CLIMATE REFERENCE STATION SASKATOON ANNUAL SUMMARY V. Wittrock Saskatchewan Research Council Air and Climate

Transcription

1 CLIMATE REFERENCE STATION SASKATOON ANNUAL SUMMARY 217 V. Wittrock Saskatchewan Research Council Air and Climate SRC Publication No E18 February 218

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3 Saskatchewan Research Council CLIMATE REFERENCE STATION SASKATOON ANNUAL SUMMARY 217 V. Wittrock Saskatchewan Research Council Air and Climate SRC Publication No E18 February 218 Saskatchewan Research Council Innovation Blvd. Saskatoon, SK S7N 2X8

4 COVER PHOTOGRAPHS Climate Station in summer and winter 217 (15 Feb, 6 Sept) photo credit: V. Wittrock

5 February 218 TABLE OF CONTENTS SRC Climate Reference Station Annual Summary, 217 Acknowledgements...ii Climate Reference Station Supporters....ii Climate Reference Station History What is the Climate Reference Station?...2 Activities Associated with the Climate Reference Station...3 Summary...4 Temperature Daily temperature, graph...5 Temperature records, table...6 Extreme temperatures, table...7 Potential evapotranspiration (PE) using the Thornthwaite Method, graph and table...7 Dates and duration of the frost-free season, table...8 Frost-free season duration and end points, graphs...9 Annual and seasonal temperature ranking, tables...1 Monthly temperatures, normals, and extremes table...12 Monthly and annual temperatures, graphs...12 Seasonal temperatures, graphs...13 Days with temperatures greater than a set point, graphs...14 Days with temperatures less than a set point, graphs...15 Days with temperatures greater than C, graphs...16 Degree-days, normals and cumulative, table...17 Growing degree-days, graphs...17 Heating degree-days, graphs...18 Cooling degree-days, graphs...18 Extreme cooling degree-days, graph Daily temperatures, tables...19 Precipitation Daily precipitation, graph...21 Precipitation records and extreme events, tables...22 Ranking by driest month, table...22 Ranking, annual, by # of dry days, dry spells and wet spells, table...23 Ranking by annual, seasons (amounts and days)...24 Monthly precipitation, normals and extremes, table...25 Monthly and annual precipitation, graphs...25 Seasonal precipitation, graphs...26 Monthly precipitation days, table...27 Monthly and annual precipitation days, graphs...27 Seasonal precipitation days, graphs...28 Daily precipitation values, table...29 Snow-on-the-ground, graphs...3 Radiation Sunrise/Sunset tables for Saskatoon, 216 & Monthly bright sunshine hours, normals and days, table...32 Daily global and diffuse radiation days, table...32 Annual, seasonal, monthly bright sunshine hours, graphs...33 Monthly bright sunshine, global and diffuse radiation comparison, graph...33 Annual, seasonal, monthly bright sunshine days, graphs...34 Bright sunshine ranking by % of actual to possible hours and by # of days, tables...35 Wind Average and highest instantaneous wind speed, table...36 Wind roses - annual maximum and average wind speed and direction...36 Daily wind speed, ½ hourly average and maximum gust, graphs...37 Extreme daily winds, table...38 Windchill calculation, table...38 Extreme daily windchill value, table...38 Soil Temperatures Monthly average and normal soil temperatures at 9h and 16h, table Monthly average and normal soil temperatures at 9h and 16h, graphs Glossary of Terms...4 References and Bibliography...43 SRC Publication No E18 page i

6 SRC Climate Reference Station, Saskatoon, Annual Summary, 217 February 218 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The 217 data were compiled and recorded by Virginia Wittrock. Weekly site maintenace was carried out by Wittrock with assistance from Shaw Dunn, Kenelm Grismer and Celeste Bodnaryk. Wittrock is responsible for the data monitoring while most of the instrument maintenance is the responsibility of Saskatchewan Research Council (SRC) Development Engineering and Manufacturing Business Unit (Ryan Jansen and Ken Babich). Grounds maintenance (lawn mowing) is managed by SRC Facilities Managment Business Unit (Philip Rees and Joshua Janzen). Consultations with Terri Lang, John Cragg and others from Environment Canada, Saskatoon, SK were most helpful in verifying and comparing data. Editorial assistance was provided by Suzanne Johnston (SRC Communications) and Kenelm Grismer (SRC Air and Climate Business Unit). This report is being provided for informational purposes only. While the SRC believes this report to be accurate, it may contain errors or inaccuracies. SRC assumes no responsibility for the accuracy or comprehensiveness of this data and reliance on this data is entirely at the user s own risk. Please be aware that the data is subject to ongoing quality assurance reviews that may result in minor changes and updates to values in our reports, including past reports. If you notice errors in our reports, please contact us so that we may correct them. Information and data contained in this report shall not be published, copied, placed in a retrieval system or distributed whole or in part without prior written consent of the SRC. All references made to this report shall be acknowledged. Enquiries concerning the SRC Saskatoon Climate Reference Station (CRS), its data, measurement programs and publications or becoming a supporter are most welcome. For further information contact: Virginia Wittrock Research Scientist ; Virginia.Wittrock@src.sk.ca Saskatchewan Research Council toll-free number Saskatchewan Research Council web site: Monthly data sheets and annual summaries: SASKATCHEWAN RESEARCH COUNCIL CLIMATE REFERENCE STATION SUPPORTERS, 217 WE GRATEFULLY ACKNOWLEDGE THE SUPPORT OF THE FOLLOWING: page ii SRC Publication No E18

