Intro to Prokaryotes Lecture 1 Spring 2014

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1 Intro to Prokaryotes Lecture 1 Spring 2014

2 Meet the Prokaryotes 1

3 Meet the Prokaryotes 2

4 Meet the Prokaryotes 3 Why study prokaryotes?

5 Deep Time 4 Fig Fossilized stromatolite (above) and living stromatolite (below) When did Prokaryotes evolve? Stromatolites rocklike structures of bacteria and sediment

6 Deep Time 5 How did early prokaryotes produce ATP? Evolution of electron transport systems ~ 3 bya Development of atmospheric oxygen ~ 2.7 bya Fig. 25.7

7 Deep Time Evolution of eukaryotes~ 2.1 bya 6 Fig. 25.8

8 The New Tree of Life 7 Phylogeny - the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species Taxonomy Ordered division of organisms into categories

9 The New Tree of Life 8 Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

10 The New Tree of Life 9 Fig

11 10 Review 1. Draw an animal cell. Label structures w/name and function 2. Make a list of the differences between plant and animal cells 3. Make a list of the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

12 Animal cell structures: Plasma membrane Nucleus Cytosol Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Vacuoles Peroxisome Eukaryotes: Animal Cells 11 Not typically found in plants: Centrosome Lysosomes Flagella See Fig. 6.9 Animal cell

13 Plant cell structures: Plasma membrane Nucleus Cytosol Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Peroxisome Eukaryotes: Plant Cells 12 Not found in animals: Cell Wall w/plasmodesmata Plastids (Chloroplasts, Amyloplasts, Chromoplasts) Central vacuole Fig. 4.6 Animal cell See Fig. 6.9 Plant cell

14 Prokaryotes Bacteria Cannot grow above 100 C Archaea Extremophiles thermophiles halophiles 13

15 Prokaryotes 14 Prokaryotes: Domain Bacteria & Archaea Unicellular Colonial or solitary Small

16 Structure: Shapes 15 Prokaryotes can be described by shape coccus, bacillus, spirillum Colonies can be described by how cells are aggregated strepto = in chains e.g., streptobacilli staphylo = in clusters e.g., staphylococci Fig (spirillum)

17 Structure: Cell Walls 16 Function of cell walls? Eukaryotes Which eukaryotes have cell walls? What is the major structural components for each? Bacteria Peptidoglycan Classification gram-positive and gram-negative Archaea Lack peptidoglycan Contain other polysaccharides & proteins

18 Structure: Bacterial Cell Walls 17 Lipopolysaccharides. See Fig. 27.3

19 Gram-positive & Gram-negative 18 Why does this classification matter? Within group of pathogenic (disease-causing) bacteria, gram-negative more threatening than gram-positive.

20 Gram-positive & Gram-negative 19 Gram-negative Toxic lipopolysaccarides Outer membrane defends bacteria against a body s defense system Antibiotic resistance reduces/prevents drug entry targeted to peptidoglycan layer

21 2

22 21

23 Structures for Attachment 22 Capsules Slime layer Fimbriae Pili Fig Fig Fimbriae Fig. 27.5

24 Structures for Movement 23 Taxis Fig. 27.6

25 Structure: Internal Organization 24 Fig. 27.7

26 Structure: Internal Organization 25 Plasmids a small ring of DNA carrying accessory gene Prokaryotic chromosome Ring - few proteins Fig

27 Metabolic Diversity 26

28 Metabolic Diversity: Oxygen 27 Obligate aerobes Obligate anaerobes Fermentation or Anaerobic respiration Facultative anaerobes

29 28 How can the metabolic capabilities of bacteria help us solve environmental problems? Show movie

30 29 Toxins in the environment Bioaccummulation Biomagnification

31 Bioremediation use of biological processes to degrade, transform, and/or remove contaminants from soil and water 30

32 Phytoremediation 31 Use of plants for on-site treatment of contaminated soils, sediments, and water Hyperaccumulators E.g., cadmium, lead, arsenic, zinc

33 Phytoremediation 32 Phytoremediaton & genetic engineering Bacteria gene to transform methylmercury

34 Metabolic Diversity: Unique Capabilities 33 Nitrogen fixation & Denitrification Fig

35 Ecological Roles of Prokaryotes 34 Critical for the survival of life on earth Carbon cycle Oxygen Nitrogen cycle Decomposers Fig. 54,17

36 Ecological Roles: Symbiotic Relationships between prokaryotes & eukaryotes 35 Mutualism Host = fish Fig Symbiont = bacteria inside fish

37 Ecological Roles: Mutualism 36 Humans & Bacteroides thetaiotamicron Nitrogen fixing in plants Rhizobium spp. and plants from Legume family

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