I. Specialization. II. Autonomous signals
|
|
- Oscar Foster
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Multicellularity Up to this point in the class we have been discussing individual cells, or, at most, populations of individual cells. But some interesting life forms (for example, humans) consist not of individual cells living in isolation but instead trillions of cells working together in a highly organized fashion. Essentially all multicellular organisms are eukaryotes, although many eukaryotes are not multicellular. The three main multicellular lineages are plants, animals, and fungi, but here we will focus only on plants and animals. Multicellular animals evolved about 1 billion years ago; multicellular plants somewhat more recently. Eukaryotic cells, in contrast, evolved 2 billion years ago, and life itself is somewhere around 3.5 billion years old. You do not need to remember these numbers, but think about what they mean: life is fundamentally unicellular. Multicellularity is a more recent adaptation. Most biological complexity is found at the single cell level, and all of the things that you are learning in this course about single cells also apply to the cells in a multicellular organism. In this lecture we will look at some of the adaptations that make multicellular life possible, and how these derive from the basic mechanisms already in place in unicellular organisms. Outline: I. Specialization II. Autonomous signals A. Lineage B. Asymmetric division III. Cell-cell communication A. Signals from adjacent cells B. Short-range diffusible signals C. Long range transported signals (hormones) Guideline questions for reading: 1. What is an autonomous signal? How is it different from a signal that comes from a neighboring cell? 2. Why does a cell s lineage matter? 3. What does it mean to say that a cell division is asymmetric, and what purpose might that serve? 4. How does a cell receive signals from other cells? 5. What is a hormone?
2 I. Specialization Every cell in your body has the same DNA. But, your cells differ greatly in form and function. However can this be, given that DNA is the information-storage molecule in the cell, and ultimately determines function (via the central dogma of molecular biology: DNA RNA protein function)? The answer is regulation: at every step along that central dogma hierarchy, the transfer of information to the next step can be blocked or modified. We will study regulation in more detail later in the semester. There, we will talk about it in the context of a single cell responding to its environment, but multicellular organisms have adapted the same mechanisms for cell-cell communication. For a cell in a multicellular organism, its environment consists primarily of the cells around it, so it responds to the signals that they give off in the much the same way that a unicellular organism responds to the environmental signals that it encounters. So, how does a cell in a multicellular organism know what sort of cell it is supposed to be? How do such cells arrange and organize themselves in such a way to make a more complex structure, such as an eye, a liver, or a flower? There are two sorts of regulatory signals that work together to control multicellular development: autonomous signals, which depend on lineage, and signals which depend on cell-cell communication. II. Autonomous signals An autonomous signal is a signal that comes from inside the cell itself, not from other cells or the surrounding environment. An autonomous signal could, for example, be a particular protein that is found only in that specific kind of cell and helps determine the shape or function of that cell. The source of autonomous signals is a cell s lineage. A. Lineage Lineage refers to a cell s ancestry. A cell that divides is called a mother cell, and the two new cells that are formed after that cell division are called daughter cells. Lineage is the record of which type of mother cell gave rise to this particular daughter cell, and which type of cell that mother cell s mother was, and so on back through each division to the single-celled embryo. Lineage matters because a cell inherits not only its DNA from its mother cell, but also the proteins in its cytoplasm and on its plasma membrane. Every cell in your body has the same DNA, so that can t be what determines a cell s lineage, but not every cell has the same proteins. The proteins that a cell contains are what directly determine its structure and its function. Therefore, a cell will tend to have the same sort of structure and function as its mother, because it inherited the same proteins. So cells of a given lineage will share certain similarities.
