Anthro 101: Human Biological Evolution. Lecture 7: Taxonomy/Primate Adaptations. Prof. Kenneth Feldmeier

Transcription

1 Anthro 101: Human Biological Evolution Lecture 7: Taxonomy/Primate Adaptations Prof. Kenneth Feldmeier

2 Classifying species into taxa Linnaeus classification based on physical similarity Genus species, e.g. Homo sapiens Nested hierearchies of similarity due to common descent (Darwin) VERTEBRATES Birds Mammals Sparrow Flamingo Lion Squirrel

3 Phylogeny Phylogeny = evolutionary relationships among groups of species When one species splits into 2 Share some ancestral traits Differ in some derived traits Differences accumulate within evolutionary lineages over time

4 Homologous traits: shared phylogenetic history Bats fly Dugongs swim All share the same Basic limb structure because share common ancestor Similar underlying structures can be modified for very different functions Moles dig

5 Analogous traits: different phylogenetic history Different structures can be used for similar functions Bats and birds fly Bat wing is modified from bones of hand Bird wings are modified from bones of forelimb

6 Convergent Evolution: leads to analogous traits Adaptation to solve similar ecological problems (Smilodon): placental mammal (Thylacosmilus): marsupial mammal Both animals adapted to catch large prey with teeth and claws.

7 Convergent Evolution: leads to analogous traits Adaptation to solve similar problems (Smilodon): placental mammal (Thylacosmilus): marsupial mammal

8 Where do we fit in? Homo sapiens Kingdom: Animal Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Suborder: Anthropoidea Infraorder: Catarrhini Superfamily: Hominoidea Family: Hominidae Subfamily: Homininae Tribe: Hominini Genus: Homo Species: sapiens

9 Crash Course Dude v=f38bmgpcz_i 9

10 Whats the Plan? Today we are building our own world Break up into groups of 4-5 Lets check out the Taxonomy Project 10

11 Key Terms Kingdom; One widely accepted system of classification divides life into five kingdoms: prokaryotes, protists, fungi, plants, and animals. The largest of the divisions of living things. Phylum; the primary subdivision of a taxonomic kingdom, grouping together all classes of organisms that have the same body plan. Genus; A class or group with common attributes. Species;??? 11

12 What Do I want? This is the breakdown for a Panther Kingdom: Animalia Sharing with all other members of this group the need to feed on organic matter (unlike plants which can create energy using light and minerals). Phylum: Chordata (or vertebrata) Sharing with all other members of this group of animals, a backbone with a hollow nerve chord. Genus: Panthera tigris Sharing with other members of this group of felines, scent marking methods, vocalizations, aspects of social structure and overall body shape Species: Panthera tigris altaicia A species is the primary unit of biological classification or taxonomy. Species members share a basic genetic similarity and can interbreed and produce viable or fertile offspring. It is important to be aware, when exploring the field of taxonomy, as is true in many branches of science, it is always changing and evolving. As our knowledge deepens and our tools for investigation become more precise there are often shifts and changes in how we describe an animal from a taxonomic point of view. A classic case can be seen with Pandas. When first described by European scientists they were classified as bears or ursids a family of carnivores (order) in the mammal class of vertebrate animals. Then for a few decades, scientists thought that they weren t bears and placed them, still within the carnivore order but in a family closer to raccoons. In the last fifteen years, after further study and aided by the new science of gene mapping, pandas have been returned to the bear family an unusual case of an older view still being (at least for now) correct after all. 12

13 What is a primate?

14 What is a Primate? v=bpnls_ach-0 14

15 Which of these animals are primates? Galago Tarsier Possum Loris

16 Which of these animals are primates? Coati Sifaka Lemur Red Panda

17 Some primates are easier to recognize Rhesus Gorilla Capuchin

18 Primates are a diverse order

19 Basic primate phylogeny Apes & humans (Hominoidea) Anthropoidea Old World Monkeys New World Monkeys Tarsiers Prosimii Lemurs, lorises Strepsirrhines Haplorhines Primates

20 What makes an animal a primate? Features of hand & feet Grasping big toe Grasping hands Some opposable thumbs Sensitive finger tips Finger prints

21 What makes an animal a primate? Features of hand & feet Grasping big toe Grasping thumb Some opposable thumbs Sensitive finger tips Finger prints Flat nails Generalized limb structure Squirrel Monkey

22 What makes an animal a primate? Features of the sensory organs - Vision Pygmy marmoset Forward facing eyes Binocular vision Stereoscopic vision Information sent to both hemispheres of brain Depth perception Color vision Limited olfactory senses (except prosimians) Golden monkey

23 Binocular Vision

24 Stereoscopic Vision

25 What makes an animal a primate? Features of life history K-selected Large maternal investment in care small litters long pregnancy Long infancy long juvenile period long mother-infant bond long life span Long reproductive period Savanna baboon

26 What makes an animal a primate? Features of the skull & teeth Generalized teeth, four kinds, many functions Enclosed bony eye sockets

27 What makes an animal a primate? Large brain relative to body size & an emphasis on learning

28 Sociality Sociality

29 Figure Primates are mainly restricted to the tropics

30 But, monkeys have also adapted to wide range of habitats Temperate forests Primary tropical forest Desert Secondary forest

31 What are these adaptations for? Arboreal Hypothesis Stereoscopic vision Grasping hands Nails = adaptive niche of life in the trees But squirrels do pretty well without thumbs

32 What are these adaptations for? Visual Predation Hypothesis Analogy with insectivores Stalk and capture insects Depth perception Grasping hands = adaptive niche of catching fast moving prey galago

33 What are these adaptations good for? Angiosperm Radiation hypothesis Adaptive niche of exploiting flowering plants Color vision Fine visual & tactile discrimination

34 Phylogeny for apes: Hominoidea Panini Gorillinae Bonobo Gorilla Orangutan Gibbon Chimpanzee

35 Prosimians are the most primitive primates (Strepsirhines) The most different from us Many are nocturnal Many are solitary Some w/ claws instead of nails Some w/ acute sense of smell Two types: Lorises Lemurs Rhinarium & philtrum Scent marking Potto (Loris) Bush Baby (Loris)

36 Prosimians divided into two groups: Lemurs only on Madagascar Adaptive radiation 40+ species evolved in last 100 MY No large predators on island, until humans 1500 ya dwarf lemur avahi aye aye sifaka

37 Haplorhines: Monkeys, Apes, Tarsiers Most of the primate adaptations Vision > Olfaction Eyes surrounded by bone Fused midline of lower jaw Diurnal Except Tarsiers Except Owl monkey Social Except Orangutan Red faced spider monkey Larger brain

38 Tarsier: Prosimian & Haplorhine Mixture or anthropoid & prosimian traits Dry nose partially closed eye socket Nocturnal Only carnivorous primate eat insects and small vertebrates

39 Anthropoids: monkeys & apes New World monkeys (Platyrrhini) Latin America Diurnal Arboreal Tropical forests Dental formula (I.C.P.M.)

40 Anthropoids: monkeys & apes Barbary Macaque Karyn Sig Old World monkeys & apes (Catarrhini) Africa & Asia All diurnal Some arboreal, some terrestrial Broad habitat range Ischial callosities Sexual skin Dental formula Spectacled langur Black and white colobus

41 Apes: Hominoidea Bigger brains Extended life-history Complex social interactions Large body size No tails Suspensory locomotion Hylobatidae (lesser apes) Gibbons & Siamangs Ponginae (orangutans) Gorillinae (gorillas) Homininae Panini (chimps & bonobos) Hominini (Humans)