Chapter 18: Classification Structured Notes

Transcription

1 Chapter 18: Classification Structured Notes Why Classify? 1) ) Taxon = Taxonomy = Field of biology that deals with classifying and naming organisms Taxonomist = is a scientists who determines relationships between organisms Names organisms and identifies unknown organisms. Aristotle recognized two kingdoms Plants and Animals Linnaeus s System of Classification (1800 s) Based off and a hierarchy of to. Organisms were divided into. K P C O F G S Animal Chordata Mammal Cetacea Balaenopteridae Megaptera novaeangilae Scientific naming is important so that as scientists there is consistency about what organisms we are researching. For example what are some common names for a mountain lion around the country? While scientists have identified many organisms they have only named a fraction of the organisms in our biosphere because the living organisms on Earth are numerous and diverse. 1

2 Binomial Nomenclature - Two Part Scientific Naming System We use Latin because Two name naming system Genus: Species: Example: Common Name: Scientific Name: Taxonomy Early Efforts: Scientific names often described characteristics The problem was Taxonomy Today: Uses: see page 384 see page 385 Evolutionary AND Physical Traits help to classify: Biologist now group organisms in categories that represent lines of decent AND similarities. Cladograms: A that shows relationship among organisms based on shared characteristics. Do the Quick Lab on Page 453

3 Dichotomous Key: A series of that helps identify an organism based on its of similar but different organisms. How could we identify the following shapes? Rectangle Triangle Star Circle 1 A B A B 3 A B 4 A B Do the Quick Lab on Page I II III V VI VII IV 3

4 1700 s Late 1800 s Kingdoms and Domains How organisms have been classified over the years 1950 s 1990 s Domains: 1. Archaea: Example:. Bacteria: Example: 3. Eukarya: Examples: 4

5 DOMAINS and KINGDOMS - See page 459 For Chart Cell Type DOMAIN ARCHAEA BACTERIA EUKARYA KINGDOM Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Number of Cells Unique characteristics of the cell Nutrition Reproduction Function in Ecosystem Examples

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7 Chapter 18: Classification Structured Notes Why Classify? In order to study the diversity of living organisms biologists must: 1) give each organism a name ) group them in a logical order Taxon = group or level of organization of living organisms Taxonomy = Field of biology that deals with classifying and naming organisms Taxonomist = is a scientists who determines relationships between organisms Names organisms and identifies unknown organisms. Aristotle recognized tow kingdoms Plants and Animals Linnaeus s System of Classification (1800 s) Based off Structure and a hierarchy of largest to smallest. Organisms were divided into Seven taxonomic categories K Animal Kingdom P Phylum Chordata C Class Mammal O Order Cetacea F Family Balaenopteridae G Genus Megaptera S Species novaeangilae Scientific naming is important so that as scientists there is consistency about what organisms we are researching. For example what are some common names for a mountain lion around the country? Figure 18-1 Cougar, panther, puma, scientific name is Felis concolor While scientists have identified many organisms they have only named a fraction of the organisms in our biosphere because the living organisms on Earth are numerous and diverse. 7

8 Binomial Nomenclature - Two Part Scientific Naming System We use Latin because 18th century biologist understood Latin worldwide to it was a common language to use for scientific naming. Two name naming system Genus: Capitalized typically a noun Species: lower case adjective describing organism or where it lives. Example: Ursus arctos Common Name: Grizzly Bear Scientific Name: Ursus (bear) arctos (grizzly) Taxonomy Early Efforts: Scientific names often described physical characteristics The problem was: The descriptive names became very long and were not consistent among scientists. Example: Oak with deeply divided leaves that have no hairs on their underside and no teeth around the edges of the leaf. Taxonomy Today: Uses: Homologous Structures see page 384 Embryological Development see page 385 Genetic makeup see page 454 Evolutionary AND Physical Traits help to classify: Biologist now group organisms in categories that represent lines of evolutionary decent AND physical similarities. Cladograms: A diagram or picture that shows evolutionary relationship among organisms based on shared characteristics. Do the Quick Lab on Page 453 Trout Backbone Earthworm Legs Lizzard Hair 8 Human

9 Dichotomous Key: A series of paired statements that helps identify an organism based on the physical characteristics of similar but different organisms. How could we identify the following shapes? Rectangle Triangle Star Circle 1 A Has corners Go to B Does not have corners Circle A Has 4 or more corners Go to 3 B Have 3 corners Triangle 3 A Has more than 4 corners Go to 4 B Has 4 corners Square 4 A Has 6 or more corners Go to 5 B Has 5 corners Star Do the Quick Lab on Page I Betula birch II Aesculus buckey III Carya pecan V Cercus redbud VI Magnolia magnolia VII Robinia locust IV Liquidambar sweet gum 9

10 Kingdoms and Domains How organisms have been classified over the years 1700 s Plantae Animalia Late 1800 s 1950 s 1990 s Protista Plantae Animalia Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Domains: 1. Archaea: Unicellular Prokaryoete (no nucleus or peptidoglaycan well wall) bacteria that live in extreme conditions such as volcanic hot springs, brine pools and black organic mud totally lacking oxygen. Example: Methanogens (produce methane gas and live in oxygen free environments like thick mud and digestive tracts of animals.. Eubacteria: Unicellular Prokaryote (no nucleus) wide range of bacteria organisms with different lifestyles. So great that scientists often disagree about classification taxons Example: E. coli, Botulism, Rhizobium 3. Eukarya: All organisms with cells that have a nucleus surrounding the DNA unicellular and multicellular. Examples: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia 10

11 DOMAINS and KINGDOMS Cell Type Prokaryote DOMAIN ARCHAEA BACTERIA EUKARYA Eukaryote KINGDOM Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Number of Cells Unique characteristics of the cell Nutrition Unicellular Unicellular Most unicellular, some multicellular Cell walls LACKS peptidoglycan Autotroph Heterotroph Cell walls WITH peptidoglycan Autotroph Heterotroph Cell wals with cellulose, some have chloroplast Autotroph Heterotroph Most multicellular, some unicellular Cell walls with chitin Multicellular Cell walls of cellulose and chloroplast Multicellular No cell walls or chloroplast Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph Reproduction Function in Ecosystem Asexual Asexual Asexual and conjugation Decomposers Producers Decomposers Producers Decomposers Producers Sexual Asexual Some Asexual Some Sexual (Alteration of generations) Sexual Decomposers Producers Consumers Examples 1 Methanogens Halophiles 1 Strep E. coli 1 Amoeba Paramecium 3 Algae 1 Mushrooms Club Fungi Yeast Sac Fungi 3 Bread Mold Common mold 1 Moss Ferns 3 Cone Bearing 4 Flowering 1 Sponges Worms 3 Insects 4 Fish See page 459 For Chart 4 Penicillium Imperfect Fungi 5 Mammals 11

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