4) The diagram below represents the organization of genetic information within a cell nucleus.

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "4) The diagram below represents the organization of genetic information within a cell nucleus."

Rhoda Parsons
5 years ago
Views:

1 Name: Page 1 1) Every single-celled organism is able to survive because it carries out A) sexual reproduction B) heterotrophic nutrition C) autotrophic nutrition D) metabolic activities 2) Which statement best describes the term "theory" as used in the gene-chromosome theory? A) A theory is a hypothesis that has been supported by one experiment performed by two or more scientists. B) A theory is an assumption made by scientists and implies a lack of certainty. C) A theory refers to a scientific explanation that is strongly supported by a variety of experimental data. D) A theory is never revised as new scientific evidence is presented. 3) Which statements best describe the relationship between the terms "chromosomes", "genes", and "nuclei"? A) Genes are found in nuclei. Nuclei are found in chromosomes. B) Chromosomes are found in nuclei. Nuclei are found in genes. C) Chromosomes are found on genes. Genes are found in nuclei. D) Genes are found on chromosomes. Chromosomes are found in nuclei. 4) The diagram below represents the organization of genetic information within a cell nucleus. The circle labeled Z most likely represents A) amino acids B) chromosomes C) molecular bases D) vacuoles 5) Which statement best describes the relationship between the number of genes and the number of chromosomes in human skin cells? A) There are more genes than chromosomes in skin cells. B) There are equal numbers of genes and chromosomes in skin cells. C) There are more chromosomes than genes in skin cells. 6) To determine the identity of their biological parents, adopted children sometimes request DNA tests. These tests involve comparing DNA samples from the child to DNA samples taken from the likely parents. Possible relationships may be determined from these tests because the A) DNA of parents and their offspring is more similar than the DNA of nonfamily members B) mutation rate is the same in closely related individuals C) base sequence of the father determines the base sequence of the offspring D) position of the genes on each chromosome is unique to each family 7) If a set of instructions that determines all of the characteristics of an organism is compared to a book, and a chromosome is compared to a chapter in the book, then w hat might be compared to a paragraph in the book? A) an egg B) a DNA molecule C) an amino acid D) a starch molecule 8) What determines the kind of genes an organism possesses? A) shape of the protein molecules in the organelles of the organism B) size of simple sugar molecules in the organs of the organism C) type of amino acids in the cells of the organism D) sequence of the subunits A, T, C, and G in the DNA of the organism

2 9) The genetic code of a DNA molecule is determined by a specific sequence of A) ATP molecules B) sugar molecules C) molecular bases D) chemical bonds 10) When a person's teeth are being x-rayed, other body parts of this person are covered with a protective lead blanket to prevent A) changes in glucose structure B) changes in DNA molecules C) increase in cell size D) loss of hair 11) Which situation would most directly affect future generations naturally produced by a maple tree? A) Rapidly growing cells just under the bark are exposed to radiation, causing changes in genetic material. B) An increase in temperature reduces the number of cell divisions in the roots. C) Ultraviolet radiation changes the DNA sequence within some leaves of the tree. D) Ultraviolet radiation changes the DNA sequence within the gametes of some flowers of the tree. 12) The ozone layer of Earth's atmosphere helps to filter ultraviolet radiation. As the ozone layer is depleted, more ultraviolet radiation reaches Earth's surface. This increase in ultraviolet radiation may be harmful because it can directly cause A) sterility in most species of mammals and birds B) mutations in the DNA of organisms C) abnormal migration patterns in waterfowl D) photosynthesis to stop in all marine organisms 13) A characteristic of mutations is that they usually A) are caused only by the events of mitosis B) result in different genetic sequences C) occur to meet the needs of a species D) do not occur at random 14) Which statement is true regarding an alteration or change in DNA? A) It is always detected by the process of chromatography. B) It is always passed on to offspring. C) It is always advantageous to an individual. D) It is always known as a mutation Page 2 15) A change in the order of DNA bases that code for a respiratory protein will most likely cause A) the release of antibodies by certain cells to correct the error B) a change in the sequence of amino acids determined by the gene C) the digestion of the altered gene by enzymes D) the production of a starch that has a similar function 16) A certain mutant bacterial cell cannot produce substance X. The mutation was most likely the result of a change in the A) structure of the cell membrane B) amino acid sequence of DNA C) gene that codes for a specific protein D) ability of the DNA to replicate 17) An increase in heart rate will most likely result in A) a decrease in metabolic rate B) a decrease in body temperature C) an increase in pulse rate D) an increase in cell division