3 B. Asymmetric division Given that a cell inherits both its DNA and its proteins from its mother cell, you might be wondering how it is that different lineages are formed. One key way that this happens is through asymmetric cell division. If a cell divides symmetrically, it gives rise to two identical daughter cells. A division is called asymmetric if the two daughter cells are different in some important way. For example, if a particular protein in the mother cell s cytoplasm were inherited by only one of the two daughter cells, that would be an asymmetric cell division. If that protein were a key autonomous signal, then its asymmetric inheritance would lead to those two daughter cells becoming two separate cell types. For example, there is a particular animal that has special protein/rna complexes called P granules in its egg cells. (You do not have to remember these details; this is just an example to help you understand). When the egg is fertilized, the P granules move to the end of the cell where the sperm entered. When the fertilized egg goes through its first division, only one of the two cells in the embryo inherits the P granules. For each the next 3 cell divisions, these P- granules continue to be asymmetrically segregated into one daughter cell, so that at the 16-cell stage, they are present in only one of the cells in the embryo (called the P4 cell). This one cell then gives rise to all of the sperm or eggs in the adult animal. If you were to destroy the P4 cell, then the adult animal would have no sperm or eggs there is no other way for the other cells in that animal to fill in and take over the job of producing sperm or eggs because those cells do not have P granules. P bodies P4 cell sperm cells fertilized egg adult male The establishment of lineage by asymmetric cell division. The cells colored gray are all from the same lineage, and are marked by the presence of P bodies, an autonomous signal. All of the sperm cells in the adult male will share this same lineage. The first cell division undergone by the fertilized egg (as well as many of the subsequent ones) is asymmetric because the P bodies are segregated into only one of the two daughter cells. Learning Goal: If I gave you a figure sort of like this one (but perhaps from a different organism), you should be able to label a symmetric and an asymmetric cell division, identify a set of cells sharing a given lineage, and point out the autonomous signal.
4 P granules, then, are an example of an autonomous signal, which is present only in cells that can trace their lineage back to the P4 cell. The P4 cell was generated by a series of asymmetric cell divisions in which the P granules were only inherited by one of the two daughter cells. Again, you do not need to remember the terms P granule or P4 cell or the details of how this animal develops; this is only an example. But you do need to know what an autonomous signal is, what lineage means, and the role played by asymmetric cell division. III. Cell-cell communication In addition to autonomous signals, a cell s fate can be controlled by signals that it receives from other cells in the organism. Cell-cell communication plays a crucial role in the development of all multicellular organisms. It allows more flexibility in development than autonomous signals, because a cell s type can be controlled by the nature of the cells around it, instead of strictly by lineage. For example, the tip of a plant root contains many different cell types with specialized roles in controlling the root s growth. If you cut off the root tip and remove those specialized cells, the remaining cells near the cut site will (over time) change their identity to recreate all of those specialized cell types and form a new, fully functional root tip. Generally speaking, plants rely completely on cell-cell communication to control their development, while animals use a combination of cell-cell communication and autonomous signals. In both cases, many different signals work together to specify the fate of a particular cell. How a given cell responds to a specific signal depends on what other signals it is receiving at the same time and what signals it has received and responded to in the past. The means by which a cell receives a signal and responds to it are quite varied and complex, and we will not get into them here. But one commonality that you should learn is that signals are sensed by proteins called receptors (remember that we already talked about the LDL receptor). When a signal comes into contact with its specific receptor, the two stick together, and this causes a change in the receptor that leads to a change in the cell. We will learn more about receptors and some ways in which they can act during the unit on regulation of metabolism. Right now we will talk a little bit more about some of the types of signals that cells use to communicate with each other. A. Signals from adjacent cells The shortest-range signals are those that are sent just from one cell to an adjacent cell. For example, animal cells have many different transmembrane proteins sticking out of their plasma membrane. Some of these proteins can interact with specific receptors on the surface of adjacent cells. These interactions tell the cell what types of cells its neighbors are, and it responds accordingly. This is how cells cooperate together to build up a larger structure such as a tissue. (Both plants and animal cells also have other methods of communicating with adjacent cells which we will not go into; the critical thing is to realize that each cell in a multicellular organism knows who its neighbors are, and this is part of what controls its fate.)