7 February 218 SRC Climate Reference Station Annual Summary, 217 SRC S SASKATOON CLIMATE REFERENCE STATION HISTORY Meteorological observations at or near Saskatoon were first taken by the Northwest Mounted Police in 1889 with the recording of temperature. There is some disagreement in the early records as to the exact location of the weather observing point, but the majority of the evidence indicates N, 16 2 W, elevation 48m above sea level as the most probable location. This would place it at Clark s Crossing on the South Saskatchewan River, approximately 16 km northeast of the centre of the City of Saskatoon. At that time, there was a settlement at Clark s Crossing as well as 1 to 15 families on either side of the river where Saskatoon is now located. Little is known about the very early observers; however, the records do show that Major T.H. Keenan took observations from March 1892 until March 1895, and Mr. George Will was the observer from January 1897 until April It is thought that T.H. Copeland was involved in the observational program from 1895 to 1 May 191, at which time it was taken over by Mr. Eby, Sr. Mr. Eby Sr. recorded the observations until his death in 1921, at which time his daughter (E.S. Eby) continued to record the observations. Her brother (J.M. Eby) recorded the observations beginning in April 1931 until the station closed on 31 October The Eby station recorded temperature, precipitation and weather notes on fog, thunderstorms, winds and any unusual weather phenomena. Reports were made twice daily (morning and evening). In 1916, a climate reference station was established by the University of Saskatchewan and continuous observations were kept twice daily until 15 January The longtime observer was Mr. Sidney Cox. The SRC took over the program in the fall of 1963 and moved it to a new location 52 9 N, W and elevation 497 m above sea level 1. The first observer was Terry Beck followed three years later by Orville Olm 2. In 1967, Joe Calvert became the primary observer until his retirement in Ray Begrand succeeded Mr. Calvert until 1988 when Virginia Wittrock became the primary observer. Carol Beaulieu became primary observer in 1992 until her retirement summer of 214. Virginia Wittrock is project manager (1992 to present) and primary observer with assistance from Shaw Dunn, Kenelm Grismer and Celeste Bodnaryk. In the summer of 1992, Saskatoon CRS began to be converted to an automated system of data collection with the installation of a Campbell Scientific data logger and automatic sensors. The updating, replacing, re-installing and adding of new sensors began in 29 and was completed in 212. Elements presently recorded at the Saskatoon CRS are temperature (maximum and minimum), precipitation, relative humidity, snow depth, wind (speed and direction), solar radiation (bright sunshine, global and diffuse), barometric pressure, grass level temperature, soil temperature (seven levels), and soil moisture. 1 Christiansen 197; Environment Canada 1975; 2 Olm 21 Mr. James Eby was one of the original members of the Temperance Colony Society. He filed his homestead in 1882 and returned with his family in He was the first president of the school board and served as the township supervisor for Nutana. While riding a horse in 189, he was struck by lightning and was a partial invalid thereafter. In 191, he and his daughter moved to Nutana where he served as a Federal Meteorologist for the next 2 years until his death in 1921 at the age of 77. He was buried, next to his wife, in the Nutana pioneer cemetery. 1 1 Ladd, 28 photo: C. Beaulieu SRC Publication No E18 page 1

8 SRC Climate Reference Station, Saskatoon, Annual Summary, 217 February 218 WHAT IS THE CLIMATE REFERENCE STATION? The Saskatchewan Research Council s Climate Reference Station (SRC CRS) at Saskatoon is classified as a principal climatological station with supplementary climatological observations 1. A climate reference station s data are intended for the purpose of determining climatic trends. This requires long periods (not less than thirty years) of homogeneous records, where man-made environmental changes have been or are expected to remain at a minimum. Ideally the records should be of sufficient length to enable the identification of secular changes of climate 2. At CRS Saskatoon, half-hourly readings are taken of elements (temperature, precipitation amount, humidity, wind and atmospheric pressure). Supplemental observations include rainfall intensity, soil temperature, bright sunshine, solar radiation (diffuse and global), snow depth, relative humidity, barometric pressure, soil moisture and grass level temperature. High quality and consistent climatological observations are maintained providing data sets to meet the current concerns of the effects of climatic change and increased variability. Purpose and Benefits The purpose of the SRC CRS is to provide a record of observed meteorogical elements in order that the climate of the area and its changes can be accurately documented and described. Climatological data have assumed new importance as a result of social and environmental issues in which climate is a dominant factor. Climatological information assists in realizing new technological opportunities and social changes. It is necessary and valuable for areas such as agriculture, forestry, land use and facility placement, water and energy resources, as well as health and comfort. The CRS allows us to: Evaluate long-term climatic trends early warning system for increased frequencies of extreme events such as floods, droughts, etc.; Determine the impacts of climate events on society, economy, health and ecosystems e.g., intense rainfall causing flooding and property damage, heat stress with its health implications; Do value-added research; Be part of regional, national and global networks in important agricultural and ecological areas; Facilitate development of additional programs e.g., air quality, biodiversity and climate change monitoring Have roles in various programs within SRC including spray drift work, Boreal Ecosystem At mospheric Study (BOREAS), and collaborative research with the Western College of Veterinary Medicine and the College of Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan; and Provide climate data to various industries, government organizations, non-government organizations, media outlets, institutions of learning, and interested individuals. Goals The goals of the CRS are first to maintain the high quality of data gathered over its fifty plus years of existence at its current location and, second to continue to monitor a large variety of elements. These various elements combined with the long-term collection period as well as the stable location allow SRC CRS at Saskatoon to be an extremely valuable climate information collection station. 1 Environment Canada World Meteorological Organization 1988 page 2 SRC Publication No E18

9 February 218 SRC Climate Reference Station Annual Summary, 217 ACTIVITIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE SASKATOON CLIMATE REFERENCE STATION, 217 The Saskatoon Climate Reference Station (CRS) had another busy year of activities. We continued to share important climate information from the CRS through monthly s, media interviews, presentations and various social media. Monthly and annual climate information from both SRC s Saskatoon and Conservation Learning Centre CRSs is available online ( Over the last 3 years, SRC provided hands-on experience with our weather instruments to approximately 25 students, and gave presentations highlighting Saskatoon s climate: past, present and future. Three tours of CRS Saskatoon were provided in 217. One was for select SRC personnel, the other two were to various climate information users that require high quality data. On-site tours are not always possible, therefore we encourage you to undertake a virtual tour of our Saskatoon CRS at: The climate station had a few changes in 217. The first was to replace one of the site fences to maintain security at the station. The second was the need to move the 1 meter tower further inside the compound, by approximately 2 meters, so that all the guy wires are inside the compound. The third was to set up a demonstration climate station on the northeast corner of the station to test its data compatiblity with the current high end station. Initial results from this smaller footprint site are very comparible between the two. Spring and fall general maintenance was carried out on various instruments. Site tour September 217 Photo: Water Security Agency (Ironically, one of two days of rain in September) New fence July 217 Photo: V. Wittrock RM Young Wind Speed & Wind Direction ready bearing replacement May 217 Photo: R. Jansen New 1 Meter Tower with all the guy wires now inside the compound October 217 Photo: V. Wittrock SRC Publication No E18 page 3

