This course covers mammals (as loosely defined above). To classify the cheetah, we would do the following:

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "This course covers mammals (as loosely defined above). To classify the cheetah, we would do the following:"

Transcription

1 Mammalogy! Taxonomy: Definition of a mammal: Basic mammalian characteristics include: Mammary glands Endothermy Hair Sweat glands Divided into about 29 orders, 125 families, 1,229 genera, and over 5,420 species (more on taxonomy below) see also table 2-2, p. 18 of text You can't study mammalogy (or herpetology, ichthyology, ornithology, etc. without taxonomy). One needs a way to discuss different animals so that everyone knows what one is talking about. This course covers mammals (as loosely defined above). Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms (making sense of their relationships, since modern taxonomy is based on evolution). Traditionally, taxonomy is based on the system developed by Linnaeus. You should all be familiar with it, but here's a quick summary: To classify the cheetah, we would do the following: Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Order Carnivora Family Feliday Genus Acinonyx species jubatus As you go down in categories, the organisms begin to look more and more like each other. Incidentally, notice the italics. Genus and species names are always italicized (or underlined) when written (this is actually part of the official rules of the English language!)

2 We will be using this system in this class, as it's the easiest to use from a teaching perspective, and is still used widely by zoologists, botanists, and other organismal biologists. However, this approach has several problems, particularly if you're strictly investigating evolutionary relationships: 1 - everything above species is entirely subjective. Is an order for mammals the same as an order for insects? Does it reflect similar evolutionary relationships? (As an aside, our species concept needs revision, but no one can agree on how to do this!) 2 - it covers up branching points. For example, in the family Felidae, do all cats of the genus Panthera have the same evolutionary relationship to each other? 3 - To address some of these issues, many modern biologists use a cladistic approach. Note that cladistics can be used to both classify and establish relationships (the two are complementary). Using cladistics, organisms are classified solely based on their evolutionary relationships. Cladistics (strictly speaking) does away with the entire Linnaean system, as it's impossible to force a cladistic classification into the Linnaean categories. Instead, branching points are used, where each branching point describes characters that are (supposedly) shared by all subsequent branches. [ show cladogram ] This makes it very difficult to use in teaching as there are as many branching points as species. It makes it hard to know what to call a particular group of organisms. Fortunately, your text doesn't do much with cladistics except talk about it. But here are a few more examples from herpetology this spring as to the problems a pure cladistic classification can cause. [ show picture of lizard ] [ show picture of reptile ]

3 Please note that for determining relationships or constructing a classification based solely on relationships (sort of the idea), cladistics is a very valuable tool. Determining (analyzing) relationships: For teaching a course like this cladistics is horrible. There are actually several different ways of doing this: 1) Phenetics: 2) Cladistics: Measures as many different characters as possible, then tries to establish relationship based on the similarities of these characteristics. Often uses fairly complicated statistical techniques such as cluster analysis. The problem is that a blind phenetic approach does so without regard to the relationships of the characters. In other words, what is causing the similarities? Evolution? Convergence? Homologies? A blind phenetic approach can lead to classifications based on similarities, regardless of where those similarities come from. (e.g., classifying dolphins and sharks together) When used to construct relationships, it uses shared derived characteristics to determine relationships. If two organisms have the same characteristic due to homologies, then they are in some way related. Supposedly, this provides an objective approach. Unfortunately, what happens is practice is that there is a lot of argument over: - which characters are homologous - and which characters should be used - also, many of the algorithms used to do cladistic classification allow one to rate characters on an importance scale before analysis. - for example, if the researcher believes that two skull openings is more important than color pattern, then he or she can assign relative weights to these characters.

4 - this can obviously remove the objectivity (although the example above seems reasonable). In fairness, it should be mentioned that more recent classifications rely more and more on molecular relationships which are (supposedly) more objective. Cladistics is partly responsible for the state of modern taxonomy. Whether that's a good or bad thing is for other people to decide. 3) Traditional: There is a third approach that is still used. It's the expert approach. Someone will study a particular group of organisms for a long time and become an acknowledged expert in the field. Based on his or her knowledge, he or she puts together a taxonomy. This may or may not be combined with one of the two approaches above. Regardless of what approach one uses, one ought to be able to explain what happened or is happening. Characters used: Morphology: For example, someone decides to subdivide two species of gopher. Why? Just because? Is there a reason for doing so (not just because cladistics tells me so ) Is there some type of geographic barrier that can explain why there should be two species? Basically, the appearance of individuals. Various measurements are taken. For example: Biochemistry/genetics: Skull shape, foot length, total length, various ratios, color, etc. All of these can be used to differentiate different species. You will be using some of these in lab to differentiate the different species. Using proteins, DNA, immune system responses, or other techniques to differentiate species and/or groups. These days a lot of taxonomy is done using DNA sequences.