5 B. Short-range diffusible signals Another class of signals that work over the short- to medium-range is diffusible signals. These signals are produced in a particular location and then diffuse outwards. This forms a concentration gradient, with the highest concentration of the signal close to the source, and lower concentrations further away from it. (You have already learned about concentration gradients and diffusion when we were studying energy metabolism, so this concept should be familiar) The concentration of the signal in a given region then affects the development of the cells in that region. C. Long-range transported signals (hormones) Hormones are a class of long-range signaling molecules that allow communication between cells in very different parts of the organism. A hormone is usually produced in a given organ, then actively transported around the body in the bloodstream. For example, estrogen is a hormone that helps control sexual development in females and regulates the menstrual cycle. It is produced primarily in the ovaries, but is transported around the body and affects many different tissues. Different tissues respond in different ways to estrogen, and some tissues do not respond at all. Why do you think that might be? (That is, what characteristics might allow cells to respond or not respond to estrogen?) Finally, remember that cell-cell communication takes place not only during development, but throughout the entire life span of a multicellular organism. Your cells are constantly telling each other what they should be doing, so that everything stays coordinated and works together. For example, after you eat a meal, there is a hormone produced in your gut that stimulates the release of digestive enzymes to processes the food, and also tells your brain that you are full. As the meal is digested, the amount of glucose in your bloodstream rises. This leads to higher levels of ATP in specialized cells in your pancreas (you already understand how glucose leads to ATP). The rise in ATP levels stimulates those cells to secrete a different hormone, insulin, which signals your fat and muscle cells to take up more glucose from the blood, thus preventing your blood sugar from getting too high. These and other hormones are necessary to coordinate your body s metabolism, so that every cell gets the just amount of nutrients that it needs. Learning Goal: Realize that cells signal to each other over a range of distances, and understand the key properties of different signals and their transport that allow them to work on those different scales (adjacent vs short range vs long range). [D Cell 1 Cell 2 signals from adjacent cells source cell high low diffusible ible signals pancreas insulin long range signals (hormones) muscle
Study of Biology. copyright cmassengale
Study of Biology 1 What is Biology? Biology is the study of all living things Living things are called organisms Organisms include bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, & animals 2 All Living Things Share
More informationName Date Period Handout A: Characteristics of Life
Name Date Period Handout A: Characteristics of Life Directions: 1. Read and highlight the main ideas in each passage. 2. Circle Key vocabulary 3. Answer the questions below each passage. Most people feel
More informationThe diagram below represents levels of organization within a cell of a multicellular organism.
STATION 1 1. Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have the capacity to a. assemble into multicellular organisms b. establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms c. obtain energy from the
More informationGrowth & Development. Characteristics of Living Things. What is development? Movement. What is a cell?
Characteristics of Living Things made of cells growth acquire and use energy reproduction movement adaptation respond to stimuli/homeostasis interdependence organization What is development? What are some
More informationAll Living Things Share Common Characteristics 1. Living Things are Composed of Cells: Single-cell organisms have everything they need to be self-sufficient. In multicellular organisms, some cells do only
More informationCharacteristics of Life
Name Date Block Honors Biology Mrs. Flannery Characteristics of Life READ AND UNDERLINE THE MAIN IDEAS IN EACH PASSAGE THEN ANSWER THE QUESTIONS. Most people feel confident that they could identify a living
More informationCharacteristics of Life
Name Date Period Score Characteristics of Life READ AND HILITE THE MAIN IDEAS IN EACH PASSAGE THEN ANSWER THE QUESTIONS. Most people feel confident that they could identify a living thing from a nonliving
More informationBase your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the diagram below which represents a typical green plant cell and on your knowledge of biology.
Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the diagram below which represents a typical green plant cell and on your knowledge of biology. 5. Which letter corresponds to that of the endoplasmic reticulum?
More informationTHE CELL THEORY (R+R+R+E+G+N+T+S) 3).
CELL BIOLOGY All living things are made up of small individual units called cells. Cells are the smallest functioning living unit. Cells can not normally be seen with the naked eye. To usually observe
More information3.1 All organisms are made of cells.
Name Date Period Screencasts found at: sciencepeek.com Part 1 What is a cell? (pp. 86-93) 3.1 All organisms are made of cells. 1. What is a cell (give the complete description)? 2. Understanding cell and
More informationSNC2D BIOLOGY 3/17/2013. TISSUES, ORGANS & SYSTEMS OF L The Importance of Cell Division (P.26-27) The Importance of Cell Division
SNC2D BIOLOGY TISSUES, ORGANS & SYSTEMS OF L The Importance of Cell Division (P.26-27) The Importance of Cell Division You began life as a single fertilized cell. Now your body is made up of trillions
More informationLIVING THINGS CONTAIN ONE OR MORE CELLS
LIVING THINGS CONTAIN ONE OR MORE CELLS Scientists know that all living things are organized. The smallest unit of organization of a living thing is the cell. A cell is a collection of living matter enclosed
More informationCharacteristics of Life
Name Date Period Score Characteristics of Life READ AND HILITE THE MAIN IDEAS IN EACH PASSAGE THEN ANSWER THE QUESTIONS. Most people feel confident that they could identify a living thing from a nonliving
More informationBulk Transport. Active Transport. cell drinking. Highly specific! cell eating
Bulk Transport cell eating cell drinking Active Transport Highly specific! Bulk transport is the active intracellular membrane transport of large numbers of solute particles or a large volume of solution
More informationBASIC BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
BASIC BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES A1 A1. Basic Biological Principles 1. Describe the characteristics of life shared by all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms 2. Compare cellular structures and their function
More informationThe Science of Life. Introduction to Biology
The Science of Life Introduction to Biology What is Biology Bio = life logos = knowledge many branches - different things to study in biology Botany study of plants all types of plants - trees, flowers,
More informationCharacteristics of Life
Characteristics of Life All living things share some basic characteristics: 1. Organization 2. Movement 3. Made up of cells 4. Reproduce 5. Grow and / or develop 6. Obtain and use energy 7. Respond to
More informationWhat in the Cell is Going On?
