IRRIGATION MEASURES VIS-A-VIS GROWING REQUIREMENTS OF FOOD GRAINS OF SRIKAKULAM DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH

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International Journal of Civil, Structural, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering Research and Development (IJCSEIERD) ISSN(P): 2249-6866; ISSN(E): 2249-7978 Vol.

1 International Journal of Civil, Structural, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering Research and Development (IJCSEIERD) ISSN(P): ; ISSN(E): Vol. 4, Issue 1, Feb 2014, TJPRC Pvt. Ltd. IRRIGATION MEASURES VIS-A-VIS GROWING REQUIREMENTS OF FOOD GRAINS OF SRIKAKULAM DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH YERRAMSETTY ABBULU 1 & G. V. R. SRINIVASA RAO 2 1 Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, AUEC (A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India 2 Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, AUEC (A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India ABSTRACT Several studies have shown that the tank irrigation system which forms the major component of irrigation system of Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh has been experiencing improper maintenance and the tanks lost their structural specification and much of their storage capacity during the past few decades that resulted in the reduction of irrigated area of the district and food production. However, providing food to the growing population is a major task, for which accelerated food production growth rates are essential and they can be achieved only by effectively managed irrigation facilities. In this backdrop, it is intended to study the requirements of food grains for the growing population of the Srikakulam district for the years 2021 and 2031 and required areas to be irrigated to meet the growing demand of the food grains. It is observed that there is a considerable necessity of additional areas to be irrigated in order to meet the requirement of food grains for the future decades. KEYWORDS: Requirement of Food Grains, s, Tank Irrigation System, Crop Yield INTRODUCTION Proper irrigation systems benefit the poor through higher production, higher yields, lower risk of crop failure, and higher and year-round farm and non-farm employment. Increased production makes food available and affordable for the poor. Irrigation investments act as production and supply shifters, and have a strong positive effect on growth, benefiting the poor in the long run, in both absolute and relative terms. Thus, irrigation systems can be seen as productivity enhancing, growth promoting, and poverty reducing activity (Intizar Hussain 3 et al. 2004). Also, the irrigation facilities enhancing the food production growth rates, can be viewed as a potential strategy of employment (Rao.V.M ). In semi -arid regions of India still the irrigation under tanks remain as an asset to the sustainability of agriculture. However, irrigation under tanks has become more and more unreliable these days and declined considerably (Von Oppen and Subba Rao ). The area under tank irrigation has declined from 4.56 million hectares to 2.98 million hectares in India from 1960 to 1986 (Partha Saradhi ). The capacities of various tanks in Andhra Pradesh have come down drastically due to accumulation of silt and weed, resulting in severe loss of ayacut and yield (Murthy 1 et al. 2001). The area under tank irrigation in Andhra Pradesh reduced for 0.9 million hectares to 0.66 million hectare during the past four decades. The Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh where tank irrigation accounts for percent of the total irrigated area declined to percent within the above mentioned period. This shows the declining trends in the area under tank irrigation throughout the state and Srikakulam district is no exception leading to reduction in food production. In this context, an attempt is made in this present work to study the food grains requirement Vs irrigation potential of the Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh.

