Basic human requirements
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1 Basic human requirements Core Temperature 37 0 C 36 0 C 34 0 C 32 0 C 31 0 C 28 0 C Room Temperature 0 o C 20 o C 35 o C
2 Energy [kw/(m² μm)] Black body at 800 K Solar radiation at atmosphere s boundaries Solar radiation at sea level Clear sky, sun at 30 above the horizon UV visible IR Wavelength [μm]
3 Ground Reflection 5% Cloud Reflection 20%+ Atmospheric Absorption & Scattering 25%
4 Earth s orbit seasons Equinox March 22 Winter solstice Dec 21 Summer solstice June 21 Equinox Sept 21
5 Solar course Earth s orbit seasons latitude and elevation s impact [W/m2] Height above sea level 0 m 500 m 3000 m [kwh/m2 an] yr] Dakar Cairo Alger Lisbon Carpentras Rom e Hambourg Paris Helsinki η [ ] Latitude du lieu
6 Parameters in incoming radiation Earth s orbit seasons latitude and elevation s impact earth s inertia 90 o h Average outside temperature T o C 20 o 60 o 30 o Solar elevation 10 o 0 o 57 o F 41 o F a 16 F difference for the same solar elevation 0 o 21 juin 23 sept 22 dec 21 mars 21 juin Critical for solar protections
7 Earth s orbit seasons day
8 Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential N h Z elevation η azimuth φ latitude L declination δ δ solar time H solar N' N η noon = 90 - L + δ Equatorial Plane Zenith Latitude Elevation Azimuth S'
9 Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential
10 Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential cylindrical projection Latitude: 49 o 10 h 9 h 8 h 7 h 6 h 5 h N 11 h 12 h F EG DH CI BJ AK L S 13 h 14 h 15 h 16 h 17 h 18 h 19 h N E Sun h a S W N
11 Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential cylindrical projection
12 Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential cylindrical projection stereographic projection Sun Zenith Nadir
13 Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential cylindrical projection stereographic projection N 21 Juin 23 Sept Mar 21 Dec. Solar radiation 15 o 0 o 345 o 47 o N 330 o 30 o 315 o 45 o 300 o 60 o Jan 75 o May Jul 285 o o 90 o April o 20 o 30 o 40 o 50 o 60 o 70 o 80 o +90 o Aug o 12 Sep Mars 23 Feb 26 Oct o 120 o Jan 16 Nov o 135 o Dec o 150 o 210 o 165 o 180 o 195 o Images by MIT OCW.
14 Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential cylindrical projection stereographic projection o S 75 o A 60 o J o 105 o D N O 135 o 150o 165o 180 o 195 o 210 o 225 o o J F 255 o M 270 o A M 285 o J 300 o o 315 o 30 o 330 o 15 o N 345 o
15 Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential cylindrical projection stereographic projection A D 5' 10' 15' 20' 25' Site plan Solar radiation C tan E = y/x B E y 20' A 36' o o Jul 21/May 21 Jun o 40 o Aug 21/Apr o o Sept 21/Mar21 70 o o 7 5 E W Oct 21/Feb 21 Nov 21/Jan 21 Dec Dec Oct 21/Feb 21 Nov 21/Jan 21 w ESep 21/ Mar 21 Jul 21/ May 21 Jul 21/ May 21 June 21 +
16 Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential cylindrical projection Horizontal sun protections stereographic projection
17 Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential cylindrical projection stereographic projection Vertical sun protections
18 Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential N cylindrical projection stereographic projection Combined protection 280 W D C B F E F G 60 6 H J I E A L S
19 Daylight
20 Daylight Sky type Clear Milky-white Partly cloudy Whitish Light grey Dark grey Dark Sun Shiny Clear Partly veiled Veiled Still visible Barely visible Invisible Global radiation [W/m 2 ] 800 to to to to to to to 100 Diffuse component 10 to 20% 20 to 40% 20 to 50% 40 to 80% 50 to 100% 75 to 100% 100%
21 Climate Atmospheric phenomena (global climate) Wind flows and Coriolis force North Pole E W Subpolar low-pressure belt L L H L W High pressure Low pressure High pressure Subtropical high-pressure belt H H L H Wind flow from high to low pressure zones Intratropical convergences Subtropical high-pressure belt H H H E E Tropopause Subpolar low-pressure belt L L L W Polar high H E South Pole Prevailing westerlies Cold front Warm front Convergence W = Westerly winds E = Easterly winds Warm wind Cold wind H = High pressure L = Low pressure Images by MIT OCW.
22 Climate Atmospheric phenomena (global climate) Wind flows and Coriolis force Water
23 Climate Atmospheric phenomena (global climate) Wind flows and Coriolis force Water Mountains Rain Shadow San Francisco 190 miles Precipitation: Temperature: 19 Inches 46o F January 64o F July Reno 210 miles 7 Inches 20o F January 91o F July
24 Climate Atmospheric phenomena (global climate) Wind flows and Coriolis force Water Mountains Friction Altitude (m) % 100% 75% Percentage of Gradient Wind Velocity 100% 75% 50% 75% 50% 100% Altitude (ft) Effect of terrain on wind velocity profiles
25 Climate Atmospheric phenomena (global climate) Wind flows and Coriolis force Water Mountains Friction Greenhouse effect CO 2 concentration in ppm Temperature in o C Millennia ago.
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FYE 09/30/92 JULY 92 0.00 254,550.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 254,550.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 254,550.00 AUG 10,616,710.31 5,299.95 845,656.83 84,565.68 61,084.86 23,480.82 339,734.73 135,893.89 67,946.95
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