10 SRC Climate Reference Station, Saskatoon, Annual Summary, 217 February 218 SUMMARY FOR 217 Data, including temperature, precipitation, wind speed and direction, bright sunshine, solar radiation, soil temperature, snow depth and soil moisture levels was recorded at the Saskatchewan Research Council s (SRC) Climate Reference Station (CRS) (52 9 N, W, 497m asl) in Saskatoon during 217. It is compared in this report with the long-term (circa ) and standard-period/normal ( ) record. SRC s Climate Reference Station (CRS) in Saskatoon recorded its 54th year of climate information in 217. The annual maximum, minimum and mean temperatures of 217 were not as warm as they were in 215 or 216, but 217 was amongst the 1 warmest years recorded at the CRS Saskatoon. This is due to the very warm winter and summer temperatures; spring was slightly warmer than normal and fall slightly cooler. These two seasons were cooler than the other two because April and November had below average temperatures. As is relatively typical of Saskatchewan temperatures, the CRS recorded a 67.5 C temperature spread between the coldest day (-33.6 C on Dec 3) and hottest day (33.9 C on July 16). The warm temperatures were reflected in the greater than normal growing degree-days. The normal number of days is , while 217 had nearly The frost-free season was also longer than normal with 138 days: May 18 (-.5 C) to Oct 4 (-1.6 C). Since 21, Saskatchewan and Saskatoon have had many excessive precipitation years. That changed in 217 as it was the third driest year recorded. The two drier years were 1987 and 21. A caveat to this is, this site did not receive the precipitation amounts from two large precipitation events that occurred on the south side of Saskatoon. These events were intense enough to result in localized flooding in some areas of the city. The lack of precipitation was reflected in the number of bright sunshine hours recorded in 217. The total number of hours was more than 275 greater than normal. Saskatchewan and Saskatoon were on the pathway of a partial solar eclipse in August 217. At the bottom of this page, the graph on the left shows the bright sunshine, global and diffuse radiation measurements on a normal bright sunny day in August. The graph on the right illustrates the change in global radiation that occurred due to the partial solar eclipse. The bright sunshine instrument still measured sunshine because it was only a partial solar eclipse while the global and diffuse radiation decreased during the event. Saskatoon had its share of high winds in 217. SRC s CRS in Saskatoon recorded seven events with wind speeds greater than 75 km/h and one speed that topped out at 17.9 km/h on May 24. When cold winter temperatures are combined with wind speeds, very low windchill values occur. The Saskatoon CRS has not recorded measured temperatures of -4 C or lower since 24. Incorporating wind chill (a feels like measurement), Saskatoon had 1 days with high-risk wind chill where the calculated feels like temperature was below -4 C..6 Typical Bright Sunny Day at Saskatoon CRS (18 Aug 217) Bright Sunshine (hrs) Radiation (MJ/m2) /18/17 12: AM 8/18/17 1: AM 8/18/17 2: AM 8/18/17 3: AM 8/18/17 4: AM 8/18/17 5: AM 8/18/17 6: AM 8/18/17 7: AM 8/18/17 8: AM 8/18/17 9: AM 8/18/17 1: AM 8/18/17 11: AM 8/18/17 12: PM 8/18/17 1: PM 8/18/17 2: PM 8/18/17 3: PM 8/18/17 4: PM 8/18/17 5: PM 8/18/17 6: PM 8/18/17 7: PM 8/18/17 8: PM 8/18/17 9: PM 8/18/17 1: PM 8/18/17 11: PM 8/19/17 12: AM Bright Sunshine (hrs) Global Radiation (MJ/m2) Diffuse Radiation (MJ/m2) page 4 SRC Publication No E18

11 February 218 SRC Climate Reference Station Annual Summary, 217 DAILY TEMPERATURE Extreme Max Temperature from 1963 to 216 Normal Max Temperature ( ) Normal Average Temperature ( ) Normal Min Temperature ( ) Extreme Min Temperature from 1963 to 216 Daily Temperature Range for 217 Data records began November, Jan 1 Jan 31 Mar 1 Mar 31 Apr 3 May 3 Jun 29 Jly 29 Aug 28 Sep 27 Oct 27 Nov 25 Dec 25 Temperature ( C) SRC Publication No E18 page 5

12 SRC Climate Reference Station, Saskatoon, Annual Summary, 217 February 218 TEMPERATURE 217 TEMPERATURE RECORDS TYPE DATE Month Day NEW RECORD C OLD RECORD C YEAR DAY January January January January February February Maximum Highest February March March April May June July October Lowest April January January January January February February Minimum Highest February , 216 February February March April April April DAILY May June September November December Lowest November January January January January January February February February Highest February February March April April May June July September October Lowest April Highest temperature of the Highest Maximum Daily February Temperature for the month Mean Highest temperature of the Lowest Minimum Daily Temperature for the month Highest temperature of the Highest Mean Daily Temperature for the month August September February page 6 SRC Publication No E18

13 February 218 SRC Climate Reference Station Annual Summary, 217 TEMPERATURE Frost-Free Days Least No. of Days during a month when TEMPERATURE RECORDS con t TYPE Month NEW RECORD OLD RECORD YEAR Highest February Min Temp <= 2 C February Min Temp <= - 2 C January February December EXTREME TEMPERATURES COLD (less than or equal to -3 C) HOT (greater than or equal to 3 C) DATE TEMPERATURE C DATE TEMPERATURE C January May January June January July December July December July December July Coloured cells indicate extremes for the year July August August August September September POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (PE) using the Thornthwaite Method 1 Stevenson Screen that houses the Minimum Manual Themometer 6 September 217 Photo: V. Wittrock 15 MONTH PE (mm) 217 PE (mm) 21 WettestYear PE (mm) 21 Driest Year PE(mm) 1987 Hottest Year PE (mm) Normal Jan Feb Mar.9 Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total PE (mm) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Normal 21 PE Driest Year PE Hottest Year 21 PE Wettest Year 1 Thornthwaite and Mather 1955 Thornthwaite 1948 SRC Publication No E18 page 7

14 SRC Climate Reference Station, Saskatoon, Annual Summary, 217 February 218 DATES & DURATION OF THE FROST-FREE SEASON Top - Temperature and Relative Humidity Sensors (Automated) June 217 (Photo: J. Janzen) Bottom - Minimum thermometer housed in Stevensen Screen (first fall frost temperature reading on 4 Oct 217) (Photo: V. Wittrock) YEAR LAST SPRING FROST FIRST FALL FROST Frost-free Season Length 1964 May 31 Sept May 27 Sept May 19 Sept Jun 6 Sept May 19 Sept Jun 14 Sept May 19 Sept May 18 Sept May 8 Sept May 6 Sept May 25 Sept May 21 Sept May 6 Aug May 1 Aug May 3 Sept May 3 Aug May 14 Aug May 24 Sept May 29 Aug May 24 Sept May 24 Aug Jun 4 Sept May 17 Sept May 21 Oct May 2 Sept May 28 Sept May 13 Sept May 27 Sept May 23 Sept May 17 Sept May 9 Oct May 22 Sept May 12 Sept May 14 Oct May 13 Sept May 9 Sept May 17 Sept May 1 Oct May 23 Sept May 18 Sept May 2 Sept May 14 Sept May 4 Sept May 1 Sept May 26 Sept June 5 Oct May 7 Sept May 1 Sept April 26 Oct May 11 Oct May 14 Oct May 29 Sept May 13 Oct May 18 Oct Normal May 18 Sept page 8 SRC Publication No E18

15 February 218 SRC Climate Reference Station Annual Summary, Frost-free Growing Season Duration 14 Days Frost-free Season Length 5-year Running Mean for Frost-free Season Trendline Days beginning at April Frost-free Growing Season End Points Spring Frost Date Autumn Frost Date Spring Frost Date Trend line Autumn Frost Date Trend line SRC Publication No E18 page 9

16 SRC Climate Reference Station, Saskatoon, Annual Summary, 217 February 218 TEMPERATURE RANKINGS AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATUES C MAXIMUM TEMP MINIMUM TEMP MEAN TEMP SEASONAL MAXIMUM AVERAGE TEMPERATURES C WINTER (DJF) SPRING (MAM) SUMMER (JJA) AUTUMN (SON) page 1 SRC Publication No E18

