Ground-Based Observations of Clouds in the Arctic --
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1 Ground-Based Observations of Clouds in the Arctic -- Implications for CloudSATrelated studies Gijs de Boer () Edwin W. Eloranta (), Gregory J. Tripoli (), Jennifer Kay (2), Matthew D. Shupe (3) () (2) (3) CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28
2 Introduction 7 N 8 N Eureka 8/5-present Barrow 9/4-/4 CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28
3 Introduction 7 N 8 N Eureka 8/5-present Barrow 9/4-/4 ) Observation of Mixed-Phase Stratus clouds CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28
4 Introduction 7 N 8 N Eureka 8/5-present Barrow 9/4-/4 ) Observation of Mixed-Phase Stratus clouds 2) Representativeness of point comparisons CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28
5 Introduction: Mixed-Phase Stratus Lidar backscatter cross section (Masked values shown in black and white) Altitude (km) :35 2:4 2:45 2:5 2:55 Time (UT) CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28 e!3 e!4 e!5 e!6 e!e e!8 D(m str)
6 Introduction: Mixed-Phase Stratus Altitude (km) Radar Reflectivity (Masked values shown in black and white) !!2!3!4 2:35 2:4 2:45 2:5 2:55 Time (UT) CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28 dbz
7 Introduction: Mixed-Phase Stratus Low altitude stratus frequency of up to 7% during transition seasons (Herman and Goody, 976; Curry et al., 996) Reduces wintertime net surface cooling by 4-5 W/m 2 (Curry et al., 996) Commonly observed during several recent Arctic experiments (SHEBA, MPACE, SEARCH, ISDAC) Often long-lived, surviving up to several days at a time (de Boer et al., 28) Difficult to simulate because of unstable state (Klein et al., 28) CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28
8 Property Statistics Single-layer 4. mixed phase stratus Altitude (km) observations - 26 hours from Barrow hours from Eureka Time (UT) CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28
9 Cloud Height Altitude (km) 2.5.5!88!87.5!87!86.5!86!85.5!85!84.5!84!83.5 Lon$itude (de$) 3 e!5 e!4 e!3 e!2 e! !88!87.5!87!86.5!86!85.5!85!84.5!84!83.5 CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28
10 Cloud Height.9.8 Cloud Base Altitude (DJF) Cloud Base Altitude (MAM) Altitude (m) Altitude (m).9.8 Cloud Base Altitude (JJA) Cloud Base Altitude (SON) Altitude (m) CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, Altitude (m)
11 Cloud Thickness CloudSAT Vertical Resolution: ~5 m CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28
12 Cloud Thickness.9.8 Cloud Thickness (DJF) Cloud Thickness (MAM) Thickness (m) Thickness (m).9.8 Cloud Thickness (JJA) Cloud Thickness (SON) Thickness (m) CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, Thickness (m)
13 Cloud Mean Reflectivity CloudSAT sensitivity: ~-29 dbz CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28
14 Cloud Mean Reflectivity.9.8 Cloud Mean Reflectivity (DJF) Cloud Mean Reflectivity (MAM) !5!4!3!2! 2 3 Reflectivity (dbz) Cloud Mean Reflectivity (JJA) !5!4!3!2! 2 3 Reflectivity (dbz) Cloud Mean Reflectivity (SON) !5!4!3!2! 2 3 Reflectivity (dbz) CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28!5!4!3!2! 2 3 Reflectivity (dbz)
15 Precipitation Mean Reflectivity.9.8 Precipitation Mean Reflectivity (FGH) Precipitation Mean Reflectivity (MAM) !5!4!3!2! 2 3 Reflectivity (dbz) Precipitation Mean Reflectivity (JJA) !5!4!3!2! 2 3 Reflectivity (dbz) PreciCitation Eean,e.lecti3it4 (FGN) ! Normali@e7 #.6.! !5!4!3!2! 2 3 Reflectivity (dbz) CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28!!!4!3!2! 2 3,e.lecti3it4 (789)
16 Cloud Temperature Temperature range for mixed-phase clouds used in CloudSAT Radar-Only Microphysical Retrievals: -2- C CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28
17 Cloud Temperature.9.8 Cloud Minimum Temperature (DJF) Cloud Minimum Temperature (MAM) Temperature (K) Temperature (K).9.8 Cloud Minimum Temperature (JJA) Cloud Minimum Temperature (SON) Temperature (K) CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, Temperature (K)
18 Summary # Single Layer Mixed-Phase Stratus Significant amounts have cloud bases < m, particularly during transition seasons (MAM, SON) Low Reflectivities (<-3 dbz) can often be found in the cloud layer, particularly during summer (JJA), when less ice is present Precipitation typically has reflectivities higher than -3 dbz, but often falls within km of the surface Mixed-phase layer is often <5 m thick Cloud minimum temperatures range from to -4 C, with a maximum of occurrence at around -2 C. CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28
19 Introduction: Representativeness CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28
20 Introduction: Representativeness - Distance of overpass from ground site CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28
