2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
|
- Gordon Moody
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Sand Movement on Coral Cays Sand movement in Semak Daun cay was recognized by the monsoonal morphological change of the beach line. It is found that certain beach lines advanced in certain monsoonal condition, while in the other monsoonal condition, it reduced. Recent studies found that there are two main seasons in Seribu Islands region, which are influenced by the governing wind. Based on these recognitions, it is hypothesized that monsoonal wind was the main governing force in the area Monsoonal Wind In Seribu Islands region, the climate is caused by two monsoonal winds that blow in the area, that are quite stable that it would construct and keep the surface current in Java Sea (Lumingkewas 2009; Ilahude, 1980). In Figure 2.1, it could be seen that throughout the period 1948 to 2009, regional monthly winds vectors show evidence of a quite consistent bi-directional pattern (Poerbandono, 2012). Based on this bidirectional pattern, we could divide the wind force in to two types, which are the South-East (SE) and North-West (NW) wind. The peak of the SE Monsoon is in August, while the peak of the NW Monsoon is in January (see Table 2.1 and 2.2). Table 2.1 Mean monthly wind direction, in degrees (Poerbandono, 2012) SE Monsoon Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Mean Direction Deviation NW Monsoon Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Mean Direction Deviation Table 2.2 Mean monthly wind magnitude, in ms -1 (Poerbandono, 2012) SE Monsoon Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Mean Magnitude Deviation NW Monsoon Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Mean Magnitude Deviation
2 Figure 2.1 Period mean monthly wind energy resultant vector, (Poerbandono, 2012) Nodal Point Theory Surfing actions of wind-induced waves are considered as the primary control to the transport of cay beach sediments. When wind-induced waves from a direction strike a reef platform from the windward side, breaking may occur along the outer line of a reef platform. This will result in bending of wave rays along reef platforms, which are adjusted to the morphology of the reef platform itself. The pattern of wave rays tends to converge toward the leeward side of the cay. Upon change of direction of wind-induced waves, sands are eroded and transported as long-shore drift along the beach lines that are parallel to the direction of wind vectors and collected in the socalled nodal point (Flood, 1986), that could be seen in Figure
3 Figure 2.2 Nodal point accretion at cay's leeward under predominant wind-induced waves (Flood, 1986) It is known that there is a relationship between the seasonal incoming wind and the sediment dynamics defined by their positions on the cay. Changes of beach lines seem to follow the pattern of the wind direction. Sands in SE monsoon commonly found in the western and northern part of the cay, while in NW monsoon, the sands were commonly found on the southern part of the cay (Figure 2.3). In the western side of the cay, a nodal point is seen in term of sand spit.! (a) IKONOS July 2008 SE (b) World View December 2009 NW Figure 2.3 Semak Daun cay in two monsoonal seasons (Alodia et al., 2012) 8
4 Based on the understanding, there has been a proposed nodal point model for the dynamics of sediments in Semak Daun (Figure 2.4). Figure 2.4 Nodal point model proposed for ESE waves during SE monsoon in Semak Daun cay (Poerbandono, 2012) Evidence of Erosion Based on the documentations of prior research (Figure 2.5), it is found that coastal protection efforts have been done. Sea walls were found, indicating that based on the local people s understanding, erosion had occurred on the area. Erosion evidence was also found in term of beach line change, where can be seen some fallen trees and roots drowned by the seawater. From that evidence, it could be concluded that sediment dynamics were quite active in that area, because trees need media to grow on a proper level of sands, and in this case, the proper level of sands have been eroded. These evidences were found in the northern part of the cay. (a) Beach Wall (b) Beach Line Change Figure 2.5 Erosion evidences found in Semak Daun cay (Lumingkewas, 2009) 9
5 2.2. Characteristic of Hydrodynamics in Study Area The hydrodynamics characteristics that will be explained in this study are mainly focused on the tidal and current conditions. From recent studies, it is found that the hydrodynamics were influenced by the monsoonal conditions. In SE monsoon, the current flows to the east with the magnitude of ms -1, while in the NW monsoon, it flows to the west with the magnitude of ms -1 (Lumingkewas, 2009; Wyrtki, 1961). The characteristic of hydrodynamics in study area is also defined by prior field observation. The data from the field observation contains of tidal and current data in a specific point around Semak Daun area Field Observation The tide and current from the prior observation data was obtained by deploying a 600kHz Acoustic Wave And Current profiler (AWAC) in the survey area from 25 June to 2 July 2008 (Poerbandono et al., 2009), which was on the SE Monsoon. AWAC was stationary deployed on the seabed and facing up-ward. The recording was configured at an acquisition rate of 900s with 1m vertical resolutions. The approximate depth of deployment was 11m. The observation point coordinate was (678311, ) m, with the projection of UTM-48, southern hemisphere Analysis of Observation Data The data from the field observation (Poerbandono et al., 2009) indicates that the tidal type in Seribu Islands is diurnal tide. In the beginning of the observation, the tide was in the period of neap tide, until the end of the observation, the tide changes into spring tide. The spring tide high water is 0.54m, while the neap tide high water is 0.24m. The net current from the observation point was 0.008m/s, with the direction of 230. The maximum value of current magnitude in the observation point was 0.392m/s and the minimum value was 0.003m/s, so we could say that the speed of the current that flows in the study area was quite low Numerical Simulation Setup Numerical simulations were carried out to understand the hydrodynamics and sand transport pattern in the region. The module chosen for the simulation was Flow Model Flexible Mesh (FM) in MIKE21. The simulation in the Flow Model FM 10