3 18) The diagram below represents two single-celled organisms. These organisms carry out the activities needed to maintain homeostasis by using specialized internal A) organelles B) organs C) tissues D) systems 19) Which statement does not correctly describe an adaptation of the human female reproductive system? A) It provides for external fertilization of an egg. B) It removes excretions produced by the fetus. C) It produces gametes in ovaries. D) It provides for internal development of the embryo. 20) In animals, the normal development of an embryo is dependent on A) production of body cells having half the number of chromosomes as the zygote B) mitosis and the differentiation of cells after fertilization has occurred C) production of new cells having twice the number of chromosomes as the zygote D) fertilization of a mature egg by many sperm cells 21) Some stages in the development of an individual are listed below. (A) differentiation of cells into tissues (B) fertilization of egg by sperm (C) organ development (D) mitotic cell division of zygote Which sequence represents the correct order of these stages? A) B C A D B) D B C A C) A B C D D) B D A C 22) The structure that makes nutrients most directly available to a human embryo is the A) ovary B) stomach C) placenta D) gamete 23) One function of the placenta in a human is to A) surround the embryo and protect it from shock B) permit passage of nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus C) act as the heart of the fetus, pumping blood until the fetus is born D) allow for mixing of maternal blood with fetal blood 24) Which process normally occurs at the placenta? A) Oxygen diffuses from fetal blood to maternal blood. B) Materials are exchanged between fetal and maternal blood. C) Digestive enzymes pass from maternal blood to fetal blood. D) Maternal blood is converted into fetal blood Page 3 25) Within which structure in the human body does specialization of parts of the developing baby take place? A) ovary B) pancreas C) uterus D) testis 26) Heavy cigarette smoking and the use of alcohol throughout pregnancy usually increase the likelihood of A) a baby being born with a viral infection B) a baby being born with medical problems C) the birth of a male baby D) the birth of twins 27) When a pregnant woman ingests toxins such as alcohol and nicotine, the embryo is put at risk because these toxins can A) enter the embryo when it eats B) enter the uterus through the mother's navel C) diffuse from the mother's blood into the embryo's blood within the placenta D) transfer to the embryo since the mother's blood normally mixes with the embryo's blood in the placenta 28) During the last months of pregnancy, the brain of a human embryo undergoes an essential "growth spurt." Which action by the mother would most likely pose the greatest threat to the normal development of the nervous system of the embryo at this time? A) taking prescribed vitamins on a daily basis B) spraying pesticides in the garden C) not exercising D) maintaining a diet high in fiber and low in fat

4 29) A colony of red bacteria is allowed to reproduce for 16 generations. A scientist examines the colony at the end of this time and notes that all the individuals are almost identical in all characteristics. This evidence suggests that the bacteria A) did not receive the proper nutrients B) exchanged genetic material C) reproduced asexually D) reproduced sexually 30) Which phrases best identify characteristics of asexual reproduction? A) one parent, no union of gametes, offspring genetically identical to parents B) two parents, no union of gametes, offspring genetically identical to parents C) one parent, union of gametes, offspring similar to but not genetically identical to the parent D) two parents, union of gametes, offspring similar to but not genetically identical to parents 31) Certain bacteria produce a chemical that makes them resistant to penicillin. Since these bacteria reproduce asexually, they usually produce offspring that A) are genetically different from their parents B) mutate into another species C) survive exposure to penicillin D) can be destroyed by penicillin 32) The diagram below represents a reproductive process that takes place in humans. Which statement does not correctly describe this process? A) The sex of the zygote is determined by DNA in the gametes. B) Males and females each contribute DNA to the offspring. C) The normal species chromosome number is restored. D) The zygote will develop to become identical to the dominant parent. 33) Most cells in the body of a fruit fly contain eight chromosomes. How many of these chromosomes were contributed by each parent of the fruit fly? A) 8 C) 16 B) 2 D) 4 34) Which event occurring in the life cycle of a bacterium most directly involves the replication of DNA? A) As the cell grows, the two copies of the chromosome separate. B) Each new cell receives one copy of the chromosome. C) The bacterium copies its single chromosome. D) The cell divides as a partition separates it into equal halves Page 4 35) A human zygote is produced from gametes that are usually identical in A) the expression of encoded information B) cell size C) chromosome number D) the number of altered genes present 36) As a result of sexual reproduction, an organism can pass a gene mutation to its offspring if the mutation occurs in A) white blood cells B) a gamete C) liver tissue D) a body cell 37) New inheritable characteristics would be least likely to result from A) mutations which occur in male gametes B) the sorting and recombination of existing genes during meiosis and fertilization C) mutations which occur in muscle cells and skin cells D) mutations which occur in female gametes 38) A sudden change in the DNA of a chromosome can usually be passed on to future generations if the change occurs in a A) sex cell B) brain cell C) skin cell D) liver cell

5 39) Which characteristic of sexual reproduction has specifically favored the survival of animals that live on land? A) female gametes that develop within ovaries B) fertilization within the body of the female C) male gametes that may be carried by the wind D) fusion of gametes in the outside environment 40) Although all the body cells in an animal contain the same hereditary information, they do not all look and function the same way. The cause of this difference is that during differentiation A) genes in embryonic body cells mutate rapidly B) embryonic cells delete portions of chromosomes C) the number of genes increases as embryonic cells move to new locations D) embryonic cells use different portions of their genetic information 41) Strawberries can reproduce by means of runners, which are stems that grow horizontally along the ground. At the region of the runner that touches the ground, a new plant develops. The new plant is genetically identical to the parent because A) there were no other strawberry plants in the area to provide fertilization B) it was produced asexually C) nuclei traveled to the new plant through the runner to fertilize it D) it was produced sexually 42) When a planarian (a type of worm) is cut in half, each half usually grows back into a complete worm over time. This situation most closely resembles A) asexual reproduction in which a mutation has occurred B) sexual reproduction of a single-celled organism C) asexual reproduction of a single-celled organism D) sexual reproduction in which each half represents one parent Page 5 43) The diagram below represents single-celled organism A dividing by mitosis to form cells B and C. Cells A, B, and C all produced protein X. What can best be inferred from this observation? A) The gene to produce protein X was passed from cell A to cells B and C. B) Cells A, B, and C ingested food containing the gene to produce protein X. C) Protein X is found in all organisms. D) The gene for protein X is found in single-celled organisms, only. 44) Which cell process occurs only in organisms that reproduce sexually? A) mitosis B) replication C) mutation D) meiosis