What in the Cell is Going On? Robert Hooke naturalist, philosopher, inventor, architect... (July 18, 1635 - March 3, 1703) In 1665 Robert Hooke publishes his book, Micrographia, which contains his drawings
More informationCELL PRACTICE TEST
Name: Date: 1. As a human red blood cell matures, it loses its nucleus. As a result of this loss, a mature red blood cell lacks the ability to (1) take in material from the blood (2) release hormones to
More informationBehavioral and Structural Adaptations PPT Guided Notes
A Essential Standard 2.1.2 Analyze how various organisms accomplish the following life functions through adaptations with particular environments and that these adaptations have evolved to ensure survival
More informationHonors Biology summer assignment. Review the notes and study them. There will be a test on this information the 1 st week of class
Honors Biology summer assignment Review the notes and study them. There will be a test on this information the 1 st week of class Biomolecules Molecules that make up living things. There are 4 molecules
More informationDr. Dina A. A. Hassan Associate Professor, Pharmacology
Cytology Dr. Dina A. A. Hassan Associate Professor, Pharmacology Email: da.hassan@psau.edu.sa Cells All living things are made up of cells Basic building blocks of life It is the smallest functional and
More information3 The Organization of Living Things
CHAPTER 1 SECTION Cells: The Basic Units of Life 3 The Organization of Living Things BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What are the advantages of
More informationThe Cell. The basic unit of all living things
The Cell The basic unit of all living things 1 Robert Hooke was the first to name the cell (1665) 2 The Cell Theory The cell is the unit of Structure of all living things. The cell is the unit of Function
More informationgrowth, the replacement of damaged cells, and development from an embryo into an adult. These cell division occur by means of a process of mitosis
The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Biology 1408 Dr. Chris Doumen Lecture
More informationIntroduction to Cells
Life Science Introduction to Cells All life forms on our planet are made up of cells. In ALL organisms, cells have the same basic structure. The scientist Robert Hooke was the first to see cells under
More informationStudying Life. Lesson Overview. Lesson Overview. 1.3 Studying Life
Lesson Overview 1.3 Characteristics of Living Things What characteristics do all living things share? Living things are made up of basic units called cells, are based on a universal genetic code, obtain
More informationHow to use this book. How the book is organised. Answering questions. Learning and using the terminology. Developing skills
How to use this book Welcome to the beginning of your Human and Social Biology course! We hope that you really enjoy your course, and that this book will help you to understand your work, and to do well
More informationLearning Objective. Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology. Class Exercise: What does it mean to be living? Properties of Life
1 2 Introduction to Biology Learning Objective Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology Describe the properties and levels of organization of living things 1.1: Themes and Concepts of Biology 1.2: The Process
More informationLesson Overview. Gene Regulation and Expression. Lesson Overview Gene Regulation and Expression
13.4 Gene Regulation and Expression THINK ABOUT IT Think of a library filled with how-to books. Would you ever need to use all of those books at the same time? Of course not. Now picture a tiny bacterium
More informationLesson Overview. Homeostasis and Cells. Lesson Overview. 7.4 Homeostasis and Cells
Lesson Overview 7.4 The Cell as an Organism All living organisms maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions. To maintain homeostasis, cells 1. grow,
More informationCells. Unit Review: Cells MEIOSIS. TECHBOOK UNIT 0 Views. Essential Questions and Answers for Review Sheet. What is meiosis?
