Technical Challenge of Lightning Protection for Wind Power Generation

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1 Technical Challenge of Lightning Protection for Wind Power Generation 18 th November,2008 Takayuki Nakamoto,Hiroshi Morita Kinden Corporation

2 Contents 1.Situation of wind power generation in the worldwide and domestic 2.Lightining strokes to the wind power generation 2-1.Lightning in Japan 2-2.Lightning damages on wind power generation in Japan 3. Observation and analysis of lightning stroke to the wind power generation 3-1.Observation 3-2.Analysis and Result 4. Technical challenge of Lightning protection for wind power generation 5. Planning of further reserch 1

3 1.Situation of wind power generation in the worldwide and domestic 2

4 1.Situation of wind power generation in the Worldwide and domestic [MW ] Fig.1 Past record as electric power supply from windpower generation in the world [Y ear] 3

5 1.Situation of wind power generation in the Worldwide and domestic [MW ] Germany USA Spain 7840 India <At the end of 2007> ( )G rowth rate from previous quater Germany : 22,250MW (7.9% ) US A : 16,970MW (45.1%) Spain : 15,150MW (30.4%) India : 7,840MW (25.1%) China : 5,910MW (127.7% ) Japan : 1,670MW (12.1%) The thirteenth largest in the world 5910 China Denmark Fig2 The amount of installation of windpower generation in each country Italy United France Portugal Canada Netherlands Japan 4

6 1.Situation of wind power generation in the Worldwide and domestic [MW ] At the end of March in 2008 E lectricity generated: 1,675MW Fig3 Increase of installation of windpower generation in Japan [Y ear] 5

7 1.Situation of wind power generation in the Worldwide and domestic Sinovel(China), 0.8% Goldwind(China), 1.5% Acciona(Spain), 1.8% Nordex(Germany), 4.1% Others, 12.0% Vestas(Denmark), 31.4% Suzlon(India), 5.0% Siemens(Denmark), 7.4% GE(USA), 13.8% Enercon(Germany), 14.6% Gamesa(Spain), 14.2% Fig4 Market share of windturbine manufacturer in the world 6

8 2.Lightning strokes to the wind power generation 7

9 2-1.Lightning in Japan References cited Inspection of countermesure for lightning against wind power generation published by NEDO in 2006 Number of lightning (Summer season) Summer season 6~times/km 2 a year 4~6times/km 2 a year 2~4times/km 2 a year 0~2times/km 2 a year Number of lightning (Winter season) Winter season 0.6~0.8times/km 2 a year 0. 4~0.6times/km 2 a year 0. 2~0.4times/km 2 a year 0~0.2times/km 2 a year 8

10 2-1.Lightning in Japan Item Summer season lightning Winter season lightning Altitude cloud base 12000m~ 300m~ Polar character Negative(95%) Positive(1/3) Progressing direction of discharging Down side Upside Crest value of current ~250kA ~150kA< Duration of Wave tale ~250μs ~10000μs Discharging mass ~90C ~3000C References cited Inspection of countermeasure for lightning against wind power generation published by NEDO in

11 2-1.Lightning in Japan The lightning in Japan Sea area has a tendency to be upward discharge Downward discharge Upward discharge 10

12 2-1.Lightning in Japan Quote Met office website 11

13 2-1.Lightning in Japan Quote Met office website 12

14 2-1.Lightning in Japan Quote Met office website 13

15 2-1.Lightning in Japan Quote Met office website 14

16 2-1.Lightning in Japan Quote Met office website 15

17 2-1.Lightning in Japan Quote Met office website 16

18 2-1.Lightning in Japan Quote Met office website 17

19 2-1.Lightning in Japan Quote Met office website 18

20 2-1.Lightning in Japan Quote Met office website 19

21 2-1.Lightning in Japan Quote Met office website 20

22 2-1.Lightning in Japan Quote Met office website 21

23 2-1.Lightning in Japan Quote Met office website 22

24 2-1.Lightning in Japan Quote Met office website 23

25 2-1.Lightning in Japan Quote Met office website 24

26 2-1.Lightning in Japan Quote Met office website 25

27 2-1.Lightning in Japan Cloud streak Quote Met office website 26

28 2-1.Lightning in Japan Quote Met office website 27

29 2-1.Lightning in Japan Quote Met office website 28

30 2-1.Lightning in Japan Quote Met office website 29

31 2-1.Lightning in Japan Quote Met office website 30

32 2-1.Lightning in Japan Quote Met office website 31

33 2-1.Lightning in Japan Quote Met office website 32

34 2-1.Lightning in Japan Quote Met office website 33

35 2-1.Lightning in Japan Features of lightning in winterseason along Japan Sea Strong wind from Siberia rising air Discharge with minus Discharge With plus ocean ground 34

36 2-2.Lightning damages on wind power generation in Japan Lightning stroke Blade broken Damage on electrical equipment Damage on control device 35

37 3.Observation and analysis of lightning stroke to the wind power generation Joint study with Doshisha university 36