6 module needs an input of flexible mesh. The flexible mesh was created in the Mesh Generator Module in MIKE Zero Mesh Generation A flexible mesh consists of a number of nodes and a number of elements. It is based on a node-element structure with values defined either as element average/element center values, or on the nodes. Elements can have many different forms in general. The nodes and elements are defined in each their own table. In the two horizontal dimensions, the elements can be triangles, quadrilateral, and a mix of the two. The bathymetric data for the mesh generation were compiled from one-minute grid of GEBCO bathymetry, bathymetric chart of Semak Daun cay (2004), and bathymetric chart of Panggang, Karya, and Pramuka cay in (2009) with the projection of UTM 48 South zone. The coastline data was obtained by inserting the simulation domain data from GEBCO to the NOAA Coastline Extractor. Before the mesh generation, the bathymetric charts were geo-referenced in ArcGIS. In this research, the simulation domain consists of two land boundaries (Sumatra and Java) and three open boundaries (Figure 2.6). The bathymetric character of the simulation domain can be seen in the domain wire frame (Figure 2.7), which could be noticed that the simulation domain is quite flat. For the efficiency of the simulation, the maximum number of nodes in the domain must be defined. In this simulation, the maximum number of the nodes is This number could be obtained by simplifying the coastline geometries. When the meshing finished, a natural neighbor interpolation was executed to obtain the morphology of the seabed in the simulation area. The interpolation requires values only at the mesh nodes and will base the interpolation solely on the scatter data. 11
7 Figure 2.6 Model domain and observation points 12
8 Figure 2.7 Domain wire frame 2.4. Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity analysis is the study of how the variation in the output of a model (numerical or otherwise) can be apportioned, qualitatively or quantitatively, to different sources of variation (EAS, 2012). This analysis is very useful when attempting to determine the impact of the actual outcome of a particular variable will have if it differs from what was previously assumed. In this sensitivity analysis test, there are three scenarios for two different variables, which are bed resistance and wind forcing. The sensitivity test was executed at the same point and time of the deployment to compare the variety of the tide and current due to the change of those two variables Scenario of Bed Resistance Chezy number (m 1/2 s -1 ) 50 is used for normal the bed resistance variable. The other scenarios were to change this Chezy number to 30 and 70. The idea was to indicate the change of the tide and current in the area if the bottom stress was reduced or increased, since the bottom stress,! b, is determined by a quadratic friction law:! b = c f u b u b (1) 13
9 where in this case, c f = g C 2 (2) where c f is the drag coefficient, u b is the depth-average velocity, g is the gravitational force, and the drag coefficient in this research is determined from Chezy number, C. Figure 2.8 Sensitivity of tide simulation due to bed roughness Figure 2.9 Sensitivity of the current simulation due to bed rougness From this comparison, could be concluded that the change of the bed resistance in this simulation was not that significant for the tidal condition, but quite significant for the current velocity. As can be seen in Figure 2.8, the values of the water level with different Chezy numbers was almost remain the same, while in Figure 2.9, the current velocity is averagely increased if the Chezy number were also increased. This could mean that a rough seabed is an indicator of a strong current condition. 14
10 Scenario of Wind Forcing The original values from Table 2.1 and Table 2.2 were used as normal wind condition. The other scenarios were to multiply and to divide the magnitude values by 5. The idea was to indicate the change of the tide and current in the area if the surface stress was reduced or increased, since the surface stress,! s, is determined by the following empirical relation:! s = " a c d u w u w (3) where ρ a is the density of air, c d is the drag coefficient of air, and! u w = (u w, v w ) is the wind speed 10m above the sea surface. Figure 2.10 Sensitivity of tide due to wind speed Figure 2.11 Sensitivity of current due to wind speed 15
11 From this comparison, it could be concluded that the change of the wind speed in this simulation was more significant than the change of the bed resistance, both for the tidal and current conditions. It could be seen in Figure 2.10 that although the values were quite similar, there was slight differences difference between the results of the scenarios. The current condition itself was concerned as highly affected by the wind. As can be seen in Figure 2.11, the current velocity experienced a very high average rise when the wind velocity was multiplied, and experienced an average drop when the wind velocity was divided. This could mean that the wind was a major governing variable of hydrodynamics phenomenon in Seribu Islands region, because it caused a major change, especially on the current velocity Calibration and Validation The method used to calibrate the simulation data with the observed data is by comparing simulated tide and current with observed water level and current from the field observation of Poerbandono et al (2009) Verification of Tidal Data The verification of tidal data was executed by comparing the tidal data from the model and from the observation (Figure 2.12 and Figure 2.13). The simulation was executed from 20:00:00 06/25/2008 to 20:00:00 07/01/2008 with 1 hour interval. Figure 2.12 Time series comparison between observed water level and simulated tide 16
12 Figure 2.13 Equality line of observed and simulated water level From the comparison time series and scatter plot of Figure 2.12, can be seen that there is a similar trend between the tendency of the model and observed tide, and it already represented neap and spring tide. There are quite big discrepancies on the beginning of the time series because the instrument had just been deployed in the mean time and the model was run with no initial condition. The MSL was 0.9m. The RMS of the simulation was 6.59%. The number obtained by subtracting the water level values of the observation to the model. The subtracted values were then divided by the water level values. The divided values were then averaged to a percentage. The result showed that the water level heights from the model represented the water level from the field. Based on the number, the modelling result is considered valid Verification of Current Velocity Data The verification of current velocity data was also executed by comparing the tidal data from the model and from the observation. The discrepancy factor of 2 is 54% (Figure 2.14). It was discovered that the model were overestimated. This could 17