Cells TECHBOOK UNIT 0 Views Unit Review: Cells MEIOSIS Essential Questions and Answers for Review Sheet What is meiosis? Answer: Meiosis is the process by which specialized cells called gametes form in
More informationBiology. Mrs. Michaelsen. Types of cells. Cells & Cell Organelles. Cell size comparison. The Cell. Doing Life s Work. Hooke first viewed cork 1600 s
Types of cells bacteria cells Prokaryote - no organelles Cells & Cell Organelles Doing Life s Work Eukaryotes - organelles animal cells plant cells Cell size comparison Animal cell Bacterial cell most
More informationCharacteristics of LIVING THINGS. 1) Respond to its environment 2) Need Energy 3) Grows 4) Reproduces 5) Gets rid of Waste
CELLS Characteristics of LIVING THINGS 1) Respond to its environment 2) Need Energy 3) Grows 4) Reproduces 5) Gets rid of Waste A Brief History of the Cell: 4min 21secs Cell Theory: Modern Cell Theory:
More informationMitosis. Meiosis MP3. Why do cells divide? Why Do Cells Need To Divide? Vocab List Chapter 10 & 11. What has to happen before a cell divides? divides?
MP3 Vocab List Chapter 10 & 11 Mitosis Anaphase Mitosis Cell Cycle Telophase Cytokinesis Cell Division Metaphase 4 Daughter Cells Prophase Meiosis Diploid Somatic Cells Interphase Haploid Parent Cell Gametes
More informationPurposes of Cell Division
Purposes of Cell Division Increase the number of cells for growth and repair of worn out tissues What examples in the human body can you think of? Transmit genetic information to later generations Why
More informationIntroduction to Cells
Life Science Introduction to Cells All life forms on our planet are made up of cells. In ALL organisms, cells have the same basic structure. The scientist Robert Hooke was the first to see cells under
More informationCell Organelles. 2. Cells are the basic unit of organization in an organism Cells tissues organ organ system organism
Cell Organelles What are some of the differences you see between these two cells? A. Cell Theory 1. All organisms are made up of one or more cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of organization in an organism
More informationCORE CONCEPTS & TERMINOLOGY FALL 2010
CORE CONCEPTS & TERMINOLOGY FALL 2010 The following concepts and terms will be covered by all BIO 120 lecture instructors. Presentation of additional concepts is left to the discretion of the individual
More informationCell Cycle and Mitosis
Cell Cycle and Mitosis THE CELL CYCLE The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a eukaryotic cell between its formation and the moment it replicates itself. These
More informationDO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST Topic 3- Cells and Transport
Topic 3- Cells and Transport 1. All of the following are true regarding cells except? A) All cells have genetic material B) All cells have cell walls C) All cells have plasma membranes D) All cells can
More informationWhat is a cell? Recall your work yesterday. When classifying cells, what are the two groups scientists separate cells into?
What is a cell? Recall your work yesterday. When classifying cells, what are the two groups scientists separate cells into? Light Microscopes and Total Power Magnification We can use microscopes to observe
More informationMultiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
chapter 7 Test Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Who was one of the first people to identify and see cork cells? a. Anton van
More informationGene Regulation and Expression
THINK ABOUT IT Think of a library filled with how-to books. Would you ever need to use all of those books at the same time? Of course not. Now picture a tiny bacterium that contains more than 4000 genes.
More informationGCSE Biology B2 Revision Questions. 1. Draw and label the parts of these different types of cell, explaining what the role of each part is -
B2.1 Cells and Simple Cell Transport GCSE Biology B2 Revision Questions 1. Draw and label the parts of these different types of cell, explaining what the role of each part is - a) Animal cell b) Plant
More information10.2 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis
10.2 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis There are thousands of different species of organisms. Each species produces more of its own. A species of bacteria splits to make two identical bacteria. A eucalyptus
More informationCell Growth, Division, and Reproduction. Lesson Overview. Lesson Overview Cell Growth, Division, and Reproduction
10.1 Cell Growth, Division, and Reproduction THINK ABOUT IT When a living thing grows, what happens to its cells? What is there about growth that requires cells to divide and reproduce themselves? Limits
More informationLIFE SCIENCE CHAPTER 3 FLASHCARDS
LIFE SCIENCE CHAPTER 3 FLASHCARDS Human beings are A. machines. B. organisms. C. systems. D. protists. One benefit of being a large organism is that you have A. larger cells. B. simpler functions. C. fewer
More informationWhy do cells divide? Why do cells divide? What would happen if they didn t?