5 Obviously, the more similar DNA sequences, the more related. This is without a doubt the most powerful approach to establishing relationships and usually works very well. However, there are two problems in using this blindly: 1) Sometimes the people doing the analysis have no idea what the organisms even look like. a) if you are trying to establish the relationship between x and y, you ought to make sure you can identify x and y to begin with!! A long time ago some folks almost made a mess of gopher classification because they didn't even know what a gopher looked like. 2) It is not always clear what a specific difference in DNA means. Does a difference of x imply two different species? a) For example, if x hybridizes easily with y, they shouldn't be separate species, regardless of what the DNA is telling you! (This happened with painted turtles, but I can't think of a good example from mammals). Still, doing DNA analyses intelligently is probably one of the best methods for establishing taxonomic relationships. Has been used successfully many, many, times. Still, keep in mind that DNA is one of many techniques. It may be better than most, but it's not the only one! We will not learn how to do this in this course. Some taxonomic nomenclature: Monophyletic - all members of a taxon are in the same group and descended from a single node or individual. Paraphyletic - Not all members of a taxon are in the same group This is the issue with birds vs. reptiles Cladists do not like to see paraphyletic groups

6 Polyphyletic - Members of the same taxon have different ancestors (really screwed up). No one likes to see polyphyletic groups Recent taxonomic changes: One final problem is the current state of taxonomy. In recent years much of the taxonomy has changed. This is not just true in mammalogy, but also in herpetology, ornithology and other fields of zoology. Unfortunately, the current nomenclature is a bit of a mess, and not all of it is accepted yet. Many new families and even orders exist. Most are simply a re-organization of previous families and orders. Some species have also been put into different genera: What does that mean for us? Two things are obvious: Mustela vison --> Neovison vison Pipistrellus subflavus --> Perimyotis subflavus (This doesn't seem to be quite as bad as in herpetology). Scientific names are not stable. They should be. But what you learn today may change tomorrow. English (=common) names often seem more stable than anything else. As a result, you will be required to learn English names as well as current scientific names.

Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Biologists estimate that there are about 5 to 100 million species of organisms living on Earth today. Evidence from morphological, biochemical, and gene sequence

More information

If done properly, is based on evolutionary relationships (at least to some extent). Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> species

If done properly, is based on evolutionary relationships (at least to some extent). Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> species Taxonomy. (Your text makes a real mess of this. Use these notes as a guide through the book.) Study of classifying and naming organisms. Founded by Linnaeus. If done properly, is based on evolutionary

More information

Phylogeny 9/8/2014. Evolutionary Relationships. Data Supporting Phylogeny. Chapter 26

Phylogeny 9/8/2014. Evolutionary Relationships. Data Supporting Phylogeny. Chapter 26 Phylogeny Chapter 26 Taxonomy Taxonomy: ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences Carolus Linnaeus developed binomial nomenclature,

More information

Classification of Organisms

Classification of Organisms Classification of Organisms Main Idea *****Chapter 14***** Students should be able to: * Understand why a classification system is important * Understand that there are a variety of ways to classify organisms

More information

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS. Chapter 18

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS. Chapter 18 CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS Chapter 18 How many species are there? About 1.8 million species have been given scientific names Nearly 2/3 of which are insects 99% of all known animal species are smaller

More information

9.3 Classification. Lesson Objectives. Vocabulary. Introduction. Linnaean Classification

9.3 Classification. Lesson Objectives. Vocabulary. Introduction. Linnaean Classification 9.3 Classification Lesson Objectives Outline the Linnaean classification, and define binomial nomenclature. Describe phylogenetic classification, and explain how it differs from Linnaean classification.

More information

Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter focus Shifting from the process of how evolution works to the pattern evolution produces over time. Phylogeny Phylon = tribe, geny = genesis or origin

More information

Biologists use a system of classification to organize information about the diversity of living things.