13 happen because the current, as described in the sensitivity analysis section, is affected by several variables. One of the most influential variables is the bathymetry. Figure 2.14 Comparison of observed and simulated velocity The observation point was located in a lagoon, where the current that flows through it was quite small, while in the simulation domain, the same location was represented by bathymetric mesh that did not match the whole morphological feature from the field. This happened because the bathymetric mesh were simplified, so that the depth changing in the location of the deployment were not that high, while in the reality, the depth changing in lagoon area is actually quite high, due to the steep reef. This simplified depth changing affected the current velocity, because the energy transferred in a flat zone is bigger than the energy transferred in a steep zone. Based on this understanding, the overestimated model could be concluded as the impact of the simplified bathymetric mesh Hydrodynamics Simulation The hydrodynamics simulation is setup for two monsoonal conditions (SE and NW monsoon) with the period of 7 days each. This period is used to represent one neap tide and one spring tide condition. The simulation run in August as a representation 18
14 of SE monsoon, while the NW monsoon represented by running the simulation in the month of January Terms and Definition Hydrodynamics simulation is a simulation of current that flows in an area. The simulation could be executed in one or multi point(s), one line, or one area. The current obtained from the simulation is resulted from a series of numerical functions, with the input of parameters such the simulation domain, simulation time, solution technique, flood and dry conditions, density, eddy viscosity, bed resistance, coriolis forcing, wind forcing, ice coverage, tidal potential, precipitation-evaporation, wave radiation, sources, structures, initial conditions, boundary conditions, decoupling, and the output of the simulation Governing Equations The simulation is based on the numerical solution of the two-dimensional shallow water equations the depth-integrated incompressible Reynolds averaged Navier- Stokes equations in the Cartesian coordinate, which is defined as (DHI, 2011):!h!t +!hu!x +!hv!y = hs (4) and the two horizontal momentum equations for the x- and y- component, respectively:!hu!t +!hu 2!x +!hvu!! = fvh " gh!y!x " h!p a!x " gh2!" 2!x + # sx " # bx " 1 #!s xx!x +!s xy % $!y!hv!t & (+! '!x (ht xx )+!!y (ht xy)+ hu s S +!huv!x +!hv 2!! = fuh " gh!y!y " h!p a!y " gh2!" 2!y + # sy " # by " 1 #!s yx!x +!s yy % $!y & (+! '!x (ht xy)+!!y (ht yy)+ hv s S (5) (6) 19
15 where t is the time; x, y and z are the Cartessian co-ordinates; η is the surface elevation; d is the still water depth; h = η + d is the total water depth; u, v and w are the velocity components in the x, y and z direction; f = 2Ωsinϕis the Coriolis parameter (Ω is the angular rate of revolution and ϕ is the geographic latitude); g is the gravitational acceleration; ρ is the density of water; s xx, s xy, s yx and s yy are components of the radiation stress tensor; v t is the vertical turbulent (or eddy) viscosity; p a is the atmospheric pressure; ρ 0 is the reference density of water. S is the magnitude of the discharge due to point sources and (u s, v s ) is the velocity by which the water is discharged into the ambient water. The governing equation mentioned above is based on the partial differential equation. It could be seen that the equation is still in a continuum condition. To obtain the result, the equation must be discretized by the boundary conditions and initial condition, so the Δt, Δx, Δy, could be defined. The over-bar indicates a depth average value. For example, u and v are the depthaveraged velocities defined by: hu =! " udz (7)!d and hv =! " vdz (8)!d Parameters of Simulation The hydrodynamics simulation contains more than one parameter, which are: 1. Simulation Domain The domain used for this simulation is the flexible mesh created in the Mesh Generator Module. The mesh file is an ASCII file including information of the geographical position and bathymetry for each node point in the mesh. The time integration method 20
16 2. Solution Technique The time integration method used in this simulation is the low order method. 3. Flood and Dry Conditions This simulation included flood and dry conditions with default values, which are drying depth of 0.005m, flooding depth 0.05m, and wetting depth 0.1m. 4. Density The density is assumed to be a function of salinity and temperature. This simulation used barotropic density type, where both temperature and salinity (TS) will be constant and the density will not be updated during the simulation. 5. Eddy Viscosity The eddy type of the simulation is governed by Smargorinsky formula (1963), where the sub-grid scale eddy viscosity is given by: A = c s 2 l 2 2S ij S ij (9) where c s is a constant, l is a characteristic length and deformation rate is given by: S ij = 1 "!u i +!u % j 2 $ #!x j!x ' (i,j = 1,2) (10) i & where the format of the formulation is constant, with the value of 0.28 and the eddy viscosity range is from 1.8x10-6 to m 2 s Bed Resistance The bottom stress was determined by the quadratic friction law with the value of Chezy number of 50m 1/2 s
17 7. Coriolis Forcing The Coriolis type used in this simulation is varying in domain, where the Coriolis force will be calculated based on the geographical information given in the mesh file. 8. Wind Forcing The wind forcing data used in this simulation were taken from the mean monthly wind direction and magnitude from 1948 to 2009 (Poerbandono, 2012), with constant value of wind friction. The August wind represented the SE monsoon, and the January wind represented the NW monsoon. 9. Boundary Conditions The study area domain consists of two land boundaries (Sumatera and Java Island) and three open boundaries. Along the land boundaries normal fluxes are forced to zero for all variables, and the open boundary condition were specified in form of the surface elevation for the hydrodynamic equation. The three open boundaries were provided on Tidal Prediction of Heights in MIKE21 Toolbox. 10. Initial Condition The initial condition type of this simulation is constant. The initial data of the surface elevation, u-velocity, and v-velocity is Other Conditions In this simulation, ice coverage, precipitation and evaporation, wave radiation, structures, decoupling, and tidal potential were excluded. 12. Output The output of this simulation is a 2D hydrodynamics simulation in the form of area series. The treatment occurred in flood and only real wet area. In the treatment of only real wet area, where the output file will contain delete values for points where the water depth is less than the wetting depth. The map projection will still be in UTM-48, Southern hemisphere. 22
The Shallow Water Equations
The Shallow Water Equations Clint Dawson and Christopher M. Mirabito Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences University of Texas at Austin clint@ices.utexas.edu September 29, 2008 The Shallow
More informationCreating a Bathymetric Database & Datum Conversion
Creating a Bathymetric Database & Datum Conversion Mitchell Brown Civil Engineering Technician Mitchell.E.Brown@erdc.dren.mil June 11, 2012 US Army Corps of Engineers BUILDING STRONG Introduction to Bathymetric
More informationChiang Rai Province CC Threat overview AAS1109 Mekong ARCC
Chiang Rai Province CC Threat overview AAS1109 Mekong ARCC This threat overview relies on projections of future climate change in the Mekong Basin for the period 2045-2069 compared to a baseline of 1980-2005.