2 90 Yerramsetty Abbulu & G. V. R. Srinivasa Rao METHODOLOGY Study Srikakulam district has in total 7,721 tanks out of which 7,472 are Panchayat Raj tanks and the remaining 249 are administered by PWD. Sixteen principal crops are being grown in the district comprising both cereals and pulses. At present, cereals (Rice, Jowar, Bajra and Ragi) are being grown in 2,14,633 hectares.similarly, pulses (Red gram, Black gram, Green gram and Horse gram) are being grown in 81,038 hectares. The statistics of the past five decades show that the district registered a decline in its irrigated area with the rate of decline as 1.95%, and suffered negative growth rates for various crops. Data The Population data for the Census Years 1991, 2001 and 2011 are collected from the O/o Director, Census Operations, Hyderabad. The per capita food grains (cereals) requirement obtained from National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, i.e 690 gm/day and 480 gm/day for males and females respectively is considered for further calculations. Similarly, the requirement of pulses on an average for both males and females is considered is as 90 gm/day. Analysis The population forecast for the years 2021 and 2031 is made using exponential growth rate method. The per capita requirement of cereals and pulses obtained from National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad as cited above are used for the calculation of requirements of cereals and pulses for projected population for the years 2021 and RESULTS The crop yield data for all the sixteen principal crops grown in Srikakulam district for the period 2002 to 2011 is presented in the following table 1 and the average values are considered for the evaluation of the production of food grains in the study area. Table 1: Crop Yield Data, Srikakulam District Annual Average Crop Yield (Kgs/Hectare). Name of the No. Crop Rice Jowar Bajra Ragi Ground Nut Sesamum Green Gram Black Gram Horse Gram Sugar Cane Mesta Maize Sun Flower Cotton Red gram Cashew Nut Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of A.P., Hyderabad For the evaluation of food grains requirement, Rice, Jowar, Bajra, Ragi are considered under cereals category and Red gram, Black gram, Green gram, Horse gram are under pulses category. Accordingly the requirements of food grains

3 Irrigation Measures Vis-A-Vis Growing Requirements of Food Grains of Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh 91 are calculated for the projected populations of the years 2021 and 2031and are presented in the following table 2 and 3. No Table 2: Requirement of Cereals against the Projected Population for the Years 2021 and 2031, Srikakulam District (Tonnes/Annum) Cereals (Male) Cereals Cereals (Female) (Male) Cereals (Female) 1 Veeraghattam Vangara R.Amadalavalasa Rajam G.Sigadam Laveru Ranastalam Etcherla Ponduru Santhakaviti Burja Palakonda Seethampeta Bhamini Kotturu Hiramandalam Sarubujjili Amadalavalasa Srikakulam Gara Polaki Narasannapeta Jalumuru Saravakota Pathapatnam Meliaputti Tekkali Kotabommali Santhabommali Nandigam Vajrapukotturu Palasa Mandasa Sompeta Kanchili Kaviti Itchapuram L.N.Peta Total No. Table 3: Requirement of Pulses against the Projected Population for the Years 2021 and 2031, Srikakulam District (Tonnes/Annum) Pulses (Male) Pulses Pulses (Female) (Male) Pulses (Female) 1 Veeraghattam Vangara R.Amadalavalasa Rajam

4 92 Yerramsetty Abbulu & G. V. R. Srinivasa Rao Table 3: Contd., 5 G.Sigadam Laveru Ranastalam Etcherla Ponduru Santhakaviti Burja Palakonda Seethampeta Bhamini Kotturu Hiramandalam Sarubujjili Amadalavalasa Srikakulam Gara Polaki Narasannapeta Jalumuru Saravakota Pathapatnam Meliaputti Tekkali Kotabommali Santhabommali Nandigam Vajrapukotturu Palasa Mandasa Sompeta Kanchili Kaviti Itchapuram L.N.Peta Total The present irrigated area, the production of cereals, the requirement of cereals for the years 2021 and 2031, and the additional area required to meet the demand are calculated and are presented in the following table 4. Similarly, table 5 consists of the calculations w.r.t. the requirement of pulses and the additional areas to be irrigated. No. Table 4: Additional s For Irrigation against the Requirement of Food Grains (Cereals) Production (Tonne's/A nnum) Srikakulam District for the Years 2021 And 2031 Food Grains Needed Additional Food Grains Requirement Requirement (Tonne's (Tonne's / /Annum) Annum) Needed Additional 1 Veeraghattam Vangara R.Amadalavalasa Rajam G.Sigadam Laveru Ranastalam Etcherla Ponduru Santhakaviti Burja Palakonda Seethampeta Bhamini Kotturu Hiramandalam