Biologists use a system of classification to organize information about the diversity of living things. Section 1: Biologists use a system of classification to organize information about the diversity of living things. K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out L What I Learned Essential Questions What are

More information

CLASSIFICATION. Finding Order in Diversity

CLASSIFICATION. Finding Order in Diversity CLASSIFICATION Finding Order in Diversity WHAT IS TAXONOMY? Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. WHY CLASSIFY? To study the diversity of life, biologists

More information

PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS

PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS AP BIOLOGY EVOLUTION/HEREDITY UNIT Unit 1 Part 11 Chapter 26 Activity #15 NAME DATE PERIOD PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS PHYLOGENY Evolutionary history of species or group of related species SYSTEMATICS Study

More information

Background: Why Is Taxonomy Important?

Background: Why Is Taxonomy Important? Background: Why Is Taxonomy Important? Taxonomy is the system of classifying, or organizing, living organisms into a system based on their similarities and differences. Imagine you are a scientist who

More information

Station 1. Explain how scientists use each item below to determine the evolutionary relationships among organisms. 1. Structural similarities:

Station 1. Explain how scientists use each item below to determine the evolutionary relationships among organisms. 1. Structural similarities: Station 1 Explain how scientists use each item below to determine the evolutionary relationships among organisms. 1. Structural similarities: 2. Breeding behavior: 3. Geographical distribution: 4. Chromosome

More information

Classification. Sorting It All Out. section 1. Chapter 9

Classification. Sorting It All Out. section 1. Chapter 9 Classification Chapter 9 Sorting It All Out section 1 1 Why Classify? Classification Is the division of organisms into groups or classes based on common characteristics For thousands of years, humans have

More information

Chapter 17A. Table of Contents. Section 1 Categories of Biological Classification. Section 2 How Biologists Classify Organisms

Chapter 17A. Table of Contents. Section 1 Categories of Biological Classification. Section 2 How Biologists Classify Organisms Classification of Organisms Table of Contents Section 1 Categories of Biological Classification Section 1 Categories of Biological Classification Classification Section 1 Categories of Biological Classification

More information

Concept Modern Taxonomy reflects evolutionary history.

Concept Modern Taxonomy reflects evolutionary history. Concept 15.4 Modern Taxonomy reflects evolutionary history. What is Taxonomy: identification, naming, and classification of species. Common Names: can cause confusion - May refer to several species (ex.

More information

Classification Revision Pack (B2)

Classification Revision Pack (B2) Grouping Organisms: All organisms (living things) are classified into a number of different groups. The first, most broad group is a kingdom. The last, most selective group is a species there are fewer

More information

Classification Practice Test

Classification Practice Test Classification Practice Test Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. 1. An organism may have different

More information

2 Big Challenges of Classification

2 Big Challenges of Classification Classification Classification Classify to group things together based on similarities Why Classify? To make organisms/items easier to identify To make organisms/items easier to compare Allows us to predict

More information

Objectives. Classification. Activity. Scientists classify millions of species

Objectives. Classification. Activity. Scientists classify millions of species Objectives Classification Notes 8.1 Summarize classification Describe the evidence used to classify organisms. List the seven levels of classification. Describe and list the six kingdoms of living organisms

More information

Name: Class: Date: ID: A

Name: Class: Date: ID: A Class: _ Date: _ Ch 17 Practice test 1. A segment of DNA that stores genetic information is called a(n) a. amino acid. b. gene. c. protein. d. intron. 2. In which of the following processes does change

More information

Outline. Classification of Living Things

Outline. Classification of Living Things Outline Classification of Living Things Chapter 20 Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Taxonomy Binomial System Species Identification Classification Categories Phylogenetic Trees Tracing Phylogeny Cladistic Systematics

More information

Macroevolution Part I: Phylogenies

Macroevolution Part I: Phylogenies Macroevolution Part I: Phylogenies Taxonomy Classification originated with Carolus Linnaeus in the 18 th century. Based on structural (outward and inward) similarities Hierarchal scheme, the largest most

More information

8/23/2014. Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

8/23/2014. Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter 26 Objectives Explain the following characteristics of the Linnaean system of classification: a. binomial nomenclature b. hierarchical classification List the major

