CALIPSO measurements of clouds, aerosols, ocean surface mean square slopes, and phytoplankton backscatter

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1 CALIPSO measurements of clouds, aerosols, ocean surface mean square slopes, and phytoplankton backscatter Yongxiang Hu, Chris Hostetler, Kuanman Xu,, and CALIPSO team NASA Langley Research Center Alain Protat BOM, Australia Rob Wood UW

2 CALIPSO Payload Three Near Nadir Viewing Instruments Lidar CALIOP Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization Vertical profiles of atmosphere 2 wavelength polarization sensitive lidar: 1064 nm, 532 nm (parallel and perpendicular) Imaging Infrared Radiometer (IIR) High-resolution image (swath product) CALIOP Receiver Telescope 1 meter WFC Wide Field Camera (WFC) High-resolution image (125m resolution) CALIOP Laser Transmitter IIR CALIPSO Payload

3 CALIPSO identifies cloud layers and aerosol layers accurately June 9, 2006

4 CALIPSO unambiguously discriminates water and ice phase at cloud top 532 nm Level 1 Blue: ice Red: water

5 Impact of Multiple Scattering and Particle Orientation on CALIPSO s Cloud Phase from Depolarization Jun 2006 Dec 2007: 0.3 off-nadir Dec 2007 end of CALIPSO: 3 degree

6 CALIPSO Observations of Supercooled Water Clouds Happens Primarily at Storm Track and Polar Region

7 Occurance of Supercoold Liquid Water Clouds: Seasonal Variations

8 Spatial distribution of supercooled water clouds: lack of ice nuclei (dust and biological particles) at Southern Oceans and polar region? Polar region

9 CALIPSO lidar measurements of cloud top extinction coefficient A simple physics relation for deriving water cloud extinction ( ) from CALIPSO depolarization measurement (Hu et al., ACP, 2007) derived from radiative trasnfer calculations, 2 R 1 ( e 3 ) [ m ( 1 ) ]

10 cloud top extinction coefficient liquid water content (LWC) and number concentration (N) LWC 2 3 R e N 2 R f 2 e ( v r ) R e : effective radius (MODIS) r : variance of size distribution (MODIS: 0.15)

11 LWC and CNDC derived from CALIPSO Depolarization Measurements and MODIS Re

12 Seasonal variations of Southern Ocean water cloud properties: lower LWC, higher CDNC in Summer

13 Deriving Sea surface wind speed from CALIPSO: The signal: ocean surface lidar backscatter signal from specular reflection The physics: higher wind rougher surface lower backscatter (nadir pointing laser; 2% sea surface reflection at 1064nm wavelength; higher probability of laser beam normal to sea surface at lower wind speed, thus more chance of specular return back to the lidar system) 3/23/2014 Low Wind Speed High Wind Speed

14 Mean square wave slope (and wind speed) is inversely proportional to CALIPSO lidar backscatter of ocean surface Sea surface lidar backscatter (after a few corrections) = c / [<s 2 >] Linear relation between wind speed and wave slope variance [<s 2 >] (Cox-Munk): Lidar backscatter from ocean surface = c / [<s 2 >] = c / (a+b*wind) 2 s c P( s) ds e 2 s ds 2 s s a* Wind b;

15 Monthly mean wind speed comparison: CALIPSO vs AMSR E and Cloudsat: 3/23/2014

16 CALIPSO (wind speed measurement at 90 m footprint) captures wind gust and wind speed distributions within AMSR E footprint

17 Altitude Region and CALIOP ocean subsurface range bins 0.3 degree

18 532nm Perpendicular: Subsurface Particulate Backscatter from 532nm Cross Polarization Signal For a linearly polarized incident lidar beam (e.g., CALIOP), spherical particles, Rayleigh scattering, and reflection at the ocean surface do not contribute significantly to cross polarization Cross polarization (measured by the perpendicular channel) is dominated by backscattering of non spherical particles e.g., random oriented cloud ice crystals, plankton and other non spherical particles in the water

19 MODIS Chl a Concentration

20 Seasonal Variations of CALIPSO Ocean Cross Polarization Measurements of Phytoplankton Backscatter

21 Phytoplankton particulate backscatter coefficient (1/m) estimate from CALIPSO, and comparisons with MODIS CALIPSO BBP MODIS BBP: GSM Product MODIS BBP: QAA Product

22 Seasonal Variations of CALIPSO BBP

23 Seasonal Variations of Aerosol Extinction Profile of Southern Oceans

24 CALIPSO cloud and phytoplankton backscatter record Southern Oceans

25 Multiscale modeling framework (MMF) simulation (left) and CALIPSO/CloudSat Observations (right) of low level cloud amount (K. M. Xu and A. Cheng) Dec Feb SW cloud radiative forcing biases from CERES EBAF 30S 36S 36S 42S 58S 64S 64S 70S

26 Summary CALIPSO provides unique measurements of cloud, ocean surface, ocean subsurface and aerosol properties that enables new scientific studies (e.g., vertical structure of aerosol and cloud microphysical properties, improvements in air sea interaction with higher order moments of wind speed distribution, direct measurements of phytoplankton backscatter coefficients) Supercooled liquid water clouds appear frequently in storm track and the Arctic, with high (low) frequency of occurrence, high (low) CDNC and low (high) LWC in summer/spring (winter) season Aerosol extinction coefficients of Southern Oceans are highest in the spring and lowest in winter More scientific studies can be enabled and uncertainties of these measurements can be greatly reduced with next generation lidars (e.g., HSRL, high vertical resolution measurements near ocean surface, wind and turbulence measurements near ocean surface, ) Despite of the improvements in the subtropical low cloud regions (west coasts of the continental, Peru, California, Australia, and Atlantic), the low level clouds in the SH storm track region are underestimated by the multiscale modeling framework.

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