Primate Diversity & Human Evolution (Outline)

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1 Primate Diversity & Human Evolution (Outline) 1. Source of evidence for evolutionary relatedness of organisms 2. Primates features and function 3. Classification of primates and representative species 4. Order of appearance of primates from the earliest to the most recent and vice versa. 5. Primate habitat and diet 6. Hominid traits and bipedalism. 7. Extinct hominin species. 8. Dispersal of the genus Homo out of Africa 9. Common features of Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis. Use the PowerPoint presentation, your textbook, and the documentary

2 Evidence for Evolutionary Relatedness of Organisms Paleontology: Using fossil records about Prehistoric times History starts with records - Reading and writing Anthropology: Study of human culture or development with a historical comparative approach Molecular Evolution: Protein and DNA sequences, and Chromosomes

3 Molecular Evolution Field of study using comparison of: - DNA and protein sequences - Chromosome banding - Genome structure Mutations occur in DNA over time Comparing two DNA sequences - Fewer changes indicate closer relation and more recent divergence - More changes, more ancient divergence

4 Primate Evolution Primates evolved as small arboreal (treedwelling) mammals ~65 million years ago Primates includes the lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes

5 Figure 16.14

6

7 Cretaceous extinction 50% of marine species and many terrestrial lineages went extinct 65 million years ago All dinosaurs (except birds) went extinct Likely cause was a large asteroid that struck the Earth, blocking light and disrupting the global climate Yucatán Peninsula North America Chicxulub crater Yucatán Peninsula

8 Last 0.5 bilion years Cenozoic Humans Colonization of land Animals Origin of solar system and Earth 1 Proterozoic eon Archaean eon 4 Multicellular eukaryotes Single-celled eukaryotes 2 3 Atmospheric oxygen Prokaryotes

9 Primate Diversity & Human Evolution The human story begins with our primate heritage Primates includes the lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes

10 Primate features include Limber joints Grasping hands and feet with flexible digits A short snout Forward-pointing eyes that enhance depth perception Lemurs Lorises The squirrel-sized slender loris

11 Mouse Lemur- smallest primate

12 Three groups of primates Prosimians Monkeys Anthropoids Hominoids (apes) 0 Millions of years ago Lorises, pottos, and lemurs Tarsiers New World monkeys Old World monkeys Gibbons Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Humans 60 Ancestral primate

13 The lorises, lemurs, and pottos make up the oldest group of primates Potto v=v3umq6f6mak The tarsiers form a second group of primates h?v=8rbndmo8dka

14 Three groups of primates Prosimians Monkeys Anthropoids Hominoids (apes) 0 Millions of years ago Lorises, pottos, and lemurs Tarsiers New World monkeys Old World monkeys Gibbons Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Humans 60 Ancestral primate

15 The anthropoid group includes monkeys and apes

16 Hominoids include humans and five other groups of apes Hominoids or apes include Gibbons Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Bonobos Humans

17 HOMINID EVOLUTION The human branch of the primate tree is only a few million years old Human and chimpanzees probably diverged from a common ancestor between 5 and 7 million years ago

18 Comparing Chimps and Humans We have more in common with chimpanzees and bonobos than any other animal DNA hybridization and protein comparisons reveal that chimps and humans share 98.7% of their gene-encoding proteins Comparison of insertions and deletions (indels) suggests that our similarity is only about 96.6%!

19 Hominid evolution from woodland bipedal hominids to savanna, meat eating, cooking, bigger brains Hominids

20

21 Our Most Recent Ancestors Meat eater Cave dweller, intense care for young Social, male/female bonds, used fire, left Africa Figure 16.10

22 Major milestones in hominid evolution included The appearance of bipedalism A larger brain Parental care Bipedalism preceded the evolution of the enlarged brain Hominid traits include Language and symbolic thought The use of complex tools Social grouping & pair-bonding ogy_and_science-science/

23 - The genus Homo includes hominids with reduced sexual dimorphism, larger brains, and tool use - Originated in Africa - Several species Homo erectus was the first hominid to spread out of Africa Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and later migrated to Asia and Europe

24 Human Traits??? Verbal communication using speech and language a genetic trait in humans, the FOXP2 gene (100,000 years ago) a prerequisite for the development of human culture relies fine control of the larynx and mouth, absent in chimpanzees and other great apes Agriculture about 10,000 to 15,000 years Complex tools

25 Human Migration Out of Africa Two main hypotheses have been proposed to explain the expansion of modern humans (Homo sapiens) from Africa into rest of the world 1. Out of Africa or replacement hypothesis 2. Multi-regional hypothesis Comparison of mtdna, Y chromosome and autosome sequences supports the Out of Africa hypothesis

26 Origin Modern Humans 1. Out of Africa or replacement hypothesis - Within Africa, Homo sapiens evolved from Homo erectus - Descendants migrated from Africa about 56,000 years ago to replace hominids living in Europe, Asia, and Middle East 2. Multiregional hypothesis - Homo erectus migrated out of Africa to Europe, Asia, and Middle East - Evolution of Homo sapiens occurred in multiple locations with interbreeding between populations

27 Competing Models Figure 2: Diagram showing each of the three competing models Nature Education Modified from Gibbons. All rights reserved

28 Neanderthals Revisited Neanderthals had variants of the FOXP2 gene - Possible speech Some had mutations in the MC1R gene - Had pale skin and red hair The Neanderthals preceded H. sapiens into Europe and became extinct about 30,000

29 (Neanderthal genes 'survive in us )

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