More information

Need for systematics. Applications of systematics. Linnaeus plus Darwin. Approaches in systematics. Principles of cladistics

Need for systematics. Applications of systematics. Linnaeus plus Darwin. Approaches in systematics. Principles of cladistics Topics Need for systematics Applications of systematics Linnaeus plus Darwin Approaches in systematics Principles of cladistics Systematics pp. 474-475. Systematics - Study of diversity and evolutionary

More information

The Tree of Life. Chapter 17

The Tree of Life. Chapter 17 The Tree of Life Chapter 17 1 17.1 Taxonomy The science of naming and classifying organisms 2000 years ago Aristotle Grouped plants and animals Based on structural similarities Greeks and Romans included

More information

Chapter 17. Organizing Life's Diversity

Chapter 17. Organizing Life's Diversity Chapter 17 Organizing Life's Diversity Key Concepts: Chapter 17 1. List the six kingdoms. 2. Our current system of classification was originally based on structures; scientists now base classification

More information

CHAPTER 26 PHYLOGENY AND THE TREE OF LIFE Connecting Classification to Phylogeny

CHAPTER 26 PHYLOGENY AND THE TREE OF LIFE Connecting Classification to Phylogeny CHAPTER 26 PHYLOGENY AND THE TREE OF LIFE Connecting Classification to Phylogeny To trace phylogeny or the evolutionary history of life, biologists use evidence from paleontology, molecular data, comparative

More information

How Biological Diversity Evolves

How Biological Diversity Evolves CHAPTER 14 How Biological Diversity Evolves PowerPoint Lectures for Essential Biology, Third Edition Neil Campbell, Jane Reece, and Eric Simon Essential Biology with Physiology, Second Edition Neil Campbell,

More information

The practice of naming and classifying organisms is called taxonomy.

The practice of naming and classifying organisms is called taxonomy. Chapter 18 Key Idea: Biologists use taxonomic systems to organize their knowledge of organisms. These systems attempt to provide consistent ways to name and categorize organisms. The practice of naming

More information

Classification. 18a. Lab Exercise. Contents. Introduction. Objectives. 18a

Classification. 18a. Lab Exercise. Contents. Introduction. Objectives. 18a Lab Exercise Classification Contents Objectives 1 Introduction 1 Activity.1 Classification of Organisms 4 Activity.2 Phylogenetic Analysis 5 Resutls Section 7 Objectives - To create a classification of

More information

Classifying and Exploring Life

Classifying and Exploring Life Classifying and Exploring Life Classifying Organisms Key Concepts What methods are used to classify living things into groups? Why does every species have a scientific name? What do you think? Read the

More information

Classification. copyright cmassengale

Classification. copyright cmassengale Classification 1 Species of Organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms are still being found and identified 2 What is

More information

Zoology. Classification

Zoology. Classification Zoology Zoology involves studying all aspects of organisms belonging to the animal kingdom taxonomy, animal physiology, comparative anatomy, and ecology. Our study of Zoology will be focused on the different

More information

Chapter 26. Phylogeny and the Tree of Life. Lecture Presentations by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 26. Phylogeny and the Tree of Life. Lecture Presentations by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Lecture Presentations by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Investigating the Tree of Life Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species or group of

More information

What is the purpose of the Classifying System? To allow the accurate identification of a particular organism

What is the purpose of the Classifying System? To allow the accurate identification of a particular organism What is the purpose of the Classifying System? To allow the accurate identification of a particular organism Taxonomy The practice of classifying organisms -Taxonomy was founded nearly 300 years ago by

More information

The Classification of Plants and Other Organisms. Chapter 18

The Classification of Plants and Other Organisms. Chapter 18 The Classification of Plants and Other Organisms Chapter 18 LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1 Define taxonomy Explain why the assignment of a scientific name to each species is important for biologists KEY TERMS TAXONOMY

More information

Section 18-1 Finding Order in Diversity

Section 18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Name Class Date Section 18-1 Finding Order in Diversity (pages 447-450) Key Concepts How are living things organized for study? What is binomial nomenclature? What is Linnaeus s system of classification?

More information

Workshop: Biosystematics

Workshop: Biosystematics Workshop: Biosystematics by Julian Lee (revised by D. Krempels) Biosystematics (sometimes called simply "systematics") is that biological sub-discipline that is concerned with the theory and practice of

More information

Kingdom: What s missing? List the organisms now missing from the above list..