1 of 41 Boardworks Ltd 2007 2 of 41 Boardworks Ltd 2007 Why do cells divide? 3 of 41 Boardworks Ltd 2007 Why do cells divide? What would happen if they didn t? Organisms would only ever exist as single
More informationControl of Gene Expression
Control of Gene Expression Mechanisms of Gene Control Gene Control in Eukaryotes Master Genes Gene Control In Prokaryotes Epigenetics Gene Expression The overall process by which information flows from
More information02/02/ Living things are organized. Analyze the functional inter-relationship of cell structures. Learning Outcome B1
Analyze the functional inter-relationship of cell structures Learning Outcome B1 Describe the following cell structures and their functions: Cell membrane Cell wall Chloroplast Cytoskeleton Cytoplasm Golgi
More informationNAME: PERIOD: DATE: A View of the Cell. Use Chapter 8 of your book to complete the chart of eukaryotic cell components.
NAME: PERIOD: DATE: A View of the Cell Use Chapter 8 of your book to complete the chart of eukaryotic cell components. Cell Part Cell Wall Centriole Chloroplast Cilia Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Endoplasmic
More informationCh 7: Cell Structure and Functions. AP Biology
Ch 7: Cell Structure and Functions AP Biology The Cell Theory 1. All living things are made of cells. 2. New cells come from existing cells. 3. Cells are the basic units of structure and function of living
More informationBiology EOC Review Study Questions
Biology EOC Review Study Questions Microscopes and Characteristics of Life 1. How do you calculate total magnification on a compound light microscope? 2. What is the basic building block of all living
More information8/25/ Opening Questions: Are all living things made of cells? What are at least five things you know about cells?
Chapter 3 The Cell: Module Hyperlinks 3.1 Cells are the fundamental units of life 3.2 Plant vs. animal cells 3.3 Membranes: structure 3.4 Membranes: function 3.5 The nucleus 3.6 Organelles in protein production
More informationCells Key Words. Task. Key words. Write a definition for each of the key words listed below. Microscope. Plant cell. Animal Cell.
KS3 Science Cells Cells Key Words Task Write a definition for each of the key words listed below Key words Microscope Plant cell Animal Cell Nucleus Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Cell wall Chloroplasts Mitochondria
More informationJoy of Science Experience the evolution of the Universe, Earth and Life
Joy of Science Experience the evolution of the Universe, Earth and Life Review Introduction Main contents Group discussions Unless otherwise noted, pictures are taken from wikipedia.org Review 1 Organic
More informationBig Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce and to maintain dynamic homeostasis. Enduring understanding 2.B: Growth, reproduction and dynamic
More informationhttp://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html 4A: Students will compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Robert Hooke (1665) Used a compound microscope to look at thin slices of cork (oak
More informationBiology: Life on Earth
Biology: Life on Earth Eighth Edition Lecture for Chapter 11 The Continuity of Life: Cellular Reproduction Cellular Reproduction Intracellular activity between one cell division to the next is the cell
More informationFrom a Cell to an Organism
From a Cell to an Organism Levels of Organization Life s Organization All matter is made of atoms. Atoms combine and form molecules. Molecules make up cells. A large animal, such as a Komodo dragon, is
More information4) The diagram below represents the organization of genetic information within a cell nucleus.
Name: 3987-1 - Page 1 1) Every single-celled organism is able to survive because it carries out A) sexual reproduction B) heterotrophic nutrition C) autotrophic nutrition D) metabolic activities 2) Which
More informationRecord your answers to Part A and Part B 1 on this answer sheet. Part A. Part A Score
Tear Here The University of the State of New York REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION LIVING ENVIRONMENT Wednesday, June 20, 2007 9:15 a.m. to 12:15 p.m., only ANSWER SHEET Female Student........................................
More informationForm a Hypothesis. Variables in an Experiment Dependent Variable what is being measured (data) Form a Hypothesis 2. Form a Hypothesis 3 15:03 DRY MIX
Scientific Method 1. Ask a question (Make observation) 2. Do some research 3. Form a Hypothesis MUST BE TESTABLE!! A possible explanation for a phenomenon. 4. Test Hypothesis/collect data (experiment time!)