More informationBMKG Research on Air sea interaction modeling for YMC
BMKG Research on Air sea interaction modeling for YMC Prof. Edvin Aldrian Director for Research and Development - BMKG First Scientific and Planning Workshop on Year of Maritime Continent, Singapore 27-3
More informationDevelopment and application of demonstration MIKE 21C morphological model for a bend in Mekong River
Development and application of demonstration MIKE 21C morphological model for a bend in Mekong River September 2015 0 Table of Contents 1. Introduction... 2 2. Data collection... 3 2.1 Additional data...
More informationSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol. 25 (3): 1009-1018 (2017) SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Journal homepage: http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/ Estimation and Validation of Nearshore Current at the Coast of Carey Island,
More informationWIND EFFECTS ON CHEMICAL SPILL IN ST ANDREW BAY SYSTEM
WIND EFFECTS ON CHEMICAL SPILL IN ST ANDREW BAY SYSTEM PETER C. CHU, PATRICE PAULY Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA93943 STEVEN D. HAEGER Naval Oceanographic Office, Stennis Space Center MATHEW
More informationA Study on Residual Flow in the Gulf of Tongking
Journal of Oceanography, Vol. 56, pp. 59 to 68. 2000 A Study on Residual Flow in the Gulf of Tongking DINH-VAN MANH 1 and TETSUO YANAGI 2 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ehime University,
More informationThe use of MIKE21 to study the. barrier beach system of Inner Dingle Bay, Co. Kerry, Ireland. Dr. Michael O Shea Malachy Walsh and Partners
The use of MIKE21 to study the morphodynamic evolution of the mid-bay barrier beach system of Inner Dingle Bay, Co. Kerry, Ireland Dr. Michael O Shea Malachy Walsh and Partners Contents Why Study Morphodynamics
More informationRed Sea - Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Additional Studies
Red Sea - Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Additional Studies Red Sea Study Final Report Annex 1 Field and laboratory activities carried out during the study and their results July 213 TABLE OF
More informationFOWPI Metocean Workshop Modelling, Design Parameters and Weather Windows
FOWPI Metocean Workshop Modelling, Design Parameters and Weather Windows Jesper Skourup, Chief Specialist, COWI 1 The Project is funded by The European Union Agenda 1. Metocean Data Requirements 2. Site
More informationStream Discharge and the Water Budget
Regents Earth Science Unit 6: Water Cycle & Climate Name: Lab # Stream Discharge and the Water Budget Introduction: The United States Geological Survey (USGS) measures and publishes values for the daily
More informationMorphological Modeling of Inlets and Adjacent Shorelines on Engineering Timescales
CB&I Morphological Modeling of Inlets and Adjacent Shorelines on Engineering Timescales Challenges and Model Improvements based on Recent Studies Dobrochinski, J.P.H.; Benedet, L.; Signorin, M.; Pierro,
More informationAutomatic Eddy Viscosity Assignment for 2-D Hydrodynamic Model of Szczecin Bay
PUBLS. INST. GEOPHYS. POL. ACAD. SC., E-6 (390), 006 Automatic Eddy Viscosity Assignment for -D Hydrodynamic Model of Szczecin Bay Ryszard EWERTOWSKI 1, 1 Technical University of Szczecin, Building and
More informationWQMAP (Water Quality Mapping and Analysis Program) is a proprietary. modeling system developed by Applied Science Associates, Inc.
Appendix A. ASA s WQMAP WQMAP (Water Quality Mapping and Analysis Program) is a proprietary modeling system developed by Applied Science Associates, Inc. and the University of Rhode Island for water quality
More informationThe Coast: Beaches and Shoreline Processes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The Coast: es and Shoreline Processes Trujillo & Thurman, Chapter 10 Oceanography 101 Chapter Objectives Recognize the various landforms characteristic of beaches and coastal regions.
More informationThe Coast: Beaches and Shoreline Processes Trujillo & Thurman, Chapter 10
The Coast: es and Shoreline Processes Trujillo & Thurman, Chapter 10 Oceanography 101 Chapter Objectives Recognize the various landforms characteristic of beaches and coastal regions. Identify seasonal
More informationExercise 6. Solar Panel Orientation EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE. Introduction to the importance of solar panel orientation DISCUSSION
Exercise 6 Solar Panel Orientation EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will understand how the solar illumination at any location on Earth varies over the course of a year. You
More informationPhysical Oceanography, MSCI 3001 Oceanographic Processes, MSCI Dr. Katrin Meissner Week 5.
Physical Oceanography, MSCI 3001 Oceanographic Processes, MSCI 5004 Dr. Katrin Meissner k.meissner@unsw.e.au Week 5 Ocean Dynamics Transport of Volume, Heat & Salt Flux: Amount of heat, salt or volume
More informationDunes Growth Estimation for Coastal Protection
Dunes Growth Estimation for Coastal Protection Muhammad Zikra Department of Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Marine Technology, ITS, Kampus ITS Keputih Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111 Abstract: This paper describes
More informationClimate Variability in South Asia
Climate Variability in South Asia V. Niranjan, M. Dinesh Kumar, and Nitin Bassi Institute for Resource Analysis and Policy Contents Introduction Rainfall variability in South Asia Temporal variability
More informationOCN/ATM/ESS 587. The wind-driven ocean circulation. Friction and stress. The Ekman layer, top and bottom. Ekman pumping, Ekman suction
OCN/ATM/ESS 587 The wind-driven ocean circulation. Friction and stress The Ekman layer, top and bottom Ekman pumping, Ekman suction Westward intensification The wind-driven ocean. The major ocean gyres
More informationOceanography. Oceanography is the study of the deep sea and shallow coastal oceans.
