and physical agents; fundamentals of microbial growth control; 3 Course outline Chemical control agents: major groups of disinfectants and antiseptics; evaluation of antimicrobial activity. Microbiology of natural water, and waste water. Microbiology of food. Preservation. Aseptic handling and processing; Microbial spoilage of foods; microbial cells as food; Single-Cell Proteins Virology: virus morphology; classification. Bacteriophage life cycle; Diseases caused by viruses. Viruses cultivation methods. 4 2

3 Course outline IMMUNOLOGY Overview of Immunology Anatomy and biology of immune system Antigens and Antibody Complement system Antigen-Antibody reactions Hypersensitivity Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity 5 What is microbiology? study of organisms too small to be clearly seen by the unaided eye (i.e., microorganisms) these organisms are relatively simple in their construction and lack highly differentiated cells and distinct tissues 6 6 3

4 Microbiology Study of microscopic (living ) things E.g. viruses, bacteria, algae, protists, fungi 7 The Importance of Microorganisms most populous group of organisms and are found everywhere on the planet play a major role in recycling essential elements source of nutrients and some carry out photosynthesis benefit society by their production of food, beverages, antibiotics and vitamins 8 8 4

5 In ponds Microbes Are Everywhere! 9 Microbes Are Everywhere! In thermal areas 10 5

6 In ice Microbes Are Everywhere! 11 In salt Microbes Are Everywhere! 12 6

7 Microbes Are Everywhere! In water, viruses outnumber bacteria by 2-10:1 13 Microbes Are Everywhere! In the deeps 14 7

8 Microbes Are Everywhere! In the soil 15 And with other organisms With plant roots 16 8

9 In coral And with other organisms 17 In clams And with other organisms 18 9

10 And with other organisms In lichens 19 And with other organisms With cows and termites 20 10

11 And with other organisms With fish 21 Microbes Recycle Key Elements 22 11

12 Microbes Recycle Key Elements 23 We Use Existing Microbes To make foods 24 12

13 We Use Existing Microbes To make alcohol 25 We Use Existing Microbes To clean up oil spills 26 13

14 We Use Existing Microbes To turn trash into soil 27 Microbiology The study of of organisms too small to be seen without magnification bacteria viruses fungi protozoa helminths (worms) algae 28 14

15 Branches of study within microbiology Immunology Public health microbiology & epidemiology Food, dairy and aquatic microbiology Biotechnology Genetic engineering & recombinant DNA technology 29 Microbes are involved in nutrient production & energy flow Decomposition Recycling chemical elements production of foods, drugs & vaccines Bioremediation (can be defined as any process that uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants or their enzymes to return the natural environment altered by contaminants to its original condition ) causing disease 30 15

16 Microorganisms in our life Humans and many animals depend on microorganisms in their intestines for digestion and the synthesis of some vitamins (group B) Commercial application (chemical synthesis (biotransformation) acetone, organic acids, alcohols, drugs) 31 Microorganisms in our life The Food industry (producing vinegar, alcoholic beverages, soy sauce, buttermilk, cheese, yogurt, bread) The pharmaceutical industry (produce many kinds of drugs by employing m/o) 32 16

17 Microorganisms in our life Pathogens Only minority of microorganism is pathogenic Practical knowledge of pathogenic m/o is necessary for medicine and health related science. 33 Impact of pathogens Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause diseases 10 B infections/year worldwide 13 M deaths from infections/year worldwide 34 17

18 35 The Future of Microbiology: Challenges and opportunities for future microbiologists infectious disease new and improved industrial processes microbial diversity and microbial ecology less than 1% of earth s microbial population has been cultured

19 Types of microorganisms Bacteria Fungi (yeast and molds) Protozoa Microscopic algae Viruses Non-cellular entities, sometimes regarded as being at the border between life and non-life 37 Characteristics of microbes 38 19

20 Classification schemes five kingdom scheme includes Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia and Plantae with microbes placed in the first three kingdoms (Whitakker s system) three domain alternative, based on a comparison of ribosomal RNA, divides microorganisms into Bacteria (true bacteria), Archaea and Eucarya (eucaryotes) (Woese s system) Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Types of microorganisms Bacteria (plural), Bacterium (singular) - Are relatively simple single celled organism. Bacteria cells are called prokaryotes (Greek pro nucleus no nucleus), because their genetic material is not enclosed in a special nuclear membrane. Most of bacteria have a cell wall composition of carbohydrates and proteins - peprtidoglycan 40 20

21 Shapes of bacterial cells Rods Spherical (cocci) Spiral 41 Shapes of microorganisms Some bacteria could be individual Some could form clasters, chains, pairs or other groupings Important charachteristic of a particular genus 42 21

