CLASSIFICATION. Finding Order in Diversity
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1 CLASSIFICATION Finding Order in Diversity
2 WHAT IS TAXONOMY? Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name.
3 WHY CLASSIFY? To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner.
4 WHY CLASSIFY? When taxonomists classify organisms, they organize them into groups that have biological significance.
5 Examples of biological significance physical features DNA sequence behaviors
6 WHY SCIENTIFIC NAMES? Using common names is confusing because many organisms may have several different common names. The cougar is also known as the mountain lion, puma or catamount thus the need for a scientific name. Photo courtesy Texas Parks and Wildlife Department 2004 Felis concolor
7 What is a SCIENTIFIC NAME? The first part of the scientific name is the genus. This word is always written first and the first letter is capitalized. It appears in italics or is underlined. Grizzly bear picture is reproduced with permission from WWF WWF- World Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund). All Rights Reserved. Homo sapien Ursus arctos
8 What is a SCIENTIFIC NAME? The second part of the scientific name is the species name. This word is always written second and the first letter is lower-case. It appears in italics or is underlined. Homo sapien Ursus arctos
9 What is BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE? A Swedish botanist named Carolus Linnaeus developed Binomial Nomenclature, a twoword naming system for naming all species on earth.
10 What is the LINNAEUS SYSTEM of CLASSIFICATION? Linnaeus s hierarchical system of classification includes seven levels. They are, from largest to smallest, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
11 What is the LINNAEUS SYSTEM of CLASSIFICATION? The Kingdom is the largest and most inclusive (includes) of the taxonomic categories. Species is the smallest and least inclusive of the taxonomic categories.
12 What is the LINNAEUS SYSTEM of CLASSIFICATION? The more taxonomic levels that two organisms share, the more closely related they are considered to be.
13 What is the LINNAEUS SYSTEM of CLASSIFICATION? What do the scientific names of the polar, grizzly and panda bears tell you about their similarity to each other? Common name: Polar bear Scientific name: Ursus maritimus Common name: Grizzly bear Scientific name: Ursus arctos Common name: Panda bear Scientific name: Ailuropoda melanoleuca
14 THINKING CRITICALLY Organism Cat Wolf Fly Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Phylum Chordata Chordata Arthropoda Class Mammalia Mammalia Insecta Order Carnivora Carnivora Diptera Family Felidae Canidae Muscidae Genus Felis Canis Musca Species F. domesticus C. lupus M. domestica
15 THINKING CRITICALLY 1. What type of animal is Musca domestica? 2. From the table, which 2 animals are most closely related? 3. At what classification level does the evolutionary relationship between cats and wolves diverge (become different)? Animal; insect Cat and Wolf Family Level
16 What is EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION? Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities.
17 What is EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION? What is PHYLOGENY? The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms. What is a CLADE? A group of organisms, such as a species, whose members share homologous features derived from a common ancestor.
18 What is a CLADOGRAM? A B C D E F Clade or lineage Speciation: formation of two new species from one T I M E
19 CLADOGRAM of vertebrates Hagfish Fish Frog Lizard Pigeon Mouse Chimp Lungs Feathers Claws or Nails Fur & Mammary Glands Jaws
20 How are CLADOGRAMS used in EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION? The characteristics listed below the line are called derived characters (traits). When the derived character appears above an organism, the organism lacks that derived character. When the derived character appears below the organism, the organism possesses that derived character.
21 LIMITATIONS to Linnaen classification Not all organisms fit neatly into a category Classification is a work in progress, and subject to change As new discoveries are made, classification is re-evaluated and revised
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