Oceanography Oceanography is the study of the deep sea and shallow coastal oceans. Studying the Ocean Floor To determine the shape and composition of the ocean floor, scientists use techniques such as
More informationSPECIMEN. Date Morning/Afternoon. A Level Geography H481/01 Physical systems Sample Question Paper. Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes PMT
Oxford Cambridge and RSA A Level Geography H481/01 Physical systems Sample Question Paper Date Morning/Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes You must have: the Resource Booklet the OCR 12-page Answer
More informationHolderness Erosion and Evolution of the Spurn Peninsula
Holderness Erosion and Evolution of the Spurn Peninsula Prof. Ken Pye and Dr. Simon Blott Kenneth Pye Associates Ltd. Outline of the Presentation Overview of historical erosion trends Effects of coast
More informationVariability of Reference Evapotranspiration Across Nebraska
Know how. Know now. EC733 Variability of Reference Evapotranspiration Across Nebraska Suat Irmak, Extension Soil and Water Resources and Irrigation Specialist Kari E. Skaggs, Research Associate, Biological
More informationGAMINGRE 8/1/ of 7
FYE 09/30/92 JULY 92 0.00 254,550.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 254,550.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 254,550.00 AUG 10,616,710.31 5,299.95 845,656.83 84,565.68 61,084.86 23,480.82 339,734.73 135,893.89 67,946.95
More informationLocation. Datum. Survey. information. Etrometa. Step Gauge. Description. relative to Herne Bay is -2.72m. The site new level.
Tide Gauge Location OS: 616895E 169377N WGS84: Latitude: 51 o 22.919196 N Longitude: 01 o 6.9335907 E Instrument Type Etrometa Step Gauge Benchmarks Benchmark TGBM = 5.524m above Ordnance Datum Newlyn
More informationThe Arctic Energy Budget
The Arctic Energy Budget The global heat engine [courtesy Kevin Trenberth, NCAR]. Differential solar heating between low and high latitudes gives rise to a circulation of the atmosphere and ocean that
More informationLocation. Datum. Survey. information. Etrometa. Step Gauge. Description. relative to Herne Bay is -2.72m. The site new level.
Tide Gauge Location OS: 616895E 169377N WGS84: Latitude: 51 o 22.919196 N Longitude: 01 o 6.9335907 E Instrument Type Etrometa Step Gauge Benchmarks Benchmark TGBM = 5.524m above Ordnance Datum Newlyn
More informationHindcast Arabian Gulf
Hindcast Arabian Gulf Image of isobars of atmospheric pressure and hindcast wind- and wave field over the Arabian Gulf during a storm in January 1993. Detailed wave studies are supported by nesting of
More informationTILT, DAYLIGHT AND SEASONS WORKSHEET
TILT, DAYLIGHT AND SEASONS WORKSHEET Activity Description: Students will use a data table to make a graph for the length of day and average high temperature in Utah. They will then answer questions based
More informationUPDATE OF REGIONAL WEATHER AND SMOKE HAZE (December 2017)
UPDATE OF REGIONAL WEATHER AND SMOKE HAZE (December 2017) 1. Review of Regional Weather Conditions for November 2017 1.1 In November 2017, Southeast Asia experienced inter-monsoon conditions in the first
More informationThe Climate of Payne County
The Climate of Payne County Payne County is part of the Central Great Plains in the west, encompassing some of the best agricultural land in Oklahoma. Payne County is also part of the Crosstimbers in the
More informationReal World Globes Investigating Surface Currents around the Globe Authored by Ryan Glaubke, Graduate Student at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA
Real World Globes Investigating Surface Currents around the Globe Authored by Ryan Glaubke, Graduate Student at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA Purpose: - To practice basic plotting techniques using
More informationRestoration of a boulder reef in Kattegat a numerical study of the design parameters and impact on sediment transport
Restoration of a boulder reef in Kattegat a numerical study of the design parameters and impact on sediment transport S. Niemann, K. Bundgaard, et. al. DHI Water Environment Health, Denmark Boulder reef
More informationB O S Z. - Boussinesq Ocean & Surf Zone model - International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University, JAPAN
B O S Z - Boussinesq Ocean & Surf Zone model - Volker Roeber 1 Troy W. Heitmann 2, Kwok Fai Cheung 2, Gabriel C. David 3, Jeremy D. Bricker 1 1 International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS),
More information8.1 Attachment 1: Ambient Weather Conditions at Jervoise Bay, Cockburn Sound
8.1 Attachment 1: Ambient Weather Conditions at Jervoise Bay, Cockburn Sound Cockburn Sound is 20km south of the Perth-Fremantle area and has two features that are unique along Perth s metropolitan coast
More informationControl Volume. Dynamics and Kinematics. Basic Conservation Laws. Lecture 1: Introduction and Review 1/24/2017
Lecture 1: Introduction and Review Dynamics and Kinematics Kinematics: The term kinematics means motion. Kinematics is the study of motion without regard for the cause. Dynamics: On the other hand, dynamics
More informationLecture 1: Introduction and Review
Lecture 1: Introduction and Review Review of fundamental mathematical tools Fundamental and apparent forces Dynamics and Kinematics Kinematics: The term kinematics means motion. Kinematics is the study
More informationAverage temperature ( F) World Climate Zones. very cold all year with permanent ice and snow. very cold winters, cold summers, and little rain or snow
P r e v i e w Look carefully at the climagraph of Mumbai, India. What is the wettest month (or months) in Mumbai? What is the driest month (or months) in Mumbai? What effects might this city s climate
More informationGlobal Climates. Name Date
Global Climates Name Date No investigation of the atmosphere is complete without examining the global distribution of the major atmospheric elements and the impact that humans have on weather and climate.