22 Types of microorganisms Archaea Archaea like bacteria also prokariotes Could be without any cell wall, or if they have it the wall lack peptidoglycan Often found in extreme environment Not known to cause any human desease According the environment, where they can be found, divided into 3 main groups 43 Archaea 3 groups 1. Methanogens produce methane as a waste product of respiration 2. Extreme Halophiles salt loving They can live in extreme salty environment such as Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake 3. Extreme thermophiles (thermo heat) live in hot (90 C) sulfurous water as hot springs (geisers) 44 22

23 Selected methanogenes 45 Fungi Singular Fungus Are eukaryotes Cell contain a distinct nucleus, containing the genetic material (DNA), surrounded by a special envelope, called the nuclear membrane Could be unicellular or multicellular 46 23

24 47 Multicellular fungi Large multicellular are mushrooms, they can look like plants, but they unable to do photosynthesis Cell walls composed mostly from chitin 48 24

25 Unicellular fungi Yeasts, molds Visible masses of molds are mycelia (cottony growth on bread) Many are pathogenic and infect plants and animals. 49 Protozoa The microorganisms called protozoa [s., protozoan; Greek protos, first, and zoon, animal] are studied in the discipline called protozoology. A protozoan can be defined as a usually motile eucaryotic unicellular protist. Protozoa are directly related only on the basis of a single negative characteristic they are not multicellular. All, however, demonstrate the basic body plan of a single protistan eucaryotic cell

26 Protozoa Have a variety of shapes Could live individually or as a parasites (organism that can take the nutrients from living host) Move by pseudopods, flagella, cilia 51 Algae Singular - alga Photosynthetic eukaryotes with wide variety of shapes Abundant in fresh water, soil, associated with plants. Play very important role in the balance of nature 52 26

27 Algae morphology 53 Algae shapes 54 27

28 Algae Micrographs 55 Viruses Viruses are simple, acellular entities consisting of one or more molecules of either DNA or RNA enclosed in a coat of protein (and sometimes, in addition, substances such as lipids and carbohydrates). They can reproduce only within living cells and are obligately intracellular parasites. Compare all living things contain DNA and can reproduce as a self-sufficient unit Viruses are not considered to be living, because outside of living host, they are inert

29 Size and morphology of viruses

30 Metric system The metric system is a way of measuring things by using multiples or fractions of ten, called factors of ten or the power of ten. 59 Units and prefixes 60 30

31 Comparative sizes 61 Comparative sizes 62 31

32 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek First to observe living microbes his single-lens magnified up to 300X ( )

33 Scientific Method Form a hypothesis - a tentative explanation that can be supported or refuted by observation & experimentation A lengthy process of experimentation, analysis & testing either supports or refutes the hypothesis. Results must be published & repeated by other investigators. 65 If hypothesis is supported by a growing body of evidence & survives rigorous scrutiny, it moves to the next level of confidence - it becomes a theory Evidence of a theory is so compelling that the next level of confidence is reached - it becomes a Law or principle 66 33

34 Spontaneous generation Early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter. (flies from manure, etc) Louis Pasteur Showed microbes caused fermentation & spoilage Disproved spontaneous generation of m.o. Developed aseptic techniques. Developed a rabies vaccine. ( ) 68 34

35 Germ theory of disease Many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body and not by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc. Robert Koch Established a sequence of experimental steps to show that a specific m.o. causes a particular disease. Developed pure culture methods. Identified cause of anthrax, TB, & cholera. ( ) 70 35

36 Taxonomy - system for organizing, classifying & naming living things Domain - Archaea, Bacteria & Eukarya Kingdom - 5 Phylum or Division Class Order Family Genus species 71 3 domains Eubacteria -true bacteria, peptidoglycan Archaea odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc Eukarya- have a nucleus, & organelles 72 36

37 73 Naming micoorganisms Binomial (scientific) nomenclature Gives each microbe 2 names Genus - noun, always capitalized species - adjective, lowercase Both italicized or underlined Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) Escherichia coli (E. coli) 74 37

38 Naming and classifying microorganisms (Nomenclature) Established in 1735 by Linnaeus Names of m/o are Latinized Escherichia (1) coli (2) - example Each microorganism has two names: 1. The genus (plural genera), always capitalized. 2. Special epithet or Species name, not capitalized The name of m/o in a text always supposed to be BOLDED or underlined 75 Naming of microorganisms Examples: Azotobacter vinelandii Rhodococcus rhodochrous Azospirillum brasilense Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli 76 38

39 Naming of microorganisms The name of m/o could be the honor of the resercher, or part of description Staphylococcus aureus Claster arrangment sphere golden 77 Hierarchical Arrangement in Taxonomy 78 39

40 Taxonomic ranks 79 Evolution- living things change gradually over millions of years Changes favoring survival are retained & less beneficial changes are lost. All new species originate from preexisting species. Closely related organism have similar features because they evolved from common ancestral forms. Evolution usually progresses toward greater complexity

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