17 February 218 TEMPERATURE RANKINGS SRC Climate Reference Station Annual Summary, 217 SEASONAL MINIMUM AVERAGE TEMPERATURES C WINTER (DJF) SPRING (MAM) SUMMER (JJA) AUTUMN (SON) SEASONAL MEAN AVERAGE TEMPERATURES C WINTER (DJF) SPRING (MAM) SUMMER (JJA) AUTUMN (SON) SRC Publication No E18 page 11

18 SRC Climate Reference Station, Saskatoon, Annual Summary, 217 February 218 TEMPERATURE MONTH AVERAGE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE ( C) AVERAGE MINIMUM TEMPERATURE ( C) AVERAGE TEMPERATURE ( C) EXTREME VALUES TEMPERATURE ( C) EXTREME VALUES FOR SASKATOON STATIONS 217 Normal 217 Normal 217 Normal Max Date Min Date Max/Date Min/Date January /198/23 SWT -48.9/1893/31 SM February /1931/19 SE -5./1893/1 SM March /191/23 SE -43.3/1897/14 SM April /1952/28 SA US -3.5/1979/1 SWT May /1936/27 SE -12.8/197/6 SE June /1988/6 S2-3.9/1917/2 US July /1919,1941,1946 SE SA US -.6/1918/25 SE August /1998/6 SRC -2.8/191/23SM&1976/28 SRC September /1978/4 SRC -11.1/198/28 SE October /1943/5 SA US -25.6/1919/26 SE US November /193/3 SE -39.4/1893/3 SM December /1939/5 SE -43.9/1892/22 SM Average SE = Saskatoon Eby US = University of Saskatchewan SWT = Saskatoon Water Treatment Plant Normal = SRC = Saskatchewan Research Council SA = Saskatoon Diefenbaker Int l Airport S2= Saskatoon SM = Saskatoon stations circa (RNWMP etal) Monthly 3 2 Temperature C Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Ave Max Temp Ave Max Normal Ave Min Temp Ave Min Normal Ave Mean Temp Ave Mean Normal Annual Temperature C Ave Max Temp Ave Min Temp Ave Mean Temp Max. Annual Temp. Trendline Min. Annual Temp. Trendline Mean Annual Temp. Trendline page 12 SRC Publication No E18

19 February 218 SRC Climate Reference Station Annual Summary, 217 SEASONAL TEMPERATURES for 1964 to Winter (DJF) Temperature C Seasonal Average Max Temperatures Seasonal Average Min Temperatures Seasonal Average Mean Temperatures Avg. Max. Temp. Trendline Avg. Min. Temp. Trendline Avg. Mean Temp. Trendline 15 1 Spring (MAM) Temperature C Seasonal Average Max Temperatures Seasonal Average Min Temperatures Seasonal Average Mean Temperatures Avg. Max. Temp. Trendline Avg. Min. Temp. Trendline Avg. Mean Temp. Trendline 3 25 Summer (JJA) Temperature C Temperature C Seasonal Average Max Temperatures Seasonal Average Min Temperatures Seasonal Average Mean Temperatures Avg. Max. Temp. Trendline Avg. Min. Temp. Trendline Avg. Mean Temp. Trendline Seasonal Average Max Temperatures Seasonal Average Min Temperatures Seasonal Average Mean Temperatures Avg. Max. Temp. Trendline Avg. Min. Temp. Trendline Avg. Mean Temp. Trendline Autumn (SON) SRC Publication No E18 page 13

20 SRC Climate Reference Station, Saskatoon, Annual Summary, 217 February C or Greater DAYS WITH TEMPERATURES GREATER THAN A SET POINT Days Annual 5-year running mean Trend line 32 C or Greater Days Annual 5-year running mean Trendline 35 C or Greater 1 8 Days C or Greater Annual 5-year running mean Trend line 3 2 Days Annual Trendline page 14 SRC Publication No E18

21 February 218 SRC Climate Reference Station Annual Summary, DAYS WITH TEMPERATURES LESS THAN A SET POINT Minus 3 C or Less Days Annual 5-year running mean Trend line 25 Minus 32.5 C or Less 2 15 Days Annual 5-year running mean Trend line Minus 35 C or Less 12 Days Annual 5-year running mean Trend line 9 8 Minus 4 C or Less 7 6 Days Annual 5-year running mean Trend line SRC Publication No E18 page 15

22 SRC Climate Reference Station, Saskatoon, Annual Summary, 217 February 218 DAYS WITH TEMPERATURES GREATER THAN C Maximum Temperature greater than C (Thaw Days) Jan 1 st to Dec 31 st Days Maximum Temperature greater than C (Thaw Days) Oct 1 st to Mar 31 st (Cold Season) No. of days when maximum temperatures > 5-year running mean Trendline Days 7 5 Minimum Temperature greater than C (Frost-free Days) No. of days when maximum temperatures > 5-year running mean Trend line 175 Days Number of Frost -free days 5-year running mean Trend line page 16 SRC Publication No E18

23 February 218 DEGREE-DAYS SRC Climate Reference Station Annual Summary, 217 MONTH GROWING DEGREE-DAYS Base 5 C HEATING DEGREE-DAYS Base 18 C COOLING DEGREE-DAYS Base 18 C EXTREME COOLING DEGREE-DAYS Base 24 C 217 Cumulative Normal 217 Cumulative Normal 217 Cumulative Normal 217 Cumulative Normal January February March April May June July August September October November December Growing Units Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Number of Growing Degree-days Normal Cumulative Growing D-D Cumulative Growing D-D Normal Cumulative Growing Units Growing Degree-days Monthly Growing Degree-days Annual Growing Units Annual (base 5 C) 5-year running mean Trend line 22 2 Growing Degree-days May 1 to September 3 Growing Units May 1 to September 3 5-year running mean Trend line SRC Publication No E18 page 17

24 SRC Climate Reference Station, Saskatoon, Annual Summary, 217 February 218 DEGREE-DAYS Heating Degree-days Monthly Heating Degree-days Annual Heating Units Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Number of Heating Degree-days Normal Cumulative Heating D-D Cumulative Heating D-D Normal Cumulative Heating Units Heating Units Cooling Degree-days Monthly Cooling Degree-days Annual Cooling Units Annual (base 18 C) 5-year running mean Trend line Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Number of Cooling Degree-days Normal Cumulative Cooling D-D Cumulative Cooling D-D Normal Cumulative Cooling Units Cooling Units Annual (base 18 C) 5-year running mean Trend line page 18 SRC Publication No E18

25 February Cooling Units DEGREE-DAYS SRC Climate Reference Station Annual Summary, 217 Extreme Cooling Degree-days Annual Annual (base 24 C) 5-year running mean Trend line TEMPERATURE GRID C 217 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JLY AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Maximum Temperature C Daily SRC CRS Saskatoon 6 Sept 217 Photo: V. Wittrock SRC Publication No E18 page 19