More informationProject Topic. Simulation of turbulent flow laden with finite-size particles using LBM. Leila Jahanshaloo
Project Topic Simulation of turbulent flow laden with finite-size particles using LBM Leila Jahanshaloo Project Details Turbulent flow modeling Lattice Boltzmann Method All I know about my project Solid-liquid
More information2013 Tide Newsletter and occasionally by much more. What's more,
The Official Newsletter for the Nor easters Metal Detecting Club! Tide s Ed it io n HTTP://WWW.NOR EASTER S.NET Year ly Ti des for 2013 The Metal Detecting Creed By Jessie Thompson We are Metal Detectorists.
More informationOCEAN HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL
Jurnal Teknologi Pengelolaan Limbah (Journal of Waste Management Technology), ISSN 1410-9565 Volume 10 Nomor 1 Juli 2007 (Volume 10, Number 1, July, 2007) Pusat Teknologi Limbah Radioaktif (Radioactive
More informationGSA DATA REPOSITORY
GSA DATA REPOSITORY 2009206 Miner et al. Supplemental Material Bathymetric Survey Methods The bathymetric data for the area were gathered using a single-beam bathymetric survey rig mounted aboard a 21-foot
More informationENSO Outlook by JMA. Hiroyuki Sugimoto. El Niño Monitoring and Prediction Group Climate Prediction Division Japan Meteorological Agency
ENSO Outlook by JMA Hiroyuki Sugimoto El Niño Monitoring and Prediction Group Climate Prediction Division Outline 1. ENSO impacts on the climate 2. Current Conditions 3. Prediction by JMA/MRI-CGCM 4. Summary
More information2016 Meteorology Summary
2016 Meteorology Summary New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection AIR POLLUTION AND METEOROLOGY Meteorology plays an important role in the distribution of pollution throughout the troposphere,
More informationScarborough Tide Gauge
Tide Gauge Location OS: 504898E 488622N WGS84: Latitude: 54 16' 56.990"N Longitude: 00 23' 25.0279"W Instrument Valeport 740 (Druck Pressure Transducer) Benchmarks Benchmark Description TGBM = 4.18m above
More informationStudy of Hydrometeorology in a Hard Rock Terrain, Kadirischist Belt Area, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh
Open Journal of Geology, 2012, 2, 294-300 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2012.24028 Published Online October 2012 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojg) Study of Hydrometeorology in a Hard Rock Terrain, Kadirischist
More informationSection 6.5 Modeling with Trigonometric Functions
Section 6.5 Modeling with Trigonometric Functions 441 Section 6.5 Modeling with Trigonometric Functions Solving right triangles for angles In Section 5.5, we used trigonometry on a right triangle to solve
More informationPAPER 333 FLUID DYNAMICS OF CLIMATE
MATHEMATICAL TRIPOS Part III Wednesday, 1 June, 2016 1:30 pm to 4:30 pm Draft 21 June, 2016 PAPER 333 FLUID DYNAMICS OF CLIMATE Attempt no more than THREE questions. There are FOUR questions in total.
More informationAssessment of the Impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Events on Rainfall Amount in South-Western Nigeria
2016 Pearl Research Journals Journal of Physical Science and Environmental Studies Vol. 2 (2), pp. 23-29, August, 2016 ISSN 2467-8775 Full Length Research Paper http://pearlresearchjournals.org/journals/jpses/index.html
More informationWIND DATA REPORT FOR THE YAKUTAT JULY 2004 APRIL 2005
WIND DATA REPORT FOR THE YAKUTAT JULY 2004 APRIL 2005 Prepared on July 12, 2005 For Bob Lynette 212 Jamestown Beach Lane Sequim WA 98382 By John Wade Wind Consultant LLC 2575 NE 32 nd Ave Portland OR 97212
More informationCoastal Inundation Forecasting and Community Response in Bangladesh
WMO Coastal Inundation Forecasting and Community Response in Bangladesh Bapon (SHM) Fakhruddin Nadao Kohno 12 November 2015 System Design for Coastal Inundation Forecasting CIFDP-PSG-5, 14-16 May 2014,
More informationUniversity of Florida Department of Geography GEO 3280 Assignment 3
G E O 3 2 8 A s s i g n m e n t # 3 Page 1 University of Florida Department of Geography GEO 328 Assignment 3 Modeling Precipitation and Elevation Solar Radiation Precipitation Evapo- Transpiration Vegetation
More informationHYDRAULIC MODELLING OF NENJIANG RIVER FLOODPLAIN IN NORTHEAST CHINA
HYDRAULIC MODELLING OF NENJIANG RIVER FLOODPLAIN IN NORTHEAST CHINA Xiao Fei MEE08181 Supervisor: A.W. Jayawardena ABSTRACT In 1998, the worst flood recorded for over 200 years hit the Songhua River Basin
More informationChanging Hydrology under a Changing Climate for a Coastal Plain Watershed
Changing Hydrology under a Changing Climate for a Coastal Plain Watershed David Bosch USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA Jeff Arnold ARS Temple, TX and Peter Allen Baylor University, TX SEWRU Objectives 1. Project changes
More informationAssessment of the performance of a turbulence closure model: along the tidally-influenced Kaipara River to the estuary, NZ
Assessment of the performance of a turbulence closure model: along the tidally-influenced Kaipara River to the estuary, NZ Berengere S. Dejeans 1, Julia C. Mullarney 2, Iain T. MacDonald 3 and Glen M.