38 3-1.Observation Experiment facility 37

39 3-1.Observation 150 mm 2-1C 3 95 mm 2-1C 3 Earthing resistance 1.0Ω NO.1 WT NO.10 WT Earthing resistance 1.2Ω 420m 0.03Ω 240m 0.02Ω 1.8Ω 1.9Ω 1.9Ω 1.0Ω 1.9Ω NO.2 WT NO.9 WT 300m 0.02Ω 300m 0.02Ω NO.3 WT NO.8 WT NO.4 WT NO.7 WT 1.6Ω 4.2Ω 3.8Ω Grounding grid 900m 0.06Ω 240m 0.02Ω 480m 0.03Ω NO.5 WT 60m 0.01Ω NO.6 WT 660m 0.04Ω 960m 0.06Ω 22kV switchgear 5830m 0.35Ω Substation Earthing resistance 8.7Ω 240 mm 2-1C 3 Earthing resistance 0.2Ω Grid 38

40 3-1.Observation Tide mark Blade Nacelle Hub center Tower Recorded area Monitoring camera 39

41 3-1.Observation Rogowski coil Frequency:10Hz~200kHz Diameter:4.5m,0.4m 4 Digital oscilloscope Number of channel:5 Degradation ability:12bit Sampling period:0.1μs 40

42 3-2.Analysis and result Visual data of Upward lightning 1

43 3-2.Analysis and result 0 / 30 sec

44 3-2.Analysis and result 1 / 30 sec Elongation of lightning leader

45 3-2.Analysis and result 2 / 30 sec

46 3-2.Analysis and result 3 / 30 sec Branching leader

47 3-2.Analysis and result 4 / 30 sec

48 3-2.Analysis and result 5 / 30 sec Elongatation

49 3-2.Analysis and result Discharge

50 3-2.Analysis and result Visual data of Upward lightning 2

51 3-2.Analysis and result First lightning stroke(negative) 0 / 30 sec

52 3-2.Analysis and result Elongate leader in the distance 1 / 30 sec

53 3-2.Analysis and result 2 / 30 sec

54 3-2.Analysis and result Second stroke (positive) 3 / 30 sec

55 3-2.Analysis and result 4 / 30 sec

56 3-2.Analysis and result 5 / 30 sec

57 3-2.Analysis and result Most of the lightning strikes to the edge of blade receptor. Some lightning discharges along the creepage surface 56

58 current [ka] 3-2.Analysis and result i 1 i 4 i 3 Waveform of lightning current i 5 4 i time [ms] i1 i2 i3 i4 i5 57

59 3-2.Analysis and result Current Amplitude-frequency characteristic i2 i3 i4 i5 ratio frequency [khz] 58

60 4.Technical challenge of lightning protection for wind power generation 59

61 4. Technical challenge of Lightning protection for wind power generation Lightning strike point Lightning current discharging root 60

62 4. Technical challenge of Lightning protection for wind power generation Tower Lightning current discharge root Earth connection bar Earthing wire between tower and ground 61

63 4. Technical challenge of Lightning protection for wind power generation Utilize foundation structure as earthing Pile foundation Earthing from reinforcementrth in foundation Cat whisker Mesh earth 62

4. Technical challenge of Lightning protection for wind power generation 150 mm 2-1C 3 95 mm 2-1C 3 Earthing resistance 1.0Ω NO.1 WT NO.10 WT Earthing resistance 1.2Ω 420m 0.03Ω 240m 0.02Ω 1.8Ω 1.

64 4. Technical challenge of Lightning protection for wind power generation 150 mm 2-1C 3 95 mm 2-1C 3 Earthing resistance 1.0Ω NO.1 WT NO.10 WT Earthing resistance 1.2Ω 420m 0.03Ω 240m 0.02Ω 1.8Ω 1.9Ω 1.9Ω 1.0Ω 1.9Ω NO.2 WT NO.9 WT 300m 0.02Ω Cable - 22kV XLPE/AWA 300m 0.02Ω NO.3 WT NO.8 WT NO.4 WT 240m 0.02Ω Conductor NO.7 WT Metalic screen 1.6Ω 4.2Ω 3.8Ω Binder tape Grounding grid 900m 0.06Ω 480m 0.03Ω Conductor screen Insulation Insulation screen Separation sheath Wire armour Binding tape Outer sheath Utilize alminum wire as insulated wire connecting NO.5 WT 60m 0.01Ω NO.6 WT 660m 0.04Ω 960m 0.06Ω 22kV switchgear 5830m 0.35Ω Substation Grid Earthing resistance 8.7Ω 240 mm 2-1C 3 Earthing resistance 0.2Ω 63

65 4. Technical challenge of Lightning protection for wind power generation Traditional model Lightning Electrical potential ΔU Switch gear and transformer are installed outside of tower 64

66 4. Technical challenge of Lightning protection for wind power generation Modified model Lightning Electrical potential Potentional equalization 65

67 4. Technical challenge of Lightning protection for wind power generation Communication cable Optical fiber cable (non metalic) Electrical equipment Control & communication equipment Power line SPD 66

68 5. Planning of further reserch 67

69 5.Planning of further reseach Measurement and Analysis on selected Subjects. Lightning surge to the transformer Measure the of over voltage at transformer 24kV LBS 24kV LBS 24kV LBS Transformer From grid Surge Chopped wave 22kV/575V 1800kVA Chopped wave Surge From windpower generation oscilloscope UPS Shild transformer 200/100V 500VA AC230V 68

Experimental and Analytical Studies on Lightning Surge Response of 500kV Transmission Tower

Experimental and Analytical Studies on Lightning Surge Response of 500kV Transmission Tower H. Motoyama, CRIEPI, Japan motoyama@criepi.denken.or.jp Y. Kinoshita, Chube Electric Power Co., Inc., Japan K.