21 Introduction: Representativeness - Distance of overpass from ground site }} - Along-track averaging window CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28
22 Introduction: Representativeness - Distance of overpass from ground site - Along-track averaging window - Ground-based averaging window Altitude (km) : 5:2 5:3 5:4 5:5 CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28
23 Introduction: Representativeness - Distance of overpass from ground site - Along-track averaging window - Ground-based averaging window Altitude (km) Wind Direction, etc. 5: 5:2 5:3 5:4 5:5 CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28
24 Introduction: Representativeness - Distance of overpass from ground site - Along-track averaging window - Ground-based averaging window Altitude (km) : 5:2 5:3 5:4 5:5 - Wind Direction, etc <5km - 8 <2km CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28
25 Ground Track Averaging Interval 5 CloudSAT km CloudSAT 5km MMCR 5min Altitude (m) Cloud Fraction (%) Overpasses<5 km (CloudSAT data from Jennifer Kay) CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28
26 Ground Track Averaging Interval 5 CloudSAT km CloudSAT 5km MMCR 5min Altitude (m) Cloud Fraction (%) Overpasses<5 km (CloudSAT data from Jennifer Kay) CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28
27 Ground-Based Averaging Interval 5 5 minute 4 miniute 3 minute 2minute Altitude (m) 5!.6!.4! () +i--e/ene (3) CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28
28 5 Overpass Distance CloudSAT km CloudSAT 5km MMCR 5min Altitude (m) Cloud Fraction (%) Overpasses<2 km (CloudSAT data from Jennifer Kay) CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28
29 Summary #2 Single Location Comparison Some significant differences (up to ~5%) exist between original CloudSAT and ground-based estimates. Ground-based and along track averaging intervals seem to have little effect on cloud-fraction calculation (within reason) Overpass distance considered has significant effect Future work will broaden this topic to come up with statistical analysis on how representative point comparisons are for different distances, averaging intervals, etc. CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28
30 References Curry, J.A., W.B. Rossow, D. Randall and J.L. Schramm (996), Overview of Arctic Cloud and Radiation Characteristics. J. Climate, 9, de Boer, G., E.W. Eloranta and M.D. Shupe (28), Arctic Mixed-Phase Stratus Properties from Multiple Years of Surface-Based Measurements at Two High-Latitude Locations. In Preparation. Herman, G., and R. Goody (976), Formation and Persistence of Summertime Arctic Clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, Klein, S.A., R. McCoy, H. Morrison, A. Ackerman, A. Avramov, G. de Boer, M. Chen, J. Cole, A.D. DelGenio, M. Falk, M. Foster, A. Fridlind, J.-C. Golaz, T. Hashino, J. Harrington, C. Hoose, M. Khairoutdinov, V. Larson, X. Liu, Y. Luo, G. McFarquhar, S. Menon, R. Neggers, S. Park, K. von Salzen, J.M. Schmidt, I. Sednev, B. Shipway, M. Shupe, D. Spangenberg, Y. Sud, D. Turner, D. Veron, G. Walker, Z. Wang, A. Wolf, S. Xie, K.-M. Xu, F. Yang, and G. Zhang (28), Intercomparison of model simulations of mixed-phase clouds observed during the ARM Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment. Part I: Single layer cloud. Submitted to the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28
31 EXTRA SLIDES \/ WMO Cloud Modeling Workshop, Cozumel, Mexico--4-7 July 28
32 2B-RO Microphysical Retrievals Altitude (km) Radar Reflectivity (Liquid Cloud Shown by Gray Shading) Minutes 3 October 26 7 December 26 6 August August 27 2 November 27 dbz 5!5!!5!2!25!3!35 N (CloudSAT Ice Composite) Reff (CloudSAT Ice Composite) 3 2 Water Content (CloudSAT Ice Composite) 3 2! CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, ! N (CloudSAT Liquid Composite) !! Reff (CloudSAT Liquid Composite) Water Content (CloudSAT Liquid Composite) 3!!! 2 3! 2 3
33 Cloud Maximum Reflectivity.9.8 Cloud MaE Reflectivity (FJH) Cloud MaE,eflecti3ity 6MFM: 26 2).7.) A !5!4!3!2! 2 3 Reflectivity (dbz) Bloud DaE,e.lecti3it4 (FFA) )!5!4!3!2! 2 3,eflecti3ity 6d89: Cloud Dax,eflectivity 6FGN:.+.* 24 2! 2( 2).).) ;ormali@ed A Normali@ed A.(.!.4.3.$.2.2..!5!4!3!2! 2 3,e.lecti3it4 (db9) CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28!!!4!$!2! 2 $,eflectivity 6d89:
34 Precipitation Maximum Reflectivity.9.8 Precipitation MaF Reflectivity (GHI) & "'+ "'* P=eciCiai<n Max,e.leci3iy 6MAM: %""( %"").7 "') ;<=>alize7 A "'( "'! "'#.3 "'$.2 "'%. "'&!5!4!3!2! 2 3 Reflectivity (dbz) BreciCitation MaF,e.lectivity (GGA) ) "!!"!#"!$"!%"!&" " &" %" $",e.leci3iy 6789: BreciCitation MaF Re.lectivit4 (SH;) ).).) Normali@ed A ;ormali@ed A !5!4!3!2! 2 3,e.lectivity (d89) CloudSAT Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA 9-2 August, 28!5!4!3!2! 2 3 Re.lectivit4 (db9)
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