Kingdom: What s missing? List the organisms now missing from the above list.. Life Science 7 Chapter 9-1 p 222-227 Classification: Sorting It All Out Objectives Explain why and how organisms are classified. List the eight levels of classification. Explain scientific names. Describe

More information

Sorting It All Out. What You Will Learn Explain why and how organisms are classified. List the eight levels of classification.

Sorting It All Out. What You Will Learn Explain why and how organisms are classified. List the eight levels of classification. Sorting It All Out Imagine that you live in a tropical rain forest and must get your own food, shelter, and clothing from the forest. What do you need to know to survive in the forest? What You Will Learn

More information

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from

More information

CLASSIFICATION NOTES

CLASSIFICATION NOTES CLASSIFICATION NOTES Classification Classification = arrangement of living things into groups according to their observed similarities. Important because it allows us to be able to study life easier Living

More information

Autotrophs capture the light energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy they use for food.

Autotrophs capture the light energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy they use for food. Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell Autotrophs capture the light energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy they use for food. Heterotrophs must get energy by eating autotrophs or other heterotrophs.

More information

Fig. 26.7a. Biodiversity. 1. Course Outline Outcomes Instructors Text Grading. 2. Course Syllabus. Fig. 26.7b Table

Fig. 26.7a. Biodiversity. 1. Course Outline Outcomes Instructors Text Grading. 2. Course Syllabus. Fig. 26.7b Table Fig. 26.7a Biodiversity 1. Course Outline Outcomes Instructors Text Grading 2. Course Syllabus Fig. 26.7b Table 26.2-1 1 Table 26.2-2 Outline: Systematics and the Phylogenetic Revolution I. Naming and

More information

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS 1. Taxonomy The branch of biology that deals with the classification of living organisms About 1.8 million species of plants and animals have been identified. Some scientists

More information

Finding Order in Diversity

Finding Order in Diversity 18.1 Finding order in diversity Binomial Nomenclature In the 1730s, Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus developed a two-word naming system called binomial nomenclature. In deciding how to place organisms

More information

Chapter 19: Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeny

Chapter 19: Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeny Chapter 19: Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeny AP Curriculum Alignment Chapter 19 expands on the topics of phylogenies and cladograms, which are important to Big Idea 1. In order for students to understand

More information

Classification Cladistics & The Three Domains of Life. Biology Mrs. Flannery

Classification Cladistics & The Three Domains of Life. Biology Mrs. Flannery Classification Cladistics & The Three Domains of Life Biology Mrs. Flannery Finding Order in Diversity Earth is over 4.5 billion years old. Life on Earth appeared approximately 3.5 billion years ago and

More information

Unit 8 Classification

Unit 8 Classification Unit 8 Classification Chapter 18: Classification www.pearsonrealize.com 18.1 Finding Order in Diversity (510) 18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification (516) 18.3 Building the Tree of Life (523) Name: Teacher:

More information

Classification Notes

Classification Notes Name Living Environment Classification Notes Characteristics of Living Things All living things have a cellular organization, contain similar chemicals, use energy, grow and develop, respond to their surroundings,

More information

UoN, CAS, DBSC BIOL102 lecture notes by: Dr. Mustafa A. Mansi. The Phylogenetic Systematics (Phylogeny and Systematics)

UoN, CAS, DBSC BIOL102 lecture notes by: Dr. Mustafa A. Mansi. The Phylogenetic Systematics (Phylogeny and Systematics) - Phylogeny? - Systematics? The Phylogenetic Systematics (Phylogeny and Systematics) - Phylogenetic systematics? Connection between phylogeny and classification. - Phylogenetic systematics informs the

More information

Classifying Marine Mammals

Classifying Marine Mammals Name: Period: Date: Part I 1. Our current system of classification divides living things into a hierarchy, starting with the most general and becoming more specific. In the space below, list the seven

More information

Unit Two: Biodiversity. Chapter 4

Unit Two: Biodiversity. Chapter 4 Unit Two: Biodiversity Chapter 4 A. Classifying Living Things (Ch.4 - page 100) Scientific knowledge is constantly evolving ( changing ): new evidence is discovered laws and theories are tested and possibly

More information

Finding Order in Diversity

Finding Order in Diversity Lesson Overview 18.1 Scientists have been trying to identify, name, and find order in the diversity of life for a long time. The first scientific system for naming and grouping organisms was set up long

More information

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from

More information

Chapter 10. Classification and Phylogeny of Animals. Order in Diversity. Hierarchy of taxa. Table Linnaeus introduced binomial nomenclature

Chapter 10. Classification and Phylogeny of Animals. Order in Diversity. Hierarchy of taxa. Table Linnaeus introduced binomial nomenclature Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 10 Classification and Phylogeny of Animals Order in Diversity History Systematic zoologists have three

More information

Sorting It All Out. Why Classify?

