Measuring the Impact of Natural Environment Representation on Combat Simulation Outcomes. Karl D. Pfeiffer, AER Theresa Tamash, Dignitas Technologies

Transcription

1 Measuring the Impact of Natural Environment Representation on Combat Simulation Outcomes Karl D. Pfeiffer, AER Theresa Tamash, Dignitas Technologies

2 Motivation M&S gives engineers, planners and warfighters a combat environment that is non-destructive, reproducible, and, ideally, realistic realism is critical to meaningful outcomes Realistically representing atmosphere, ocean, and terrain is among the most challenging of tasks in the simulation domain Left: Typical immersive combat simulation with tracked vehicles Right: Convoy of 1st Marine Division just north of Euphrates river, 25 Mar

3 Why is this difficult? Numerical Weather Prediction Modeling and Simulation Typical spatial and temporal resolutions for weather prediction are often too fine or too coarse for the simulation physics models Weather prediction parameters (e.g., temperature, humidity) often require transformation to physics-based environmental effects (e.g., transmissivity in the visible spectrum) for simulation use Computational cost evaluating these effects at run time can be high Finally even if the correct parameters are delivered at the correct resolution, the myriad physical models inside of large simulations may not use these parameters effectively 3

4 And, is the effort worth it? Does integrating a more realistic natural environment result in more realistic and operationally relevant simulation outcomes? The short answer is Yes The long answer is the rest of this presentation In this study, the Army OneSAF simulation system is used to revisit combat operations in the early days of Operation Iraqi Freedom during a severe and extended dust storm event (March 25-27, 2003) Using an authoritative representation of this weather in southern Iraq, OneSAF simulation outcomes are examined and these results compared to known combat outcomes and mission limitations Results provide insight and a starting point for improving model behaviors in OneSAF and other simulation systems 4

5 Experimental Design Working hypothesis is that improving available natural environment representation will produce more realistic simulation outcomes Independent variable is the quality of the environmental representation treated as ordinal Dependent variables are the measures of success for two mission areas: air support, and ground convoy operations Using operationally realistic vignettes for rotary wing and ground operations, OneSAF was executed in a series of trials to collect data across the levels of the independent variable 5

6 Experimental Design Independent Variable Dependent Variables Level I Default Weather Level II Mar 2003 Weather without dust Level III Mar 2003 Weather with dust Successful Air Missions Ia IIa IIIa Convoy Execution Time Ib IIb IIIb Independent variable natural environment representation Level I: a static (default) weather case using METOC spring weather Level II: Realistic weather but no explicit impact from dust Level III: Realistic weather with impacts from dust Dependent measures Ia, IIa and IIIa are mission success numbers for the rotary wing vignette Ib, IIb and IIIb are mission success numbers for the ground vignette. 6

7 Experimental Design The working hypothesis is that: Ia > IIa > IIIa Ib > IIb > IIIb That is, success rates should decrease with more realistic (visibility restricted) weather consistent with known mission outcomes Use of two realistic weather scenarios, with Level III (with dust) more realistic than Level II (without dust), offers additional insight in to the incremental impact of the environmental representation 7

8 Experimental Tools Weather Data Providers Consumer Application Domain Mission Impacts Correlated Content Illumination IR Satellite in Google Earth The Environmental Data Cube Support System, a DoD M&SCO effort, serves as natural environment provider to the LVC community, delivering correlated weather and weather effects to players, systems, and entities from a single, consistent natural environment. System Impacts in WorldWind Virtual Simulator 8

9 Experimental Tools Environmental Representation Testbed (ERTB) 9

10 Weather Scenario Late winter shamal in March 2003 drove deep and persistent dust storm across Southwest Asia Affected coalition operations in the opening of the Second Gulf War across land, sea and air Storm was well forecast by joint military weather personnel ATO front-loaded airlift missions early in the period to pre-position materiel Strike and close air support missions planned for GPS weapons vice EO/IR Artillery refitted with heat-detecting gun sights to see through the dust NOAA-16 Satellite image from 1027 UTC 27 Mar 2003 showing the dust plume extending from western Iran through southern Iraq and across Kuwait and NE Saudi Arabia. Yellow arrows highlight the plume 10

11 Combat Scenario OneSAF scenario employs air and ground units advancing on Baghdad South West Armed Cavalry Troop and Infantry elements move along roadways Eight AH64D reconnoiter along the route, then provide support Platoon of M2A2s with Infantry Four AH64D Five UH60L Each mission designed so that air support elements will be in close proximity to the ground units to provide air cover as needed OneSAF Operating Area for the combat scenario 11

12 OneSAF PVD and EDCSS Weather Level II (No Dust) Left, EDCSS Visibility Graphic Right, OneSAF PVD Play box is outline in dashed black square in the EDCSS graphic. Impacts to visibility in this region are on the order of 3 to 5 km (about 2-3 mi) Level III (Dust) The with-dust weather case shows a broader region with more severe impacts on the order of 1 km (5/8 mi).

13 Simulation Results Simulation Time (hh:mm:ss) Level I Default Weather Level II Mar 2003 Weather No Dust Level III Mar 2003 Weather With Dust Unit Movements Air Unit South Recon 21:30 1:02:00 1:20:00 Air Unit South Fly One 26:00 Never executed Never executed Air Unit South Fly Two 52:00 1:35:00 1:57:00 Ground Unit South Movement One 23:30 0:58:00 1:18:00 Ground Unit South Movement Two 42:00 1:25:00 1:48:00 Ground Unit West Movement One 16:00 0:29:00 0:44:00 Ground Unit West Movement Two 56:00 1:21:00 1:45:00 Air Unit West AH64D Movement 29:00 1:36:00 1:56:00 Air Unit West UH60L Movement 38:30 1:34:00 1:55:00 13

14 Simulation Results These results demonstrate significant and operationally relevant differences in simulation outcome for ground and air operations Improved realism of the horizontal visibility based on weather and aerosol content triggered these differences and improved the realism of simulated mission outcomes Quantitative measures in mission execution time give some sense of both the direction and magnitude of this relationship For this effort, the differences observed between levels of the independent variable give confidence that the natural environment representation is being applied within OneSAF with some fidelity 14

15 What s next? Further investigation is required to understand the detailed level of fidelity in OneSAF, and if this fidelity is similarly applied across all parameters in the OneSAF inventory Horizontal visibility appears to restrict operations in the simulation and in this historical vignette further study of other parameters of interest aligned to known operational outcomes would help better validate and calibrate these behaviors OneSAF used as simulation platform because of broad user community and current integration within the ERTB, Constructive candidates: Joint Semi-Automated Forces (JSAF); Army Warfighters Simulation (WARSIM); Air Force Air Warfare Simulation (AWSIM) Immersive simulations with comprehensive out-the-window (OTW) weather 15

16 The take-aways Using the Environment Representation Test Bed and a realistic weather scenario from the Second Gulf War, this research demonstrated significant and operationally relevant differences in simulation outcome for ground and air operations Screen shot from a Level II run (weather with no dust), the ground unit crosses the phase line to kick off the air unit s final Fly Route order. Every DoD M&S technology has some sense of the natural environment, and the focus of research on the ERTB is to investigate, understand and where needed improve this representation, ultimately improving the fidelity and value of M&S to the analyst, planner and warfighter 16