26 SRC Climate Reference Station, Saskatoon, Annual Summary, 217 February 218 Minimum Temperature C Daily Average Temperature C Daily page 2 TEMPERATURE GRID C 217 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JLY AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JLY AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC SRC Publication No E18

27 February 218 SRC Climate Reference Station Annual Summary, 217 DAILY PRECIPITATION Extreme Precipitation from 1963 to Maximum Record Year Cumulative Precipitation Normal Cumulative Precipitation ( ) 21 Minimum Record Year Cumulative Precipitation Daily Cumulative Precipitation for 217 Daily Precipitation for 217 Data records began November, Precipitation (mm) Cumulative Precipitation (mm) Jan 1 Jan 31 Mar 1 Mar 31 Apr 3 May 3 Jun 29 Jly 29 Aug 28 Sep 27 Oct 27 Nov 25 Dec SRC Publication No E18 page 21

28 SRC Climate Reference Station, Saskatoon, Annual Summary, 217 February 218 PRECIPITATION TYPE Greatest Daily Precipitation (mm) Fewest # of days with recorded precipitation 217 PRECIPITATION RECORDS Month DATE Day NEW RECORD OLD Record YEAR February March May September November September , 212, EXTREME PRECIPITATION EVENTS PERIOD DATE AMOUNT (mm).5 hour* 1 hour* August July August July hours* August hours* 12 hours* 24 hours* Greatest amount over more than one day Longest wet spells Longest dry spells *recorded by the tipping bucket gauge May May September September May August May August May January 7-11 January 2-5 January February 4-7 March August 15 - September 12 September 2 - October 1 5 days (2.2mm) 4 days (.8mm) 4 days (3.9mm) 4 days (2.1mm) 4 days (1.2mm) 29 days 12 days RANKING BY DRIEST MONTH % OF NORMAL PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION AMOUNT (mm) DEC 32.3 DEC 4.1 JUN 38.1 JAN 8.5 JUL 47.6 FEB 9.7 JAN 54.8 NOV 13.6 APR 72.9 MAR 14.6 OCT 78.1 OCT 15. AUG 84.3 APR 16.7 SEP 9.8 JUN 25.4 NOV 11.5 JUL 28.1 FEB 14.3 SEP 33.6 MAR 15.8 AUG 39.2 MAY MAY 48.6 All - season Precipitation Weighing Gauge 6 September 217 Photo: V. Wittrock page 22 SRC Publication No E18

29 February 218 SRC Climate Reference Station Annual Summary, 217 PRECIPITATION Total Number of Dry Days* RANKING BY Maximum Length of Dry Spell* Maximum Length of Wet Spell* *For this report, a dry day is defined as a day on which precipitation is not recorded; a dry spell is 2+ consecutive days of no precipitation; a wet spell is 2+ consecutive days of precipitation. Tipping Bucket rain gauge 13 June 216 Photo: V. Wittrock All - season Precipitation Weighing Gauge 6 September 217 Photo: V. Wittrock SRC Publication No E18 page 23

30 SRC Climate Reference Station, Saskatoon, Annual Summary, 217 February 218 PRECIPITATION RANKINGS ANNUAL (JAN-DEC) RANKING BY WETTEST YEAR (mm) WINTER (DJF) SPRING (MAM) SUMMER (JJA) AUTUMN (SON) ANNUAL RANKING BY DAYS WITH PRECIPITATION ANNUAL (JAN-DEC) WINTER (DJF) SPRING (MAM) SUMMER (JJA) AUTUMN (SON) page 24 SRC Publication No E18

31 February 218 PRECIPITATION SRC Climate Reference Station Annual Summary, 217 MONTH 217 NORMAL MONTHLY PRECIPITATION (mm) CUMULATIVE 217 % OF CUMULATIVE NORMAL CRS Maximum CRS Minimum EXTREME VALUES (mm) SASKATOON AREA Maximum SM Saskatoon stations circa (NWMP et al) SE Saskatoon Eby January / / /1911 SE US University of Saskatchewan February / / /1924 SE S Saskatoon March /1967.8/21 59./1927 SE SA S toon Diefenbaker In t Airport April /21 2.4/1988, /1955 US NRC National Research Council May /1977.2/ /1977 SWT SRC Sask. Research Council June /25 13./ /1942 S SWT S toon Water Treatment Plant July / / /1928 SE SC Saskatoon Central Ave August /27 7./ /1954 NRC S2 Saskatoon September /26.8/ /26 SRC K Saskatoon Kernen Farm October /1969./2 69.8/1969 SRC KCS Saskatoon Kernen Farm CS November /1973.4/ /194 SE RCS Enivonment Canada 28- December / / /1956 SA Total / / /21 SRC Monthly Precipitation (mm) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jly Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Normal Cumulative 217 Normal Cumulative Cumulative Ppt (mm) Annual Precipitation (mm) Ppt Total Ppt total 5-year running average Annual Trend line Snow depth sensor 5 May 217 Photo: R. Jansen / K. Babich SRC Publication No E18 page 25

32 SRC Climate Reference Station, Saskatoon, Annual Summary, 217 February 218 SEASONAL PRECIPITATION for 1964 to Winter Precipitation (mm) Winter DJF 5 year running average Winter DJF DJF Trend line Precipitation (mm) Precipitation (mm) Spring MAM 5 year running average Spring MAM MAM Trend line Spring Summer Precipitation (mm) page Summer JJA 5 year running average Summer JJA JJA Trend line Autumn SON 5 year running average Autumn SON SON Trend line Autumn SRC Publication No E18

33 February 218 PRECIPITATION SRC Climate Reference Station Annual Summary, 217 MONTH 217 NUMBER OF DAYS WITH MEASURABLE PRECIPITATION CUMULATIVE 217 Normal CUMULATIVE NORMAL % OF CUMULATIVE NORMAL CRS Maximum EXTREME VALUES CRS Minimum January /1974 3/21 February /1969 2/1984 March /24 2/199,92,94 27 April /23 2/1964 May /1989 1/22 June /1991 7/1964&1968 July /1986 4/1984 August /22 2/21 September /1977 2/1995 October /24 /2 November /197 1/1986,74,76, 9 December /1977 2/1997 Total /24 84/21 Monthly Days Annual Days Days Precipitation (days) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jly Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Normal Cumulative 217 Cumulative Normal Total Days Total Days 5-year running average Total Days trend line Cumulative Ppt (days) All Season Precipitation Gauge (note no snow) 19 March 217 Photo: V. Wittrock SRC Publication No E18 page 27

34 SRC Climate Reference Station, Saskatoon, Annual Summary, 217 February 218 SEASONAL PRECIPITATION DAYS for 1964 to Winter Days 5 Days Winter Days DJF 5- year running average Winter DJF Trend line Spring Days Days Spring Days MAM 5-year running average Spring MAM Trend line 7 6 Summer Days Days Summer Days JJA 5-year running average Summer JJA Trend line 7 6 Autumn Days 5 Days Autumn Days SON 5-year running average Autumn SON Trend line page 28 SRC Publication No E18