Sorting It All Out. Why Classify? 1 What You Will Learn Scientists use classification to study organisms and how organisms are related to each other. The eight levels of classification are domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family,

More information

Phylogenetic Analysis

Phylogenetic Analysis Phylogenetic Analysis Aristotle Through classification, one might discover the essence and purpose of species. Nelson & Platnick (1981) Systematics and Biogeography Carl Linnaeus Swedish botanist (1700s)

More information

Phylogenetic Analysis

Phylogenetic Analysis Phylogenetic Analysis Aristotle Through classification, one might discover the essence and purpose of species. Nelson & Platnick (1981) Systematics and Biogeography Carl Linnaeus Swedish botanist (1700s)

More information

Phylogenetic Analysis

Phylogenetic Analysis Phylogenetic Analysis Aristotle Through classification, one might discover the essence and purpose of species. Nelson & Platnick (1981) Systematics and Biogeography Carl Linnaeus Swedish botanist (1700s)

More information

The Tree of Life Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships.

The Tree of Life Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships. CHAPTER 17 The Tree of Life GETTING READY TO LEARN Preview Key Concepts 17.1 The Linnaean System of Classification Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities. 17.2 Classification Based

More information

CLASSIFICATION. Why Classify? 2/18/2013. History of Taxonomy Biodiversity: variety of organisms at all levels from populations to ecosystems.

CLASSIFICATION. Why Classify? 2/18/2013. History of Taxonomy Biodiversity: variety of organisms at all levels from populations to ecosystems. Why Classify? Classification has been around ever since people paid attention to organisms. CLASSIFICATION One primeval system was based on harmful and non-harmful organisms. Life is easier when we organize

More information

Biology Classification Unit 11. CLASSIFICATION: process of dividing organisms into groups with similar characteristics

Biology Classification Unit 11. CLASSIFICATION: process of dividing organisms into groups with similar characteristics Biology Classification Unit 11 11:1 Classification and Taxonomy CLASSIFICATION: process of dividing organisms into groups with similar characteristics TAXONOMY: the science of classifying living things

More information

10 Biodiversity Support. AQA Biology. Biodiversity. Specification reference. Learning objectives. Introduction. Background

10 Biodiversity Support. AQA Biology. Biodiversity. Specification reference. Learning objectives. Introduction. Background Biodiversity Specification reference 3.4.5 3.4.6 3.4.7 Learning objectives After completing this worksheet you should be able to: recall the definition of a species and know how the binomial system is

More information

Modern Evolutionary Classification. Section 18-2 pgs

Modern Evolutionary Classification. Section 18-2 pgs Modern Evolutionary Classification Section 18-2 pgs 451-455 Modern Evolutionary Classification In a sense, organisms determine who belongs to their species by choosing with whom they will mate. Taxonomic

More information

Finding Order in Diversity

Finding Order in Diversity Finding Order in Diversity Videos Scishow Taxonomy: https://youtu.be/f38bmgpcz_i Bozeman Taxonomy: https://youtu.be/tyl_8gv7rie Terms to Know 1. Radiometric Dating 12. Miller and Urey s 2. Geologic Time

More information

Ch 9 Section 1: Classification: Sorting It All Out

Ch 9 Section 1: Classification: Sorting It All Out Ch 9 Section 1: Classification: Sorting It All Out Objectives: Explain why and how organisms are classified. List the eight levels of classification. Explain scientific names. Describe how dichotomous

More information

Unit 1 The Study of Life Student Notes

Unit 1 The Study of Life Student Notes Unit 1 The Study of Life Student Notes 1.1 Introduction to Biology What is Science? is a special way of looking at and learning about the. a. Looks into relationships between. b. Tries to those relationships

More information

SECTION 17-1 REVIEW BIODIVERSITY. VOCABULARY REVIEW Distinguish between the terms in each of the following pairs of terms.