More informationInvestigating Factors that Influence Climate
Investigating Factors that Influence Climate Description In this lesson* students investigate the climate of a particular latitude and longitude in North America by collecting real data from My NASA Data
More informationTHERMOHALINE OCEAN CIRCULATION IN MAKRAN COASTS-IRAN by
THERMOHALINE OCEAN CIRCULATION IN MAKRAN COASTS-IRAN by Mohammad Bagheri 1, M. Reza Allahyar 1, Mehdi Shafieefar 2, M. Hosein Nemati 1, Ali Ghasemi 2, Ahmad Rezaei 2 ABSTRACT Ocean currents are generated
More informationDRIVEN LARVAL TRANSPORT ON SALEH BAY, SUMBAWA, INDONESIA *)
BAROTROPIC TIDAL AND WIND-DRIVEN DRIVEN LARVAL TRANSPORT ON SALEH BAY, SUMBAWA, INDONESIA *) Widodo S. Pranowo 1), Yulia Herdiani 2) Ivonne M. Radjawane 3) 2), *) Presenting on WOM-12 APEC/MRC/OMISAR in
More informationInfluence of extreme events on sedimentation in sedimentation fields enclosed by brushwood fences
Influence of extreme events on sedimentation in sedimentation fields enclosed by brushwood fences A. Matheja Franzius-Institute for Hydraulic, Waterways and Coastal Engineering, University of Hannover,
More informationDynamics of the Ems Estuary
Dynamics of the Ems Estuary Physics of coastal systems Jerker Menninga 0439738 Utrecht University Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht Lecturer: Prof. dr. H.E. de Swart Abstract During
More informationDetails of data on Temperature, Relative Humidity, Rainfall and Wind are presented in the following sections.
Chapter 3 Natural Conditions in and around Ghana Sea Ports 3.1 Climatic Conditions 3.1.1 General The study area falls within the tropical zone, in which each year has rainy and dry seasons. The study area
More informationWIND DATA REPORT. Vinalhaven
WIND DATA REPORT Vinalhaven April 1, 2004 June 30, 2004 Prepared for Fox Islands Electric Cooperative By Melissa L. Ray Anthony L. Rogers April 4, 2005 Renewable Energy Research Laboratory 160 Governors
More informationAnalysis of Historical Pattern of Rainfall in the Western Region of Bangladesh
24 25 April 214, Asian University for Women, Bangladesh Analysis of Historical Pattern of Rainfall in the Western Region of Bangladesh Md. Tanvir Alam 1*, Tanni Sarker 2 1,2 Department of Civil Engineering,
More informationOrbit Design Marcelo Suárez. 6th Science Meeting; Seattle, WA, USA July 2010
Orbit Design Marcelo Suárez Orbit Design Requirements The following Science Requirements provided drivers for Orbit Design: Global Coverage: the entire extent (100%) of the ice-free ocean surface to at
More informationWIND DATA REPORT. Vinalhaven
WIND DATA REPORT Vinalhaven July 1, 2004 September 30, 2004 Prepared for Fox Islands Electric Cooperative By Melissa L. Ray Anthony L. Rogers April 4, 2005 Renewable Energy Research Laboratory 160 Governors
More informationInter comparison of wave height observations from buoy and altimeter with numerical prediction
Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences Vol. 43(7), July 2014, pp. 1347-1351 Inter comparison of wave height observations from buoy and altimeter with numerical prediction S. A. Sannasiraj 1*, M. Kalyani
More informationPresentation Overview. Southwestern Climate: Past, present and future. Global Energy Balance. What is climate?
Southwestern Climate: Past, present and future Mike Crimmins Climate Science Extension Specialist Dept. of Soil, Water, & Env. Science & Arizona Cooperative Extension The University of Arizona Presentation
More informationPhysical Features of Monsoon Asia. 192 Unit 7 Teachers Curriculum Institute 60 N 130 E 140 E 150 E 60 E 50 N 160 E 40 N 30 N 150 E.
50 N 60 E 70 E 80 E 90 E 100 E 60 N 110 E 120 E 130 E 140 E 150 E 50 N 160 E 40 N 40 N 30 N 60 E 30 N 150 E Tropic of Cancer 20 N Tropic of Cancer 20 N 10 N 10 N 0 Equator 0 Equator 10 S 10 S 0 500 1,000
More informationThe Climate of Marshall County
The Climate of Marshall County Marshall County is part of the Crosstimbers. This region is a transition region from the Central Great Plains to the more irregular terrain of southeastern Oklahoma. Average
More informationEROSION MECHANISM OF NGA BAY RIVERBANKS, HO CHI MINH CITY, VIETNAM
EROSION MECHANISM OF NGA BAY RIVERBANKS, HO CHI MINH CITY, VIETNAM Abstract Bui Trong Vinh 1, Nguyen Hai Truong 1 1 Department of Geo-Environment, Faculty of Geology and Petroleum Engineering Ho Chi Minh
More informationFluid Dynamics Exercises and questions for the course
Fluid Dynamics Exercises and questions for the course January 15, 2014 A two dimensional flow field characterised by the following velocity components in polar coordinates is called a free vortex: u r
More informationNUMERICAL MODELLING OF HYDRODYNAMICS AND EVIDENCE OF CAY EROSION IN SERIBU ISLANDS. by Gabriella Alodia
NUMERICAL MODELLING OF HYDRODYNAMICS AND EVIDENCE OF CAY EROSION IN SERIBU ISLANDS UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Academic Writing as one of the requirements to obtain the degree of SARJANA TEKNIK in Geodetic and
More informationJanuary 25, Summary
January 25, 2013 Summary Precipitation since the December 17, 2012, Drought Update has been slightly below average in parts of central and northern Illinois and above average in southern Illinois. Soil
More informationLunar Tidal Effects on the Bottom Side of the Ionospheric Plasma With Variation of Local Magnetic Field in Mid-Latitude
Lunar Tidal Effects on the Bottom Side of the Ionospheric Plasma With Variation of Local Magnetic Field in Mid-Latitude Leili Ebrahimi Razgale 1, Zahra Emami 1*, Mahdi Bakhshi 2, Mina Janserian 1 1 Department
More informationEnergy and Seasons A B1. 9. Which graph best represents the general relationship between latitude and average surface temperature?
Energy and Seasons A B1 1. Which type of surface absorbs the greatest amount of electromagnetic energy from the Sun? (1) smooth, shiny, and light colored (2) smooth, shiny, and dark colored (3) rough,
More information1 What Is Climate? TAKE A LOOK 2. Explain Why do areas near the equator tend to have high temperatures?
