SOLAR JOURNEY: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF OUR GALACTIC ENVIRONMENT FOR THE HELIOSPHERE AND EARTH

Transcription

1 SOLAR JOURNEY: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF OUR GALACTIC ENVIRONMENT FOR THE HELIOSPHERE AND EARTH Edited by PRISCILLA C. FRISCH University of Chicago, IL, U.S.A. 4y Springer

2 Contents Dedication List of Figures List of Tables Contributing Authors Preface Foreword Acknowledgements v xi xv xvii xxi xxiii xxv 1 Introduction: Paleoheliosphere versus PaleoLISM 1 Priscilla C. Frisch The Underlying Query Addressing the Query: The Heliosphere and Particle Populations for Different Interstellar Environments Closing Comments 14 References 18 Heliospheric Variation in Response to Changing Interstellar Environments 23 Gary P. Zank, Hans-R. MUller, Vladimir Florinski and Priscilla C. Frisch 2.1. Introduction Basic Physics of the Multi-fluid Model Possible Interstellar Environments Possible Heliospheric Configurations Conclusions 46 References 47 vn

3 viii 3 Contents The Influence of the Interstellar Magnetic Field 53 on the Heliospheric Interface Nikolai V. Pogorelov and Gary P. Zank SW-LISM Interaction Problem Superfast SW-LISM Interaction Subfast SW-LISM Interaction Discussion 77 References 80 Interstellar Conditions and Planetary Magnetospheres 87 Eugene N. Parker 4.1. Introduction Future Intersteller Variations Magnetospheric Activity Magnetic Activity at Uranus and Neptune 94 References 97 Long-term Variations in the Galactic Environment of the Sun 99 Nir J. Shaviv Introduction Characterizing the Physical Environment Variations in the Galactic Environment Records of Long Term Variations Crater Record Summary 123 References 125 Short-term Variations in the Galactic Environment of the Sun 133 Priscilla C. Frisch and Jonathan D. Slavin 6.1. Overview Solar Journey through Space: The Past 10 4 to 10 6 Years Neighborhood ISM: Cluster of Local Interstellar Clouds Radiative Transfer Models of Local Partially Ionized Gas Passages through Nearby Clouds The Solar Environment and Global ISM 175

4 Contents ix 6.7. Summary 182 References 184 Variations of the Interstellar Dust Distribution in the Heliosphere 195 Markus Landgraf 7.1. The Contemporary Interstellar Dust Environment of the Heliosphere Consequences of a Changing Interstellar Environment 203 References 204 Effects in the Inner Heliosphere Caused by Changing Conditions 209 in the Galactic Environment Eberhard Mobius, Maciek Bzowski, Hans-Reinhard Miiller and Peter Wurz Introduction Observations and Modeling of Neutrals in the Contemporary Heliosphere Interstellar Neutral Gas and its Secondary Products under Varying Interstellar Conditions 233 References 250 Variable Terrestrial Particle Environments During the Galactic Orbit 259 of the Sun Hans J. Fahr, Horst Fichtner, Klaus Scherer and Olaf Stawicki Introductory Remarks on Cosmic Rays and Climate The Heliosphere in Different Interstellar Environments Cosmic Ray Spectra Consequences of Variable Particle Environments 272 References 276 The Galactic Cosmic Ray Intensity in the Heliosphere in Response 281 to Variable Interstellar Environments Vladimir Florinski and Gary P. Zank Introduction Transport Properties of the Heliospheric Interface Cosmic Ray Transport Model 291

5 x Contents Cosmic Ray Modulation in the Global Heliosphere: Local Cloud Environment Interface Variability Driven by Interstellar Environment Changes: Cosmic Ray Response Cosmogenic Isotope Response Conclusion 308 References 309 Accretion of Interstellar Material into the Heliosphere and onto Earth 317 Ararat Yeghikyan and Hans Fahr How does an Interstellar Cloud Touch the Solar System and the Earth? Change of the Ionization Degree and Chemical State in the Circumsolar Flow Model of the Neutral Gas Flow Amount of Neutral Gas, Accreted by the Earth Atmospheric Effects Ozone Concentration in the Mesosphere Results and Discussion Summary 342 References Variations of Galactic Cosmic Rays and the Earth's Climate 349 Jasper Kirkby and Kenneth S. Carslaw Introduction Solar Irradiance Galactic Cosmic Rays Solar/GCR-climate Variability GCR-cloud-climate Mechanisms Conclusions and Future Prospects 388 References 390 Index 399