SECTION 17-1 REVIEW BIODIVERSITY. VOCABULARY REVIEW Distinguish between the terms in each of the following pairs of terms. SECTION 17-1 REVIEW BIODIVERSITY VOCABULARY REVIEW Distinguish between the terms in each of the following pairs of terms. 1. taxonomy, taxon 2. kingdom, species 3. phylum, division 4. species name, species

More information

Classification, Phylogeny yand Evolutionary History

Classification, Phylogeny yand Evolutionary History Classification, Phylogeny yand Evolutionary History The diversity of life is great. To communicate about it, there must be a scheme for organization. There are many species that would be difficult to organize

More information

Classification Systems. - Taxonomy

Classification Systems. - Taxonomy Classification Systems - Taxonomy Why Classify? 2.5 million kinds of organisms Not complete- 20 million organisms estimated Must divide into manageable groups To work with the diversity of life we need

More information

Lecture 11 Friday, October 21, 2011

Lecture 11 Friday, October 21, 2011 Lecture 11 Friday, October 21, 2011 Phylogenetic tree (phylogeny) Darwin and classification: In the Origin, Darwin said that descent from a common ancestral species could explain why the Linnaean system

More information

PHYLOGENY & THE TREE OF LIFE

PHYLOGENY & THE TREE OF LIFE PHYLOGENY & THE TREE OF LIFE PREFACE In this powerpoint we learn how biologists distinguish and categorize the millions of species on earth. Early we looked at the process of evolution here we look at

More information

What is taxonomy? Taxonomy is the grouping and naming of organisms. Biologists who study this are called taxonomists

What is taxonomy? Taxonomy is the grouping and naming of organisms. Biologists who study this are called taxonomists Taxonomy What is taxonomy? Taxonomy is the grouping and naming of organisms Biologists who study this are called taxonomists How did it start? People wanted to organize their world so they began grouping,

More information

CHAPTER 10 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals

CHAPTER 10 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals CHAPTER 10 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals 10-1 10-2 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Linnaeus and Taxonomy More than 1.5 million species of

More information

Friday April 8 th 2016

Friday April 8 th 2016 Friday April 8 th 2016 Warm-Up Select a highlighter. Get a bottle of glue. Update your Table of Contents (see whiteboard). Today In Science Classification Presentation and Notes How many different types

More information

CH. 18 Classification

CH. 18 Classification CH. 18 Classification Name:_ 1. Biologists use a classification system to group organisms in part because organisms a. are going extinct. b. are very numerous and diverse. c. are too much alike. d. share

More information

Organizing Life s Diversity Section 17.1 Classification

Organizing Life s Diversity Section 17.1 Classification Organizing Life s Diversity Section 17.1 Classification Scan Section 1 of your book. Write three questions that come to mind from reading the headings and the illustration captions. 1. 2. 3. Review species

More information

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Lecture Outline Overview: Investigating the Tree of Life Evolutionary biology is about both process and pattern. o The processes of evolution are natural selection

More information

The Road to the Six Kingdoms

The Road to the Six Kingdoms Bio 2201 Unit 2 The Road to the Six Kingdoms A 2011study estimated there are about 8.6 million species on earth. Only 1.8 million species have been identified and named. *Chromista is a sub-kingdom group

More information

Using a Dichotomous Key

Using a Dichotomous Key Using a Dichotomous Key Created by Tricia Stohr-Hunt, 2013 http://bookishways.blogspot.com http://www.scrappindoodles.com Font by Ashley Magee http://www.firstgradebrain.com/ This file contains: 1. Reading

More information

Biology 211 (2) Week 1 KEY!

Biology 211 (2) Week 1 KEY! Biology 211 (2) Week 1 KEY Chapter 1 KEY FIGURES: 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7 VOCABULARY: Adaptation: a trait that increases the fitness Cells: a developed, system bound with a thin outer layer made of

More information

Thursday, February 28. Bell Work: On the picture.

