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1 PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University C H A P T E R 11 Characterizing and Classifying Prokaryotes 016/03/11/world/bact eria-discoveryplastic/index.html s.view/articleno/4555 6/title/Microbial- Recycler-Found/ General Characteristics of Prokaryotic Organisms Reproduction of Prokaryotic Cells All reproduce asexually Three main methods Binary fission (most common) Snapping division Budding 1
2 Figure 11.3 Binary fission. 1 Cell replicates its DNA. Nucleoid Cell wall Cytoplasmic membrane Replicated DNA 2 The cytoplasmic membrane elongates, separating DNA molecules. 3 Cross wall forms; membrane invaginates. 4 Cross wall forms completely. 5 Daughter cells may separate. Figure 11.4 Snapping division, a variation of binary fission. Older, outer portion of cell wall Newer, inner portion of cell wall Rupture of older, outer wall Hinge Figure 11.6 Budding Parent cell retains its identity 2
3 General Characteristics of Prokaryotic Organisms Arrangements of Prokaryotic Cells Result from two aspects of division during binary fission Planes in which cells divide Separation of daughter cells Figure 11.7 Arrangements of cocci. Plane of division Diplococci Streptococci Tetrads Sarcinae Staphylococci Figure 11.8 Arrangements of bacilli. Single bacillus Diplobacilli Streptobacilli Palisade V-shape 3
4 Modern Prokaryotic Classification Currently based on genetic relatedness of rrna sequences Three domains Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Figure 11.9 Prokaryotic taxonomy based on rrna sequences BACTERIA Thermophilic bacteria PHYLUM CHLOROFLEXI (green nonsulfur) Size of disc = # species Closer = more similiar PHYLUM DEINOCOCCUS-THERMUS Deeply branching bacteria GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA PHYLUM PROTEOBACTERIA PHYLUM AQUIFICAE Rickettsias ( ) Purple nonsulfur ( ) Nitrifying ( ) Nitrogen fixing ( ) Myxobacteria ( ) PHYLUM CHLOROBI Campylobacteria ( ) (green sulfur) Gammaproteobacteria ( ) Neisserias ( ) PHYLUM FIBROBACTERES PHYLUM BACTEROIDETES PHYLUM CHLAMYDIAE PHYLUM PHYLUM SPIROCHAETES PLANCTOMYCETES Low G+C Gram-positive PHYLUM FIRMICUTES PHYLUM FUSOBACTERIA Clostridia Mycoplasmas PHYLUM CYANOBACTERIA ARCHAEA PHYLUM CRENARCHAEOTA PHYLUM EURYARCHAEOTA Methanogens Halophiles Selenomonas Bacilli, lactobacili, cocci Streptomyces Atopobium Arthrobacter Corynebacterium Mycobacterium Nocardia PHYLUM ACTINOBACTERIA GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAHigh G+C Gram-positive Thermophilic archaea Survey of Archaea Common features Lack true peptidoglycan Cell membrane lipids have branched hydrocarbon chains AUG codon codes for methionine like eukaryotes Two phyla: Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota Reproduce by binary fission, budding, or fragmentation Are cocci, bacilli, spirals, or pleomorphic Not known to cause disease 4
5 Figure Archaea. Geogemma 130 degrees 2 hrs Survey of Archaea Extremophiles (some) Require extreme conditions to survive Temperature, ph, and/or salinity Prominent members are thermophiles and halophiles Survey of Archaea Extremophiles Thermophiles DNA, RNA, cytoplasmic membranes, and proteins do not function properly below 45ºC Hyperthermophiles require temperatures over 80ºC Two representative genera Geogemma Pyrodictium 5
6 Figure Some hyperthermophilic archaea live in hot springs. Survey of Archaea Extremophiles Halophiles Inhabit extremely saline habitats Depend on greater than 9% NaCl to maintain integrity of cell walls Many contain red or orange pigments May protect from sunlight Most studied Halobacterium salinarium Figure The habitat of halophiles: highly saline water. Solar evaporation ponds to concentrate salt for seasoning/fertilizer production 6
7 Survey of Archaea Methanogens (obligate anaerobe) e.g. Methanopyrus Largest group of archaea Convert carbon dioxide, hydrogen gas, and organic acids to methane gas Convert organic wastes in pond, lake, and ocean sediments to methane environmental importance Some live in colons of animals One of primary sources of environmental methane Have produced ~10 trillion tons of methane that is buried in mud on ocean floor Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria Deeply branching bacteria Scientists believe these organisms are similar to earliest bacteria Autotrophic Live in habitats similar to those thought to exist on early Earth Aquifex Considered to represent earliest branch of bacteria Deinococcus (radiation resistant) Has outer membrane similar to Gram-negatives, but stains Gram-positive Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria Phototrophic bacteria Phototrophs that contain photosynthetic lamellae Autotrophic Divided into five groups based on pigments and source of electrons for photosynthesis Blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria) Green sulfur bacteria Green nonsulfur bacteria Purple sulfur bacteria Purple nonsulfur bacteria 7