6 45) The diagrams below represent portions of the genes that code for wing structure in two organisms of the same species. Gene 1 was taken from the cells of a female with normal wings, and gene 2 was taken from the cells of a female with abnormal wings. 47) Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease Page 6 The abnormal wing structure was most likely due to A) an insertion B) a deletion C) normal replication D) a substitution 46) The diagram below represents a section of a molecule that carries genetic information. According to the diagram, the mother's cells most likely contained A) a disease causing virus B) one normal gene and one abnormal gene C) an abnormal number of chromosomes D) two normal genes 48) In an investigation, 28 students in a class determined their pulse rates after performing each of three different activities. Each activity was performed three times during equal time intervals. The average results are shown in the graph below. The pattern of numbers represents A) the order of proteins in a gene B) a sequence of paired bases C) positions of gene mutations D) folds of an amino acid Before constructing the graph shown, it would have been most helpful to organize the results of the investigation in A) an energy pyramid B) an equation C) a data table D) a research plan

7 49) Which event does not occur between stages 2 and 11 in the process represented in the diagram below? Page 7 51) The sequence of diagrams below represents some events in a reproductive process. To regulate similar events in human reproduction, what adaptations are required? A) a decrease in cell size B) the development of embryonic layers C) fertilization D) DNA replication 50) The diagram below represents some stages of early embryonic development. A) an increase in the number of genes in each cell in stages 3 to 5 B) the presence of genes and chemicals in each cell in stages 1 to 7 C) the elimination of mutations from cells after stage 5 D) the removal of all enzymes from the cells in stage 7 52) The diagram below represents a cell process. Which process is represented by the arrows in the diagram? A) evolution B) mitosis C) fertilization D) meiosis Which statement regarding this process is correct? A) Cells A, B, and C contain completely different genetic information. B) Cell A has DNA that is only 75% identical to cell B. C) Cell C has DNA that is only 50% identical to cell B. D) Cell B contains the same genetic information that cells A and C contain.

8 53) The diagrams below represent cells that transport chromosomes Page 8 56) The organism represented below is multicellular, heterotrophic, and completely aquatic. 54) These cells are specialized for A) sexual reproduction B) injecting antibodies into harmful bacteria C) oxygen transport D) transmitting chemical signals over long distances If cell 2 has 30 chromosomes, cell 3 should have A) 45 chromosomes C) 15 chromosomes B) 30 chromosomes D) 60 chromosomes Which other characteristics could be used to describe this organism? A) reproduces in a water habitat and is a producer B) reproduces asexually and is a consumer C) deposits cellular wastes on land and decomposes dead organisms D) carries out photosynthesis and needs oxygen 57) Which row in the chart below best describes asexual reproduction? 55) The diagram below represents a developing bird egg. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 What is the primary function of this egg? A) continuation of the species through reproduction B) preservation of the exact genetic code of the parent birds C) food supply for predators to preserve predator populations D) adaptation to allow maximum freedom for parent birds

9 Page 9 58) The diagram below represents a change that occurred in a pair of chromosomes during the formation of an egg cell. The letters represent genes on the pair of chromosomes. The alteration that occurred will most likely A) trigger the production of pathogens B) convert sex cells into body cells C) change the chromosome number of the body cells that develop from the egg cell D) be passed on to every cell that develops from the egg cell 59) Which phrase best describes a process represented in the diagram below? A) a gamete dividing by mitosis B) a gamete dividing by meiosis C) a zygote dividing by mitosis D) a zygote dividing by meiosis 60) How does the type of reproduction shown in method A in the diagram below differ from the type of reproduction shown in method B? A) Offspring produced by method A will be genetically like the parent, but offspring produced by method B will be genetically different from the parents. B) The two cells shown in the last step of method A are genetically alike, but the tw o cells show n in the last step of method B are genetically different. C) Method A illustrates sexual reproduction and method B illustrates asexual reproduction. D) Offspring produced by method B will be genetically alike, but offspring produced by method A will be genetically different.

Record your answers to Part A and Part B 1 on this answer sheet. Part A. Part A Score

Record your answers to Part A and Part B 1 on this answer sheet. Part A. Part A Score Tear Here The University of the State of New York REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION LIVING ENVIRONMENT Wednesday, June 20, 2007 9:15 a.m. to 12:15 p.m., only ANSWER SHEET Female Student........................................