5 Irrigation Measures Vis-A-Vis Growing Requirements of Food Grains of Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh 93 Table 4: Contd., 17 Sarubujjili Amadalavalasa Srikakulam Gara Polaki Narasannapeta Jalumuru Saravakota Pathapatnam Meliaputti Tekkali Kotabommali Santhabommali Nandigam Vajrapukotturu Palasa Mandasa Sompeta Kanchili Kaviti Itchapuram L.N.Peta Total Table 5: Additional s for Irrigation against the Require Ment of Food Grains (Pulses), for the Years 2021 and 2031, Srikakulam District No. Production (Tonne's/A nnum) Food grains Requirement (Tonne's /Annum) Needed Additional Food grains Requiremen t (Tonne's /Annum) Needed Additional 1 Veeraghattam Vangara R.Amadalavalasa Rajam G.Sigadam Laveru Ranastalam Etcherla Ponduru Santhakaviti Burja Palakonda Seethampeta Bhamini Kotturu Hiramandalam Sarubujjili Amadalavalasa Srikakulam Gara Polaki Narasannapeta Jalumuru Saravakota Pathapatnam Meliaputti Tekkali Kotabommali Santhabommali Nandigam Vajrapukotturu Palasa Mandasa Sompeta Kanchili Kaviti Itchapuram L.N.Peta Total Note: Food grains considered are all Pulses i.e. Red gram, Black gram, Green gram, Horse gram The negative values in the column of additional area required indicate the surplus areas under irrigation against the requirement of food grains in the respective mandals. The additional area required for growing cereals is and hectares against the projected requirement of cereals for the years 2021 and 2031 respectively. Similarly, an

6 94 Yerramsetty Abbulu & G. V. R. Srinivasa Rao area of and hectares is required to grow the pulses, against the projected requirement of pulses for the years 2021 and CONCLUSIONS There is a large scale requirement of additional areas to be brought under irrigation to meet the required production of food grains (both cereals and pulses) for the projected populations in the study area. The present irrigated area is to be increased by 59.3% and 92.9% to meet the projected requirements of cereals for the years 2021 and Similarly, the additional areas required are 169% and 226% of the present irrigated area against the proposed requirements of pulses for the years 2021 and RECOMMENDATIONS Since, Srikakulam district is largely dependent on tank irrigation system and the tank irrigation system of the district is in the declined state of condition for the past few decades, proper maintenance of tank structures is highly necessary and the only way for meeting the large requirement of additional areas to be brought under irrigation in order to produce the required quantities of food grains in future. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are thankful to The Director, Census Operations, Hyderabad, The Director, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad and O/o Executive Engineer, I & CAD, Srikakulam for furnishing the data required for the study. REFERENCES 1. Dr. K.S.R. Murthy, Dr. D. Srinivas and Dr. Charles Ornoregic Rural water resources development, planning and management using GIS and Remote Sensing for policy making Environmental Economic research committee (EERC) project report submitted to EERC working paper series-wis3, IGIDR, Mumbai (2001) pp: G. Partha Saradhi Declining trends in area under tank irrigation A note National seminar on tank irrigation and people s participation, 15-16th November 1993, Institute of development and planning studies Visakhapatnam, pp: Intizar Hussain, Munir A. Hanjra Irrigation and poverty alleviation: review of the empirical evidence Irrigation and Drainage Volume 53, Issue1, (March 2004), pp M.Von Oppen and K.V Subba Rao Tank irrigation in semi-arid tropical India economic evaluation and alternatives for improvement ICRISAT research bulletin no: 10 International crops research institute for the Semi- Arid tropics, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh , India, (1987). 5. Rao. V.M Linking irrigation with development some policy issues Economic and political weekly Volume-III, no. 24 (1978), pp:

DECLINING PERFORMANCE OF TANK IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN SRIKAKULAM DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH A STUDY WITH IRRIGATION INDICIES

DECLINING PERFORMANCE OF TANK IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN SRIKAKULAM DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH A STUDY WITH IRRIGATION INDICIES International Journal of Civil, Structural, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering Research and Development (IJCSEIERD) ISSN(P): 2249-6866; ISSN(E): 2249-7978 Vol. 4, Issue 1, Feb 2014, 111-118 TJPRC