1. Label a few examples of lines of latitude and lines of longitude on the globe above left.
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1 Oceanography 2 Location, Direction, and Distance on Nautical Charts Please read Appendix III in the textbook for reference. Learning Objectives for the first nautical chart Lab 1. Use the latitude-longitude system to describe location on a map or chart. 2. Describe the angles used to define latitude and longitude within a globe. 3. Use a scale to determine distance between two points on a map or chart. 4. Describe a compass direction in terms of a bearing. 5. Identify the locations of true north and magnetic north on the globe, as well as the reasons for their positions. What is a chart? A chart is a special kind of map that is used for nautical navigation. It usually shows the bathymetry (water depths) of coastal areas, navigational features such as buoys and lighthouses, and the shape of the coastline. The chart we will use in this lab is NOAA chart of Monterey Bay. I Location, location, location: all about Latitude and Longitude Lines of latitude and longitude are used to locate positions on maps and charts. Lines of latitude are imaginary lines that run parallel to the equator. They are labeled by their angular distance north or south of the equator as shown below. Lines of longitude run from pole to pole and are labeled by their angular distance east or west of Greenwich, England. The north-south line that runs through Greenwich, England is known as the Prime Meridian. The angular unit of degrees is traditionally broken into units called minutes. There are 60 minutes in a degree. In other words, a minute is 1/60 th of a degree. 1. Label a few examples of lines of latitude and lines of longitude on the globe above left. Lines paralleling the equator are lines of latitude. Lines extending from the north to the south pole are lines of longitude. See the left part of the image above.
2 Lines of latitude and longitude are named using angles. Angles are measured in units of degrees. The Degree The degree is the basic unit of measure for an angle. A right angle is 90º, a straight line is 180º, and there are 360º in a circle. Fractions of Degrees = Minutes Sometimes, we need to describe fractions of degrees, like when we are describing location on the surface of the Earth in terms of angular measurements like latitude or longitude. Degrees are traditionally broken into units called minutes. There are 60 minutes in a degree. In other words, a minute is 1/60 th of a degree. Fractions of Minutes: There are two methods: a. Decimal Minutes: the minutes are broken into decimal units using the usual tenths, hundredths, thousandths, etc The Monterey Bay NOAA Nautical Chart uses degrees and decimal minutes. b. Seconds: There are 60 seconds in a minute. In other words, a second is 1/60 th of a minute. USGS topographic maps use degrees, minutes, and seconds. To Designate areas E or W of the Prime Meridian and N or S of the Equator We use: the letter E to designate areas east of the Prime Meridian the letter W to designate areas west of the Prime Meridian the letter N to designate areas north of the equator the letter S to designate areas south of the equator Use of the letters N, S, E, or W is required when describing angles using the minute system. Examples: A. Line A to the right, a line of latitude forty degrees and zero minutes north of the equator, is written 40º0.0 N. B. Line B to the right, a line of longitude fifty degrees and zero minutes west of the Prime Meridian, is written 50º0.0 W. A B C. The line of longitude that lies 36 degrees and 31 minutes south of the Equator is written 36º31 S. D. The line of longitude that lies 105 degrees and minutes east of the Prime Meridian is written 105º15.24 E.
3 Lines of latitude and longitude on the globe Fill in the columns on the right by writing the angle used to communicate the latitude or longitude described on the left. Use decimal minutes. First one completed as an example. Written Description Angle Latitude or Longitude? The area 60 degrees and 5.5 minutes north of the equator 60º5.5 N Latitude The area 79 degrees and 54.9 minutes east of the prime 79º54.9 E Longitude Meridian The area 36 degrees and 34.8 minutes south of the equator 36º34.8 S Latitude The line 175 degrees and 33.2 minutes west of the Prime 175º33.2 W Longitude Meridian The line 82 degrees and 46.5 minutes north of the equator 82º46.5 N Latitude The line 48 degrees and 21.2 minutes east of the Prime Meridian Lines of latitude and longitude on the Monterey Bay Chart Complete the table below. What are the latitudes or longitudes for the following solid lines of latitude or longitude printed on the chart? Each question refers to a solid line on the nautical charts in class. Use decimal minutes. Be sure to include a N or S for latitudes and an E or W for longitudes, as appropriate. These letters are part of the answer. The first one is done for you. 48º21.2 E A B Longitude C Location all of these refer to solid lines representing lines of longitude or latitude on the chart. Line of longitude that intersects Lovers Point in Pacific Grove (line A above) Line of latitude nearest the Indian Head Beach (Line B above) Line of longitude nearest Indian Head Beach (Line C above) Line of latitude that intersects the Cypress Point bouy Line of latitude a few miles north of Moss Landing Line of longitude nearest and west of Cypress Point Westernmost line of longitude shown as a solid line on the chart Longitude or Latitude 121º 55 W 36º 40 N 121º50 W 36º 35 N 36º 50 N 122º 0 W 122º 5 W
4 Reading Tenths of Minutes from the Monterey Bay Chart The scale along the edges of the chart is divided into minutes and tenth of minutes. The minutes are shown Tenth of One Minute One Minute by the solid and a minute open areas along the scale. There are five minutes between each solid line of latitude or longitude; each of W W W these are labeled with the number of minutes that they represent. Each of the minutes is divided into tenths of minutes by a tick mark. Examples are shown above. 1. What are the latitudes and longitudes of the boundaries of the Monterey Bay chart? Complete the table. Be sure to include a N or S for latitudes and an E or W for longitudes, as appropriate. Chart boundary Monterey Bay chart Western Longitude: W Northern Latitude: N Southern Latitude: N 2. Why do the longitude numbers increase to the west on this chart? Because Monterey Bay is in the Western Hemisphere and is West, not East, of Greenwich, England. As the distance between the point of interest and the Prime Meridian increases to the west, the angle describing longitude gets bigger.
5 3. On the Monterey Bay Chart, what is the latitude and longitude of the following places? Don t forget the N, W, E, or S where appropriate. Place Latitude Longitude Pt Pinos lighthouse N W Pt Santa Cruz lighthouse N W Northernmost corner of the N W Restricted Area off Marina Beach The buoy just northwest of N W Pt Pinos Mouth of Soquel Creek N W The buoy just off Cypress Point N W 4. What feature is described by the following latitudes and longitudes? Latitude Longitude Location N W Pt. Joe N W Soquel Point N W Monterey Harbor, or Fisherman s Wharf, or Municipal Wharf # N W Dump Site off of Moss Landing
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