35 February 218 SRC Climate Reference Station Annual Summary, 217 PRECIPITATION GRID (mm) Precipitation Daily 217 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JLY AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Tipping Bucket, 1 meter Wind Tower and e All Season Precipitation Weighing Gauge 27 June 217 Photo: V. Wittrock SRC Publication No E18 page 29

36 SRC Climate Reference Station, Saskatoon, Annual Summary, 217 February 218 SNOW-ON-THE-GROUND (SOG) ON LAST DAY OF MONTH 6 6 SOG at Month's End (cm) SOG at Month's End (cm) January October 6 6 SOG at Month's End (cm) SOG at Month's End (cm) February November 6 6 SOG at Month's End (cm) SOG at Month's End (cm) March December 6 Depth of SOG at Month's End April Automated Snow Depth Sensor and Discontinuous Snow Cover 12 December 217 Photo: V. Wittrock page 3 SRC Publication No E18

37 February 218 SRC Climate Reference Station Annual Summary, 217 RADIATION Sunrise/Sunset Tables for Saskatoon, 217 & JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER DATE RISE SET RISE SET RISE SET RISE SET RISE SET RISE SET RISE SET RISE SET RISE SET RISE SET RISE SET RISE SET 1 9:15 17:6 8:46 17:55 7:51 18:47 6:4 19:41 5:36 2:33 4:52 21:18 4:51 21:3 5:28 2:56 6:19 19:53 7:8 18:43 8:2 17:37 8:53 16:58 2 9:15 17:7 8:44 17:57 7:49 18:49 6:38 19:43 5:34 2:34 4:51 21:19 4:51 21:3 5:3 2:55 6:2 19:51 7:1 18:41 8:4 17:35 8:55 16:57 3 9:15 17:8 8:43 17:59 7:47 18:51 6:36 19:45 5:32 2:36 4:5 21:2 4:52 21:29 5:32 2:53 6:22 19:48 7:11 18:38 8:6 17:33 8:56 16:57 4 9:15 17:9 8:41 18: 7:45 18:52 6:33 19:46 5:3 2:38 4:49 21:21 4:53 21:29 5:33 2:51 6:24 19:46 7:13 18:36 8:8 17:32 8:57 16:56 5 9:14 17:1 8:39 18:2 7:43 18:54 6:31 19:48 5:28 2:39 4:49 21:22 4:54 21:28 5:35 2:49 6:25 19:44 7:15 18:34 8:1 17:3 8:59 16:56 6 9:14 17:12 8:38 18:4 7:4 18:56 6:29 19:5 5:26 2:41 4:48 21:23 4:55 21:28 5:36 2:47 6:27 19:42 7:17 18:32 8:12 17:28 9: 16:55 7 9:13 17:13 8:36 18:6 7:38 18:58 6:27 19:52 5:25 2:43 4:48 21:24 4:56 21:27 5:38 2:46 6:28 19:39 7:18 18:29 8:13 17:27 9:1 16:55 8 9:13 17:14 8:34 18:8 7:36 19: 6:24 19:53 5:23 2:44 4:47 21:25 4:57 21:26 5:39 2:44 6:3 19:37 7:2 18:27 8:15 17:25 9:2 16:55 9 9:12 17:16 8:32 18:1 7:34 19:1 6:22 19:55 5:21 2:46 4:47 21:25 4:58 21:26 5:41 2:42 6:32 19:35 7:22 18:25 8:17 17:23 9:3 16:55 1 9:12 17:17 8:3 18:12 7:31 19:3 6:2 19:57 5:19 2:47 4:46 21:26 4:59 21:25 5:43 2:4 6:33 19:32 7:23 18:23 8:19 17:22 9:5 16: :11 17:19 8:29 18:14 7:29 19:5 6:18 19:59 5:18 2:49 4:46 21:27 5: 21:24 5:44 2:38 6:35 19:3 7:25 18:2 8:21 17:2 9:6 16: :1 17:2 8:27 18:15 7:27 19:7 6:15 2: 5:16 2:51 4:46 21:28 5:1 21:23 5:46 2:36 6:37 19:28 7:27 18:18 8:22 17:19 9:7 16: :9 17:22 8:25 18:17 7:24 19:8 6:13 2:2 5:15 2:52 4:46 21:28 5:2 21:22 5:48 2:34 6:38 19:25 7:29 18:16 8:24 17:17 9:8 16: :9 17:23 8:23 18:19 7:22 19:1 6:11 2:4 5:13 2:54 4:45 21:29 5:3 21:21 5:49 2:32 6:4 19:23 7:3 18:14 8:26 17:16 9:8 16: :8 17:25 8:21 18:21 7:2 19:12 6:9 2:5 5:12 2:55 4:45 21:29 5:4 21:2 5:51 2:3 6:42 19:21 7:32 18:12 8:28 17:14 9:9 16: :7 17:27 8:19 18:23 7:17 19:14 6:6 2:7 5:1 2:57 4:45 21:3 5:6 21:19 5:52 2:28 6:43 19:18 7:34 18:9 8:29 17:13 9:1 16: :6 17:28 8:17 18:25 7:15 19:15 6:4 2:9 5:9 2:58 4:45 21:3 5:7 21:18 5:54 2:26 6:45 19:16 7:36 18:7 8:31 17:12 9:11 16: :5 17:3 8:15 18:27 7:13 19:17 6:2 2:11 5:7 21: 4:45 21:3 5:8 21:17 5:56 2:24 6:46 19:14 7:37 18:5 8:33 17:1 9:11 16: :4 17:32 8:13 18:29 7:1 19:19 6: 2:12 5:6 21:1 4:45 21:31 5:9 21:15 5:57 2:22 6:48 19:11 7:39 18:3 8:35 17:9 9:12 16:56 2 9:3 17:33 8:11 18:3 7:8 19:21 5:58 2:14 5:4 21:3 4:46 21:31 5:11 21:14 5:59 2:2 6:5 19:9 7:41 18:1 8:36 17:8 9:13 16: :1 17:35 8:9 18:32 7:6 19:22 5:56 2:16 5:3 21:4 4:46 21:31 5:12 21:13 6:1 2:17 6:51 19:6 7:43 17:59 8:38 17:7 9:13 16: : 17:37 8:7 18:34 7:3 19:24 5:54 2:17 5:2 21:6 4:46 21:31 5:14 21:12 6:2 2:15 6:53 19:4 7:44 17:57 8:4 17:6 9:14 16: :59 17:38 8:4 18:36 7:1 19:26 5:52 2:19 5:1 21:7 4:46 21:31 5:15 21:1 6:4 2:13 6:55 19:2 7:46 17:55 8:41 17:5 9:14 16: :58 17:4 8:2 18:38 6:59 19:28 5:5 2:21 4:59 21:8 4:47 21:31 5:16 21:9 6:6 2:11 6:56 18:59 7:48 17:53 8:43 17:4 9:14 16: :56 17:42 8: 18:4 6:56 19:29 5:47 2:23 4:58 21:1 4:47 21:31 5:18 21:7 6:7 2:9 6:58 18:57 7:5 17:51 8:44 17:3 9:15 16: :55 17:44 7:58 18:41 6:54 19:31 5:45 2:24 4:57 21:11 4:48 21:31 5:19 21:6 6:9 2:7 7: 18:55 7:52 17:49 8:46 17:2 9:15 17: 27 8:54 17:46 7:56 18:43 6:52 19:33 5:43 2:26 4:56 21:12 4:48 21:31 5:21 21:4 6:1 2:4 7:1 18:52 7:53 17:47 8:47 17:1 9:15 17:1 28 8:52 17:47 7:54 18:45 6:5 19:34 5:41 2:28 4:55 21:13 4:49 21:31 5:22 21:3 6:12 2:2 7:3 18:5 7:55 