Physics and Chemistry of the Interstellar Medium

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1 Physics and Chemistry of the Interstellar Medium Sun Kwok The University of Hong Kong UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BOOKS Sausalito, California

2 * Preface xi The Interstellar Medium.1.1 States of Matter in the ISM Interactions between Stars and the ISM Chemical Abundances in the ISM The Coupling between Interstellar Matter and Radiation 1.5 Eriiission Nebulae and die Ionized Component of the ISM 1.6 Reflection Nebulae Dark Clouds and Molecular Clouds Diffuse Interstellar Clouds and Infrared Cirrus Hot Gas and Galactic Corona Multiple Phases of the ISM 17~ ' 1.11 Summary 20. i Fundamental Concepts of Radiation \ Intensity 22 - Flux 24 Moments of Intensity 29 Thermodynarnic Equilibrium vs. Steady State Blackbody Radiation 34 The Equation of Transfer 36 Solutions to the Equation of Transfer 40 Numerical Solution to the Equation of Transfer : Scattering Polarization Summary

3 Measurements of Radiation Flux Measurements Measurement of Intensity Spectroscopy , Summary 74 Photoionization and Recombination The Hydrogen Atom " Spectroscopic Notation 80 ' 4.3 Bound-Free Transition Bound-Free Absorption in a Stellar Atmosphere Recombination Ionization Structure of a Static Nebula 92 "4.7 Diffuse Interstellar Radiation Field Ionization of Complex Atoms A Dielectronic Recombination Charge-Exchange Reactions " Summary 99 Line Radiation from Atoms and Ions Permitted and Forbidden Transitions Transitions within Multiplets Fine-Structure Lines Hyperfine Lines Absorption and Emission Spectral Line'Formation Scattering Cross Sections, Line Broadening The Voigt Profile Equivalent Width and theicurve of Growth Recombination Lines Collisionally Excited Lines Resonance Fluorescence " Recombination Lines of Metals Statistical Equilibrium and Population Distribution Petermination of Nebular Density and Temperature by Diagnostic Diagrams 163, 5.17 Atomic Parameters 164

4 vii 5.18 Abundance Determination by Absorption Spectroscopy Abundance Determination in Emission Nebulae Summary 167 Continuum Radiation in the Gas Phase Free-Bound Continuum Radiation Two-Photon Radiation Free-Free Continuum Emission Electron Scattering Heating and Cooling of Photoipnized Regions Determination of the Temperature of the Central Star by Nebular Properties Summary 186 Interstellar Molecules Molecular Transitions Electronic Structures of Molecules Molecular Orbitals and Hybridization Rotational Transitions Vibrational Transitions of Diatomic Molecules Electronic Transitions Effects of Nuclear Spins on Rotational Spectra Rotational Spectra of Symmetric Tops Asymmetric Rotators Radicals Molecular Ions 247 ' 7.12 Molecules Containing Metals Raman Scattering Summary 254 '. 8 Vibrational Spectroscopy of Polyatomic Molecules T Linear Molecules Symmetric Tops Asymmetric Tops Carbon Chains Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Summary

5 viii Molecular Excitation and Abundance Determination Partition Functions and Thermal Distribution Deriving the Rotational Excitation Temperature Excitation of Molecules Deriving Molecular Abundance from Line Observations A Two-Level Molecule under CoUisional Excitation A Two-Level Molecule under CoUisional and Radiative Excitation Optically Thick Lines and Non-LTE Population Distribution Molecular Abundance by Absorption Spectroscopy Ortho/Para Ratios 295 ' Isotopic Abundance Isomers.296 '9.12 Conformers 300., 9.13 Summary Interstellar Grains: Physical Processes Interstellar Extinction Dust Absorption and Scattering ;3 Dust Emission 311 : 10.4' Thermal Coupling between the Dust and Gas Reflection and Scattering 319 ' Dust Absorption in the X-Ray Region Stochastic Heating Interstellar Polarization " Photoelectric Effect Grain Processing 323 The Chemical Composition of Interstellar and Circumstellar Grains Optical Properties of Solids 328 ' 11.2 Inorganic Compounds 329 j 11.3 Organic Compounds Summary 352 Carbonaceous Grains The Aromatic Infrared Bands The 2175-A Absorption Feature 366

6 ix 12.3 The Diffuse Interstellar Bands Extended Red Emission The 2l-/xm Feature - 371/ 12.6 The 30-ju.m Feature Plateau Features Photochemistry Summary The Origin of Interstellar Dust The Formation of Dust in the Atmospheres of AGB Stars Models of Carbonaceous Dust Laboratory Simulations of Cosmic Dust UV Processing of Ices Interstellar Dust and the Solar System Possible Enrichment of the Solar System by Interstellar Grains Summary Chemical Reactions in the ISM An Example: CO Chemistry Photodissociation 401' 14.3 Attenuation of the Radiation Field Cosmic Ray Ionization Gas-Phase Reactions A Rate Equation Photon-Dominated Regions Grain-Surface Chemistry Summary.423. J.J Gas Dynamics, Gravitational Collapse, and Stellar Winds Hydrodynamical Equations Self-Gravitating Hydrostatic Spheres The Virial Theorem " Pressiireless Gravitational Collapse Gravitational Instability Stellar Winds from Hot Stars Winds from AGB Stars Systematic Motions in Star Formation Regions ' Summary 456 ^

7 X 16 Interaction between Stars and the Interstellar Medium ' Supersonic Dynamics., Supernova Remnants 466 " 16.3 Interstellar Bubbles 470' ; Interacting Stellar Winds The Momentum Paradox Summary Beyond the Galaxy Overall Structure of the ISM Radiative Interactions between Different States of Matter Application to Extragalactic Astronomy 494 APPENDIX J. Vector Formulae in Different Coordinate Systems APPENDIX Ionization Potentials for Atoms and Molecules 511 APPENDIX «J List of Interstellar Molecules 517 APPENDIX TT Solutions to Selected Exercises 521 Symbols and Abbreviations 535 Glossary 541 References 545 Index 559

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