Biology 160 Cell Lab. Name Lab Section: 1:00pm 3:00 pm. Student Learning Outcomes:

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1 Biology 160 Cell Lab Name Lab Section: 1:00pm 3:00 pm Student Learning Outcomes: Upon completion of today s lab you will be able to do the following: Properly use a compound light microscope Discuss the components of a cell and compare the general characteristics of cells from the domains of life Prepare a wet mount slide of specimens Observe live microorganisms under a microscope The Domains of Life How are organisms different? There are three main groups of living organisms. These large groups are called domains. Some of taxonomy (classification or categorizing living organisms) is based on appearance of an organisms cells are the single celled, do the cells have special external or internal structures which makes them both structurally and functionally different? Two of the domains of life consist entirely of unicellular (single celled) organisms these are the domain Bacteria and Archaea. These two share some similarities in that they have no visible nucleus, this means they are both prokaryotes. The third domain is Eukarya and all cells of these organisms have a visible nucleus that contains their DNA. Eukaryotic cells also have other organelles ( little organs ) that perform specific and specialized activities within the cell. Eukaryotes may be unicellular or multicellular. Today you will be examining organisms from all three of these domains. Biology 160 Cell Lab Page 1 of 8

2 Part 1a. Structure of Bacteria Bacteria are unicellular, but come in multiple shapes, from round to almost looking cylindrical. Using either a chart in the classroom, or an image from your text, label the bacterium diagram below. Part 1b. Bacterial Shapes Procedure: a. Obtain a microscope (make sure it is in good working order). b. Pick up a slide of bacteria shapes (these should be on the back counter), place on your microscope, and using techniques we learned last week, try to identify the three different shapes of bacteria. c. You will need to use the oil immersion objective to see them better, your instructor will demonstrate how to use the oil immersion lens. d. Draw and Label each shape (one in each circle below). Bacteria Shape: Bacteria Shape: Bacteria Shape: General Biology Lab - Cells Page 2 of 8

3 Part 1c. Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria are very small organisms that have a disproportionately huge role in our biosphere! They are photosynthetic producing by some accounts over half of the oxygen in our atmosphere and they are capable fixing nitrogen (taking nitrogen from the atmosphere and making it available to organisms). All living organisms require nitrogen in the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins! No nitrogen, no DNA or RNA types and no proteins. Procedure: a. Obtain a slide of mixed blue-green algae and examine under high power. b. Describe and or sketch what you see on your slide. Organism: Part 2. Domain Archaea Archaea are ancient unicellular organisms that resemble bacteria, but can live in extreme environments, such as sulfur hot-springs, super salty, extremely hot or a combination of these. This ability to survive in vastly different environments requires different membrane structures, different enzymes and metabolic pathways. In some ways (mainly relating to protein production), archaea are similar to eukaryotic cells, but they still have circular DNA and lack membrane bound organelles. Procedure: a. Obtain a prepared slide of archaea (or look at an image) and observe under the microscope. Organism:

4 Question: What similarities do you see between members of the domain Bacteria and the domain Archaea? Part 3. Domain Eukarya This domain contains both unicellular and multicellular life, and is therefore a little more familiar to us as it contains things like mushrooms, flowers and trees as well as snails, whales and dogs. There are still quite a few unfamiliar organisms within the domain. Further classification is necessary in all domains to help in our understanding of relationships between organisms, their structures and functions. While the domain classification is the largest and therefore least specific, the smallest level of classification is the species, which has a characteristic or trait that makes it unique from any other organism. Biologists that classify living organisms use a hierarchy of taxonomy. The smallest taxa (and again the most specific) is the species, from there it moves to genus, then to family, then to order, class, phylum, kingdom and then domain (which is by default the least specific grouping that contains the highest number of different organisms). Life forms and shapes are incredibly diverse in this domain, from the incredibly tiny unicellular organisms to the most giant (blue whale, giant sequoia and some fungal networks). In this part you will examine both unicellular and multicellular life forms under a microscope. Procedure 3a. a. Obtain a small sample of plant material that is provided in lab (check the back counter) and create a wet mount of a very thin section (you may have to use either a scalpel or sharp knife to get a section thin enough to see light through when it is on your microscope stage). Set this up on a microscope and then proceed to step b. b. With your lab partner(s) create another wet mount slide of a microscopic multicellular animal (these will be on the back counter as well). Set this up on your partner s microscope and proceed to step c. General Biology Lab - Cells Page 4 of 8

5 c. Examine the two microscope specimens, sketch what you see. Plant: Animal: Questions: Do you notice any differences between the plant and animal cells? Describe them. How are these eukaryotic cells different from the cells of the other two domains?

6 Procedure 3b. In this part, explore! Make a slide of something you have always wondered about, or slide of something in the lab that looks interesting. There are materials to slow microscopic organisms down, or materials that can stain our own cells if you can t think of anything, create a wet mount using your cheek cells (there are toothpicks you can use to rub the inside or your cheek to get a sample. Then transfer that sample to the slide and create a wet mount. You should look at your slide as it is, and then use a stain (your instructor will show you where these are). Once you have made a slide of your subject, sketch and draw what you see remember to label it and include the appropriate magnification. Object: General Biology Lab - Cells Page 6 of 8

7 Post-Lab Questions: 1. What are three general activities all living cells do? a. b. c. 2. What objective should you always start with to examine specimens on your microscope? 3. How is total magnification calculated on a compound microscope? 4. Which of the cells that you observed today was the smallest (approximately how large was it), which was the largest (approximately how large was it)? Remember from last lab: field of vision at 40x = 4 mm, 100x = 1.6mm, 400x =.4mm, 1000x (oil immersion) =.16mm 5. How are bacteria and archaea different from each other?

8 6. Match the following cellular structures to their function. a. Plasma membrane f. Vacuole b. Chloroplast g. Endoplasmic reticulum c. Cytoplasm h. Golgi apparatus d. Nucleus i. Mitochondrion e. Ribosome j. Lysosome a membrane bound structure that encloses eukaryotic DNA a membranous sac in a cell that encloses food, water or waste converts food into cellular energy (ATP) large membranous network associated with the nucleus site for synthesis of cellular materials functions in intracellular digestion encloses the cell, controls what goes into and out of the cell converts light energy, water and CO2 into glucose and oxygen assembles proteins a curved stack of membranes that processes and packages cellular material the semifluid material outside the nucleus where chemical reactions occur and organelles are found 7. Draw a typical plant and animal cell, label the structures in your cells using the structures above. General Biology Lab - Cells Page 8 of 8

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