8 Figure Examples of cyanobacteria with different growth habits. Vegetative cell Oxygenic Chlorophyll a Heterocyst Akinete Nitrogen fixation Sheath (glycocalyx) Figure Deposits of sulfur within purple sulfur bacteria. Anoxygenic bacteriocholorphylls Reduce H 2 S to Sulphur Internal purple sulphur External green sulphur Nonsuphur types reduce organic compounds 8
9 Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria Similar rrna seqs Clostridia (1/3) Rod-shaped, obligate anaerobes Important in medicine (toxins) and industry (endospores) Clostridium botulinum/tetani/perfringes/difficile Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria Mycoplasmas (2/3) Facultative or obligate anaerobes Lack cell walls Smallest free-living cells - pleomorphic Colonize mucous membranes of the respiratory and urinary tracts Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria Other low G + C bacilli and cocci (3/3) Bacillus Many common in soil Bacillus thuringiensis toxin used by farmers and gardeners as an insecticide Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax 9
10 Figure Crystals of Bt toxin, produced by the endospore-forming Bacillus thuringiensis. Bt toxin Bacillus thuringiensis Kills caterpillars Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria Other low G + C bacilli and cocci (no endospores) Listeria Contaminates milk and meat products Capable of reproducing under refrigeration Can cross the placenta in pregnant women Lactobacillus Grows in the body but rarely causes disease Used in the production of various foods yogurt/buttermilk/pickle 10
11 High G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria Corynebacterium (C diptheriae) Pleomorphic aerobes and facultative anaerobes Produces metachromatic granules (phosphates) Mycobacterium (M leprae/m tuberculosis) Aerobic rods that sometimes form filaments Slow growth partly due to mycolic acid in its cell walls Actinomycetes Form branching filaments resembling fungi Important genera include Actinomyces, Nocardia, Streptomyces Gram-Negative Proteobacteria Largest and most diverse group of bacteria Five classes of proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Betaproteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria Epsilonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Nitrogen fixers (N 2 to NH 3 ) Two genera important to agriculture Grow in association with the roots of plants Azospirillum Rhizobium 11
12 Figure Nodules on pea plant roots. Figure A prostheca. Flagellum Prostheca Attachment and increase surface area for absortion Figure Growth and reproduction of Caulobacter. Rock or other substrate 1 Prostheca Flagellum 2 Swarmer cell Cell doubles in size 3 4a or 4b Rosette 12
13 Gram-Negative Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Nitrifying bacteria (NH 3 to NO 3 ) (NH 3 - to NO 2 - to NO 3 ) 2 step nitrification step Oxidation of nitrogenous compounds provides electrons Important in the environment and agriculture Nitrobacter (2 nd step) Gram-Negative Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Pathogenic alphaproteobacteria Rickettsia Transmitted through bite of an arthropod (fleas/lice) Cause several human diseases (typhus/spotted fever) Brucella Causes brucellosis (spontaneous abortion, sterility) Figure A plant gall. 13
14 Gram-Negative Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Glycolytic facultative anaerobes Catabolize carbohydrates by glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway Divided into three families Gram-Negative Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Pseudomonads Break down numerous organic compounds Important pathogens of humans and animals Pseudomonas causes urinary tract, ear, and lung infections Azotobacter Azomonas 14
15 Gram-Negative Proteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria Desulfovibrio Bdellovibrio Myxobacteria Figure Bdellovibrio, a Gram-negative pathogen of other Gram-negative bacteria. Bdellovibrio Bacterial prey 1 10 minutes Cell wall Periplasmic space 5 20 minutes minutes 2 10 seconds 3 20 minutes Cytoplasmic membrane Figure Life cycle of myxobacteria. Binary fission (nutrients plentiful) 1 Slime trail 5 Myxospores germinate to form vegetative cells once nutrients are restored Vegetative cells Mounding when nutrients are depleted Myxospores 4 Sporangium Myxospores Sporangium Mound of cells 3 2 Formation of fruiting body Fruiting body 15
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