17:45 8:49 17: 9:15 17:1 29 8:51 17:49 6:47 19:36 5:4 2:29 4:54 21:15 4:49 21:31 5:24 21:1 6:14 2: 7:5 18:48 7:57 17:43 8:5 16:59 9:15 17:2 3 8:49 17:51 6:45 19:38 5:38 2:31 4:53 21:16 4:5 21:3 5:25 21: 6:15 19:58 7:6 18:45 7:59 17:41 8:52 16:59 9:15 17:3 31 8:48 17:53 6:43 19:4 4:52 21:17 5:27 2:58 6:17 19:55 8:1 17:39 9:15 17:4 218 JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER DATE RISE SET RISE SET RISE SET RISE SET RISE SET RISE SET RISE SET RISE SET RISE SET RISE SET RISE SET RISE SET 1 9:15 17:5 8:46 17:54 7:52 18:46 6:41 19:41 5:36 2:32 4:52 21:18 4:5 21:3 5:28 2:57 6:18 19:54 7:8 18:44 8:2 17:38 8:53 16:58 2 9:15 17:6 8:45 17:56 7:5 18:48 6:39 19:43 5:34 2:34 4:51 21:19 4:51 21:3 5:3 2:55 6:2 19:51 7:9 18:41 8:4 17:36 8:54 16:57 3 9:15 17:8 8:43 17:58 7:48 18:5 6:36 19:44 5:32 2:36 4:5 21:2 4:52 21:29 5:31 2:53 6:21 19:49 7:11 18:39 8:6 17:34 8:56 16:57 4 9:15 17:9 8:42 18: 7:45 18:52 6:34 19:46 5:3 2:37 4:5 21:21 4:53 21:29 5:33 2:51 6:23 19:47 7:13 18:37 8:7 17:32 8:57 16:56 5 9:14 17:1 8:4 18:2 7:43 18:54 6:32 19:48 5:29 2:39 4:49 21:22 4:54 21:28 5:34 2:5 6:25 19:44 7:14 18:34 8:9 17:3 8:58 16:56 6 9:14 17:11 8:38 18:4 7:41 18:55 6:29 19:5 5:27 2:41 4:48 21:23 4:54 21:28 5:36 2:48 6:26 19:42 7:16 18:32 8:11 17:29 9: 16:55 7 9:13 17:13 8:36 18:6 7:39 18:57 6:27 19:51 5:25 2:42 4:48 21:24 4:55 21:27 5:37 2:46 6:28 19:4 7:18 18:3 8:13 17:27 9:1 16:55 8 9:13 17:14 8:35 18:7 7:36 18:59 6:25 19:53 5:23 2:44 4:47 21:25 4:56 21:26 5:39 2:44 6:3 19:38 7:2 18:28 8:15 17:25 9:2 16:55 9 9:12 17:15 8:33 18:9 7:34 19:1 6:23 19:55 5:22 2:45 4:47 21:25 4:57 21:26 5:41 2:42 6:31 19:35 7:21 18:25 8:17 17:24 9:3 16:55 1 9:12 17:17 8:31 18:11 7:32 19:3 6:2 19:56 5:2 2:47 4:46 21:26 4:58 21:25 5:42 2:4 6:33 19:33 7:23 18:23 8:18 17:22 9:4 16: :11 17:18 8:29 18:13 7:29 19:4 6:18 19:58 5:18 2:49 4:46 21:27 4:59 21:24 5:44 2:38 6:35 19:31 7:25 18:21 8:2 17:21 9:5 16: :1 17:2 8:27 18:15 7:27 19:6 6:16 2: 5:17 2:5 4:46 21:27 5:1 21:23 5:46 2:36 6:36 19:28 7:26 18:19 8:22 17:19 9:6 16: :1 17:21 8:25 18:17 7:25 19:8 6:14 2:2 5:15 2:52 4:46 21:28 5:2 21:22 5:47 2:34 6:38 19:26 7:28 18:16 8:24 17:18 9:7 16: :9 17:23 8:23 18:19 7:23 19:1 6:11 2:3 5:13 2:53 4:45 21:29 5:3 21:21 5:49 2:32 6:4 19:24 7:3 18:14 8:25 17:16 9:8 16: :8 17:25 8:21 18:21 7:2 19:11 6:9 2:5 5:12 2:55 4:45 21:29 5:4 21:2 5:5 2:3 6:41 19:21 7:32 18:12 8:27 17:15 9:9 16: :7 17:26 8:19 18:23 7:18 19:13 6:7 2:7 5:1 2:56 4:45 21:3 5:5 21:19 5:52 2:28 6:43 19:19 7:33 18:1 8:29 17:13 9:1 16: :6 17:28 8:17 18:24 7:16 19:15 6:5 2:8 5:9 2:58 4:45 21:3 5:7 21:18 5:54 2:26 6:44 19:16 7:35 18:8 8:31 17:12 9:11 16: :5 17:29 8:15 18:26 7:13 19:17 6:3 2:1 5:7 2:59 4:45 21:3 5:8 21:17 5:55 2:24 6:46 19:14 7:37 18:6 8:32 17:11 9:11 16: :4 17:31 8:13 18:28 7:11 19:18 6:1 2:12 5:6 21:1 4:45 21:31 5:9 21:16 5:57 2:22 6:48 19:12 7:39 18:3 8:34 17:9 9:12 16:55 2 9:3 17:33 8:11 18:3 7:9 19:2 5:58 2:14 5:5 21:2 4:45 21:31 5:11 21:14 5:59 2:2 6:49 19:9 7:4 18:1 8:36 17:8 9:13 16: :2 17:35 8:9 18:32 7:6 19:22 5:56 2:15 5:3 21:4 4:46 21:31 5:12 21:13 6: 2:18 6:51 19:7 7:42 17:59 8:37 17:7 9:13 16: :1 17:36 8:7 18:34 7:4 19:24 5:54 2:17 5:2 21:5 4:46 21:31 5:13 21:12 6:2 2:16 6:53 19:5 7:44 17:57 8:39 17:6 9:14 16: :59 17:38 8:5 18:36 7:2 19:25 5:52 2:19 5:1 21:7 4:46 21:31 5:15 21:11 6:3 2:14 6:54 19:2 7:46 17:55 8:41 17:5 9:14 16: :58 17:4 8:3 18:37 6:59 19:27 5:5 2:2 5: 21:8 4:47 21:31 5:16 21:9 6:5 2:11 6:56 19: 7:48 17:53 8:42 17:4 9:14 16: :57 17:42 8:1 18:39 6:57 19:29 5:48 2:22 4:59 21:9 4:47 21:31 5:18 21:8 6:7 2:9 6:58 18:58 7:49 17:51 8:44 17:3 9:15 16: :55 17:43 7:59 18:41 6:55 19:31 5:46 2:24 4:57 21:11 4:47 21:31 5:19 21:6 6:8 2:7 6:59 18:55 7:51 17:49 8:46 17:2 9:15 17: 27 8:54 17:45 7:56 18:43 6:52 19:32 5:44 2:25 4:56 21:12 4:48 21:31 5:2 21:5 6:1 2:5 7:1 18:53 7:53 17:47 8:47 17:1 9:15 17: 28 8:53 17:47 7:54 18:45 6:5 19:34 5:42 2:27 4:55 21:13 4:48 21:31 5:22 21:3 6:12 2:3 7:3 18:51 7:55 17:45 8:49 17: 9:15 17:1 29 8:51 17:49 6:48 19:36 5:4 2:29 4:54 21:14 4:49 21:31 5:23 21:2 6:13 2: 7:4 18:48 7:57 17:43 8:5 16:59 9:15 17:2 3 8:5 17:51 6:45 19:37 5:38 2:31 4:53 21:16 4:5 21:31 5:25 21: 6:15 19:58 7:6 18:46 7:58 17:41 8:52 16:59 9:15 17:3 31 8:48 17:53 6:43 19:39 4:53 21:17 5:26 2:58 6:17 19:56 8: 17:39 9:15 17:4 1 National Research Council, Canada, Hertzberg Institute of Astrophysics Sunrise/set corresponds to the upper limb of the sun appearing at the horizon Left - Kipp & Zonen Bright Sunshine Instrument Right - Diffuse and Global Radiation Pyranomenters 29 Sept 217 Photo:V. Wittrock SRC Publication No E18 page 31