More informationBiology Homework Chapter 5: The Cell Pages Answer the questions with complete thoughts!
Name Biology Homework Chapter 5: The Cell Pages 115-133 Answer the questions with complete thoughts! Per. * Sections 5.1 through 5.3: Cells Are the Units of Life: Read pages 115 to 122 PART A: Define the
More informationCell Theory. All living things are made of one or more cells The cell is the smallest unit of life All new cells come from preexisting cells
Created by Mrs. Herman Sept. 2012 Cell Theory All living things are made of one or more cells The cell is the smallest unit of life All new cells come from preexisting cells Animal Cells Plant Cells The
More informationChapter 11. Development: Differentiation and Determination
KAP Biology Dept Kenyon College Differential gene expression and development Mechanisms of cellular determination Induction Pattern formation Chapter 11. Development: Differentiation and Determination
More informationAnswer Key- Biology Review for Fall Benchmark
Name Class Answer Key- Biology Review for Fall Benchmark Definitions You should know what every word on this page means. Look through the entire review sheet and highlight any words you do not recognize.
More informationUnit 3: Cells. Objective: To be able to compare and contrast the differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.
Unit 3: Cells Objective: To be able to compare and contrast the differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. The Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells (unicellular or multicellular).
More informationWhat is the role of the nucleus? What is the role of the cytoplasm? What is the role of the mitochondria? What is the role of the cell wall. membrane?
Page 1 What is the role of the nucleus? What is the role of the cytoplasm? What is the role of the cell membrane? What is the role of the mitochondria? What is the role of ribosomes? What is the role of
More informationLesson Overview Meiosis
11.4 THINK ABOUT IT As geneticists in the early 1900s applied Mendel s laws, they wondered where genes might be located. They expected genes to be carried on structures inside the cell, but which structures?
More informationName Class Date. How do plant cells make food? How do plant and animal cells get energy from food?
CHAPTER 2 2 Cell Energy SECTION The Cell in Action BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: How do plant cells make food? How do plant and animal cells
More informationCELL PART Expanded Definition Cell Structure Illustration Function Summary Location ALL CELLS DNA Common in Animals Uncommon in Plants Lysosome
CELL PART Expanded Definition Cell Structure Illustration Function Summary Location is the material that contains the Carry genetic ALL CELLS information that determines material inherited characteristics.
More informationHow do we define what it means to be alive?
How do we define what it means to be alive? Defining Life-7 Characteristics of Life There is no universal definition of life. To define life in unequivocal terms is still a challenge for scientists. Conventional
More informationBIO 2 GO! 3216a The Cell Organelles and Nucleus Function
BIO 2 GO! 3216a The Cell Organelles and Nucleus Function The cell is the smallest unit of life. Each living cell has a nucleus which functions to control the actions of the rest of the cell. Upon successful
More informationName # Class Date Regents Review: Cells & Cell Transport
Name # Class Date Regents Review: Cells & Cell Transport 1. All of the following are true regarding cells except? A) All cells have genetic material B) All cells have cell walls C) All cells have plasma
More informationUnit 2: Cellular Chemistry, Structure, and Physiology Module 5: Cellular Reproduction
Unit 2: Cellular Chemistry, Structure, and Physiology Module 5: Cellular Reproduction NC Essential Standard: 1.2.2 Analyze how cells grow and reproduce in terms of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
More informationuo-sh6m
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juxl uo-sh6m Term Definition Example Biosphere Everywhere life exists Planet Earth Biodiversity Variety of life. Tropical Rain Forests and Coral Reefs Species Group of organisms
More informationThe topics in this unit are:
The topics in this unit are: 1 Cells 2 Inside the cell 3 Mitosis 4 Meiosis 5 DNA and growth 6 mrna 7 Stem cells 8 Uses of stem cells 9 Therapeutic cloning 10 - Growth in plants 11 Meristems 12 Cuttings
More informationCharacteristics of Life
Name Date Characteristics of Life Most people feel confident that they could identify a living thing from a nonliving thing, but sometimes it s not so easy. Scientists have argued for centuries over the
More informationCell Structure: Organelles. Unit Seventh Grade
Cell Structure: Organelles Unit 3 --- Seventh Grade Cells are everywhere. Even though most cells cannot be seen with the naked eye, they make up every living thing. Your body contains trillions of cells.