Thursday, February 28. Bell Work: On the picture. Thursday, February 28 Bell Work: On the picture. 1 Classification Chapter 17 This is a pangolin. Though it may not look like any other animal that you are familiar with, it is a mammal the same group of

More information

Organizing Life s Diversity

Organizing Life s Diversity 17 Organizing Life s Diversity section 2 Modern Classification Classification systems have changed over time as information has increased. What You ll Learn species concepts methods to reveal phylogeny

More information

Classification and Phylogeny

Classification and Phylogeny Classification and Phylogeny The diversity of life is great. To communicate about it, there must be a scheme for organization. There are many species that would be difficult to organize without a scheme

More information

LAB 21: Evolution and Classification

LAB 21: Evolution and Classification LAB 21: Evolution and Classification Introduction: This lab is an adapted version of one created by Robert P. Gendron of Indiana University of Pennsylvania. Humans classify almost everything, including

More information

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 2 of 26

18-1 Finding Order in Diversity Slide 2 of 26 18-1 Finding Order in Diversity 2 of 26 Natural selection and other processes have led to a staggering diversity of organisms. Biologists have identified and named about 1.5 million species so far. They

More information

chapter 18 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

chapter 18 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. chapter 18 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. One goal of scientists is to assign every organism a universally accepted name according to

More information

NAME: DATE: PER: CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE Powerpoint Notes

NAME: DATE: PER: CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE Powerpoint Notes NAME: DATE: PER: CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE Powerpoint Notes 1. Species of Organisms a) There are known species of organisms b) This is only of all organisms that ever lived. c) are still being found and identified.

More information

Classification and Phylogeny

Classification and Phylogeny Classification and Phylogeny The diversity it of life is great. To communicate about it, there must be a scheme for organization. There are many species that would be difficult to organize without a scheme

More information

Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 1. Key Concepts Pertaining to Phylogeny 2. Determining Phylogenies 3. Evolutionary History Revealed in Genomes 1. Key Concepts Pertaining to Phylogeny PHYLOGENY

More information

Summary Finding Order in Diversity Modern Evolutionary Classification

Summary Finding Order in Diversity Modern Evolutionary Classification ( Is (.'I.isiifiuilimi Summary 18-1 Finding Order in Diversity There are millions of different species on Earth. To study this great diversity of organisms, biologists must give each organ ism a name.

More information

The Life System and Environmental & Evolutionary Biology II

The Life System and Environmental & Evolutionary Biology II The Life System and Environmental & Evolutionary Biology II EESC V2300y / ENVB W2002y Laboratory 1 (01/28/03) Systematics and Taxonomy 1 SYNOPSIS In this lab we will give an overview of the methodology

More information

1. Construct and use dichotomous keys to identify organisms.

1. Construct and use dichotomous keys to identify organisms. OBJECTIVE SHEET SYSTEMATICS AND CLASSIFICATION 1. Construct and use dichotomous keys to identify organisms. 2. Clarify the purpose behind systematics and phylogeny. 3. Identify the structures of a phylogenetic

More information

SPECIATION. REPRODUCTIVE BARRIERS PREZYGOTIC: Barriers that prevent fertilization. Habitat isolation Populations can t get together

SPECIATION. REPRODUCTIVE BARRIERS PREZYGOTIC: Barriers that prevent fertilization. Habitat isolation Populations can t get together SPECIATION Origin of new species=speciation -Process by which one species splits into two or more species, accounts for both the unity and diversity of life SPECIES BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT Population or groups

More information

Classification is the grouping of objects based on similarities. Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems.

Classification is the grouping of objects based on similarities. Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems. 1 Classification is the grouping of objects based on similarities. Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems. (six kingdoms) 2 Classification Classification is an important In understanding

More information

ELE4120 Bioinformatics Tutorial 8

ELE4120 Bioinformatics Tutorial 8 ELE4120 ioinformatics Tutorial 8 ontent lassifying Organisms Systematics and Speciation Taxonomy and phylogenetics Phenetics versus cladistics Phylogenetic trees iological classification Goal: To develop

More information

Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Phylogenies Show Evolutionary Relationships

Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Phylogenies Show Evolutionary Relationships Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life You Must Know The taxonomic categories and how they indicate relatedness. How systematics is used to develop phylogenetic trees. How to construct a phylogenetic

More information

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

More information

Chapter 18: Classification

Chapter 18: Classification Chapter 18: Classification Dichotomous Key A way to identify unknown organisms Contains major characteristics of groups of organisms Pairs of CONTRASTING descriptions 4. After each description key either

More information