CHAPTER 17 1 What Is Climate? SECTION Climate BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is climate? What factors affect climate? How do climates differ
More informationLecture 2. Lecture 1. Forces on a rotating planet. We will describe the atmosphere and ocean in terms of their:
Lecture 2 Lecture 1 Forces on a rotating planet We will describe the atmosphere and ocean in terms of their: velocity u = (u,v,w) pressure P density ρ temperature T salinity S up For convenience, we will
More informationThe Climate of Texas County
The Climate of Texas County Texas County is part of the Western High Plains in the north and west and the Southwestern Tablelands in the east. The Western High Plains are characterized by abundant cropland
More informationBasic human requirements
Basic human requirements Core Temperature 37 0 C 36 0 C 34 0 C 32 0 C 31 0 C 28 0 C Room Temperature 0 o C 20 o C 35 o C Energy [kw/(m² μm)] 2.0-1.5 - Black body at 800 K Solar radiation at atmosphere
More information1 Shoreline Landforms 2. 2 Emergent v. Submergent 2. 3 Wavecutting 3. 4 Planview 4. 5 Marine Terraces 5. 6 California 7. 7 Tombolos, Sea Stacks 8
Shorelines November 9, 2008 Contents 1 Shoreline Landforms 2 2 Emergent v. Submergent 2 3 Wavecutting 3 4 Planview 4 5 Marine Terraces 5 6 California 7 7 Tombolos, Sea Stacks 8 8 Active Processes 9 9 Emergence
More informationTorben Königk Rossby Centre/ SMHI
Fundamentals of Climate Modelling Torben Königk Rossby Centre/ SMHI Outline Introduction Why do we need models? Basic processes Radiation Atmospheric/Oceanic circulation Model basics Resolution Parameterizations
More informationMissouri River Basin Water Management Monthly Update
Missouri River Basin Water Management Monthly Update Participating Agencies 255 255 255 237 237 237 0 0 0 217 217 217 163 163 163 200 200 200 131 132 122 239 65 53 80 119 27 National Oceanic and Atmospheric
More informationVariability and trend of the heat balance in the southeast Indian Ocean
Variability and trend of the heat balance in the southeast Indian Ocean Ming Feng, CSIRO Marine & Atmospheric Research Arne Biastoch, Claus Böning, Leibniz-Institut für Meeresforschung Nick Caputi, Department
More informationover the Northern West Florida Shelf from SeaWinds and ASCAT
Interannual Variability of Synoptic Scale Winds over the Northern West Florida Shelf from SeaWinds and ASCAT Steve Morey Mark Bourassa Austin Todd COAPS/FSU This work is sponsored by the NASA Ocean Vector
More informationFaisal S. Syed, Shahbaz M.,Nadia R.,Siraj I. K., M. Adnan Abid, M. Ashfaq, F. Giorgi, J. Pal, X. Bi
ICTP NCP International Conference on Global Change 15-19 November, 2006, Islamabad Climate Change Studies over South Asia Region Using Regional Climate Model RegCM3 (Preliminary Results) Faisal S. Syed,
More informationRR#5 - Free Response
Base your answers to questions 1 through 3 on the data table below and on your knowledge of Earth Science. The table shows the area, in million square kilometers, of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice from
More informationSea level change around the Philippines
Sea level Sea level around the Philippines Institute of Environmental Science for Social Change (ESSC) Conference on Internal Migration and Displacement Davao City, Philippines 20 May 2012 Regional How
More informationMet Éireann Climatological Note No. 15 Long-term rainfall averages for Ireland,
Met Éireann Climatological Note No. 15 Long-term rainfall averages for Ireland, 1981-2010 Séamus Walsh Glasnevin Hill, Dublin 9 2016 Disclaimer Although every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy
More informationTemperature Variation on Earth. Goal: Explain our atmosphere s interaction with the Sun s radiation
Temperature Variation on Earth Goal: Explain our atmosphere s interaction with the Sun s radiation Review: What happens to Solar Radiation? 50%- absorbed by land & sea 20%- absorbed by atmosphere and clouds
More informationNumerical models in context of coastal climate change, adaptation and protection schemes. Nils Drønen Head of Innovation, CED, DHI
Numerical models in context of coastal climate change, adaptation and protection schemes Nils Drønen Head of Innovation, CED, DHI Agenda Introduction How can we quantify coastal response to climate change
More informationATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION AND WIND
ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION AND WIND The source of water for precipitation is the moisture laden air masses that circulate through the atmosphere. Atmospheric circulation is affected by the location on the
More informationThe Climate of Grady County
The Climate of Grady County Grady County is part of the Central Great Plains, encompassing some of the best agricultural land in Oklahoma. Average annual precipitation ranges from about 33 inches in northern
More informationFunding provided by NOAA Sectoral Applications Research Project CLIMATE. Basic Climatology Colorado Climate Center
Funding provided by NOAA Sectoral Applications Research Project CLIMATE Basic Climatology Colorado Climate Center Remember These? Factor 1: Our Energy Source Factor 2: Revolution & Tilt Factor 3: Rotation!
More informationIntroduction to Climate ~ Part I ~
2015/11/16 TCC Seminar JMA Introduction to Climate ~ Part I ~ Shuhei MAEDA (MRI/JMA) Climate Research Department Meteorological Research Institute (MRI/JMA) 1 Outline of the lecture 1. Climate System (
More informationMarine Current Potential Energy for Environmental Friendly Electricity Generation in Bali, Lombok and Makassar Straits
Environmental Technology and Management Conference 2006 September 7-8, 2006 Bandung, West Java, Indonesia Marine Current Potential Energy for Environmental Friendly Electricity Generation in Bali, Lombok
More informationWorld Geography Chapter 3
World Geography Chapter 3 Section 1 A. Introduction a. Weather b. Climate c. Both weather and climate are influenced by i. direct sunlight. ii. iii. iv. the features of the earth s surface. B. The Greenhouse
More information