More information1.Study the statement above. Which cell organelle manages the process by which proteins are sorted and packaged to be sent where they are needed?
Cell organelles carry out specific metabolic processes. 1.Study the statement above. Which cell organelle manages the process by which proteins are sorted and packaged to be sent where they are needed?
More informationWhat Is an Animal? Animals come in many shapes, forms, and sizes. About 98 percent of all animals are invertebrates. The Kingdom Animalia
What Is an Animal? What characteristics do all animals have? Animals come in many shapes, forms, and sizes. Scientists estimate that there are between 1 and 2 million species of animals! Some, like whales
More informationYou learned that Schleiden and Schwann discovered that all living
42 A Closer Look R E A D I N G You learned that Schleiden and Schwann discovered that all living organisms are made up of one or more cells. This includes plants, animals, and many microbes. The microbes
More informationSOME PAST KNOWLEDGE. Lesson 1
OBJECTIVE: INTRODUCE BIOLOGY AND REVIEW SOME PAST KNOWLEDGE. Lesson 1 ON THE WHITEBOARDS! Brainstorm about what you remember about cells What you know about them (choose a colour) What you sort of remember
More information5A Order Among Cells. 5B Cellular Respiration
Life Science Chapter 5 Activities of Cells 5A Order Among Cells unicellular the cells survive by themselves (example paramecium) Multicellular organisms divide the functions they need to perform among
More informationAll living things share the characteristics of life.
Section 1: All living things share the characteristics of life. K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out L What I Learned Essential Questions What is biology? What are possible benefits of studying biology?
More information2 4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
2 4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes THINK ABOUT IT Living things are made up of chemical compounds, but chemistry isn t just what life is made of chemistry is also what life does. Everything that happens
More informationDo you share more genes with your mother or your father?
Do you share more genes with your mother or your father? By Madeleine Beekman, The Conversation on 12.07.17 Word Count 818 Level MAX Mothers play a big role in our genetic makeup. All mitochondrial DNA
More informationHonors Biology-CW/HW Cell Biology 2018
Class: Date: Honors Biology-CW/HW Cell Biology 2018 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Hooke s discovery of cells was made observing a. living
More informationCell Is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. Cells are the smallest unit of life and are often called
The Cell Cell Is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. Cells are the smallest unit of life and are often called the "building blocks of life". The study of
More informationBiology: Life on Earth
Teresa Audesirk Gerald Audesirk Bruce E. Byers Biology: Life on Earth Eighth Edition Lecture for Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function Copyright 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 4 Outline 4.1 What
More informationMolecular and cellular biology is about studying cell structure and function
Chapter 1 Exploring the World of the Cell In This Chapter Discovering the microscopic world Getting matter and energy Reading the genetic code Molecular and cellular biology is about studying cell structure
More informationCharacteristics of Life
Name Date Block Characteristics of Life Directions: Read the passages and answer the questions to the best of your ability. ALL the answers are in the reading. A good strategy when reading a passage is
More informationBig Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes. Tuesday, December 27, 16
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes. Enduring understanding 3.B: Expression of genetic information involves cellular and molecular
More informationCHAPTER 1 BIOLOGY THE SCIENCE OF LIFE
CHAPTER 1 BIOLOGY THE SCIENCE OF LIFE BIOLOGICAL THEMES 1. Cell Structure & Function cell is the basic unit of life all organisms are composed of at least one cell Unicellular single celled ; bacteria,
More informationBasic Structure of a Cell
Basic Structure of a Cell Prokaryotic Cells No nucleus Archaea & Eubacteria One circular chromosome Extremely small Eukaryotic Cells Has a nucleus!!! Membrane-bound organelles Plants, Animals, Fungi, &
More informationHow do we define what it means to be alive?
How do we define what it means to be alive? Defining Life There is no universal definition of life. To define life in unequivocal terms is still a challenge for scientists. Conventional definition: must
More informationBiology Test Review Science 8
Biology Test Review Science 8 Introduction to Cells, Tissues, Organs and Systems 304-7 Explain structural and functional relationships between and among cells, tissues, organs and systems in the human
More informationCell Division and Reproduction
Cell Division and Reproduction What do you think this picture shows? If you guessed that it s a picture of two cells, you are right. In fact, the picture shows human cancer cells, and they are nearing
More information