38 MONTH SRC Climate Reference Station, Saskatoon, Annual Summary, 217 February NORMAL BRIGHT SUNSHINE (HOURS) % OF NORMAL POSSIBLE SUNSHINE* % OF POSSIBLE RADIATION 217 CUMULATIVE (HOURS) NORMAL CUMULATIVE (HOURS) 217 NUMBER OF DAYS Global and Diffuse Radiation (MJ/m 2 ) NORMAL NUMBER OF DAYS BRIGHT SUNSHINE DAYS 217 CUMULATIVE (DAYS) NORMAL CUMULATIVE (DAYS) 217 WITH MORE THAN 1 HOUR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC TOTAL * National Research Council, Canada, Hertzberg Institue of Astrophysics DATE JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER Global Diffuse Global Diffuse Global Diffuse Global Diffuse Global Diffuse Global Diffuse Global Diffuse Global Diffuse Global Diffuse Global Diffuse Global Diffuse Global Diffuse TOTAL NORMAL NORMAL page 32 SRC Publication No E18

39 February 218 RADIATION SRC Climate Reference Station Annual Summary, 217 Annual Bright Sunshine Hours Bright Sunshine (hours) Mount St. Helens, Washington 1985 Nevado del Ruiz, Mount Pinatubo, 21 Eyjufjalljokull, Iceland Goble, 22; U.S. Geological Survey, n.d. Annual Bright Sunshine 5-year running average Annual Trend line Seasonal Bright Sunshine Hours Bright Sunshine (hours) Monthly Bright Sunshine Hours Monthly Comparison Bright Sunshine Hours, Global & Diffuse Radiation Bright Sunshine (hours) Radiation (MJ/m 2 ) Winter Total DJF Spring Total MAM Summer Total JJA Autumn Total SON Winter Trend line Spring Trend line Summer Trend line Autumn Trend line Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 217 (hours) Normal (hours) Possible* (hours) 217 Cumulative (hours) Normal Cumulative (hours) Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Global Radiation (MJ/m2) 217 Diffuse Radiation (MJ/m2) Normal Diffuse Radiation (MJ/m2) Normal Global Radiation (MJ/m2) 217 Bright Sunshine (hours) Normal Bright Sunshine (hours) 5 Cumulative Bright Sunshine (hours) Bright Sunshine (hours) SRC Publication No E18 page 33

40 SRC Climate Reference Station, Saskatoon, Annual Summary, 217 February 218 RADIATION Days with any Bright Sunshine Days with Bright Sunshine Bright Sunshine (days) Annual Total of Days with Bright Sunshine 5 year running mean Annual Trend line Winter Total DJF Spring Total MAM Summer Total JJA Autumn Total SON Winter Trend line Spring Trend Line Summer Trend Line Autumn Trend Line Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 217 Number of Days Normal Number of Days 217 Cumulative (Days) Normal Cumulative (Days) Cumulative Bright Sunshine (days) Annual Bright Sunshine Days Seasonal Bright Sunshine Days Monthly Bright Sunshine Days Saskatoon Climate Reference Station Summer and Winter 217 left: 15 February 217; right: 26 July 217 photos: V. Wittrock page 34 SRC Publication No E18

41 February 218 RADIATION Bright Sunshine Ranking SRC Climate Reference Station Annual Summary, 217 % OF ACTUAL TO POSSIBLE HOURS BRIGHT SUNSHINE % ANNUAL WINTER % DJF SPRING % MAM SUMMER % JJA AUTUMN % SON DAYS WITH BRIGHT SUNSHINE ANNUAL WINTER DJF SPRING MAM SUMMER JJA AUTUMN SON SRC Publication No E18 page 35

42 SRC Climate Reference Station, Saskatoon, Annual Summary, 217 February 218 WIND AVERAGE WIND SPEED (km/h) MONTH January February March April May June July August September October November December 217 Average Normal* /2 Hr. Max Average HIGHEST INSTANTANEOUS WIND SPEED (km/h) Since for CRS (Saskatoon Diefenbaker Int l. Airport) (Speed / direction / day / year) (Speed / direction / date) NNW NW NW E SSW WNW W WNW WNW WNW WNW NNW W N W W SW SW E W W NW W W * Normals used are from the Environment Canada, Saskatoon Diefenbaker International Airport station, /2 Hour Maximum Wind Speed and Direction Saskatoon North 35 5% 1 2 5% % 4% % 3 6 3% 2% % 1% % West East % >9 m/s m/s m/s South m/s m/s Daily Peak Wind Speed and Direction Saskatoon North 35 8% 1 2 7% % % 3 6 4% 3% % % West East % South >9 m/s 6-9 m/s 4-6 m/s 2-4 m/s 1-2 m/s 1 Metre Tower with Wind Speed and Direction 11 October 217 photo: V. Wittrock page 36 SRC Publication No E18