2 More Science Cases, Summary & Close

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1 2 More Science Cases, Summary & Close Chris Packham University of Texas at San Antonio On behalf of the MICHI team Physics&Astronomy THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT SAN ANTONIO

2 ! Giant Planets - Giant Problems! The Energy Crisis at ALL planets (at non-polar latitudes) Planet! Model Temp (K)! Observed (K)! Difference (K)! Jupiter 200! 800! +600! Saturn 180! 420! +240! Uranus 140! 700! +560! Neptune 130!! 600! +470! >25 times more energy than the sun provides is required to explain these temperatures! and ~25 years of Jupiter, Saturn & Uranus observations find no known source for low-latitude heat! Jupiter Auroral morphology not understood: unknown mechanisms create bright features Saturn Northern and southern aurora rotate at independent speeds, unknown how Uranus Cooling down from 700 K in 1992 to 500 K in 2014: unknown why Neptune Aurora here not even seen (from Earth) James O Donoghue (jameso@bu.edu)! Magnetosphere-Ionosphere coupling at Exoplanets - Unknown! We don t fully understand planets local to us - let s look elsewhere for insight Exoplanets undoubtedly exhibit powerful and exotic aurorae, measurable in the IR with TMT!

3 New science with TMT at Giant planets & beyond 30m mirror: Signal/Noise ~9 times higher than Keck gives Short-term timescale temperatures at Uranus Lower uncertainties in temperature: constrain extent of energy crisis Potential for studying infrared aurora at Neptune & exoplanets for the first time Spectral power R~120,000 (at L band; 2 slit) Unprecedented velocity resolution at Jupiter/Saturn/Uranus/Neptune/Exoplanets Extension of solar system work to exoplanets by disentangling star vs planet light - we use the H3 + molecule as a probe, yielding atmospheric temperatures, velocities Spatial resolution improvement with TMT gives ~35% smaller features, allowing Highly resolved views of Uranus & Neptune (i.e. no longer a point-source!) Highest ever resolution altitude vs temperature profiles at Jupiter/Saturn Even more ideally A wish list for the Solar system: For the R~120 K, 2 slit: A 5 slit length is required to cover Uranus and Neptune entirely Or 25 slit for Jupiter and Saturn full-hemisphere temperatures and velocities Alternatively, for the R~600 K, 24 slit: R >5000 is needed to derive atmospheric temperatures alone

4 James O Donoghue (jameso@bu.edu)! TMT = Try More Targets? Well studied, not so well understood! Giant planets are hydrogen rich! Production of H3+ H2+ + H2 Observe exoplanets, comparative chemistry! H3+ + H Fast reaction and H2+ formed by 1) Star EUV (photo-ionization) 2) Impact ionization (by electrons, usually) H3+ is a coolant (until 10,000 K). At Jupiter, T~1,000 K, H3+ radiates ~4,000 GW per hemisphere. Emissions vary exponentially with T! At Exoplanets, H3+ cooling removes heat, mitigating mass loss via atmospheric escape (Jeans escape). A. Is H3+ holding hydrogen rich planets together? Can we measure such action as it happens? - directly related to planetary system formation & habitability: if this saves gas giants, which save us from bolides it certainly plays a role. B. What is the nature of the energy crisis at exoplanets? C. Can we find and characterize exoplanetary aurora?

5 bmichi Exoplanet Observations Slides courtesy of Jayne Birkby Sagan Fellow, Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics

6 VLT Observations of β Pic b Spectra extracted at every position along the slit and stellar/telluric profile removed Dispersion Cross-correlation (CC) values 1 hour integration Position ~0.4 Long slit aka a basic IFU CO detected in β Pic b. Strongest CC at RV = -15.4±1.7 km/s at ~0.4 Consistent with position from direct imaging and with a circular orbit. H2O only seen at SNR~2. No methane. Snellen, Brandl, de Kok, Brogi, Birkby, Schwarz, 2014

7 VLT Observations of β Pic b CC at planet position is rotationally broadened = instrument profile Vrot = 25 ± 3 km/s Assumed:! - Mp=11±5MJ! - Rp=1.65±0.06RJ! - Small obliquity! (Radius from Currie et al. 2013) The length of one day on β Pic b is Prot~8.1±1.0 hours Snellen et al., 2014

8 And to the TMT HDS+HCI with TMT could detect Earth-size planets in habitable zones of the nearest stars Simulations for infrared IFU (e.g. TMT/NIRES-R) * * x-position on sky y-position velocity Contrast curve for planet thermal emission SNR=8 *TMT area 655m 2, rescale time by ~1.5 Liske et al Snellen, de Kok, Birkby et al., 2015

9 TMT & Exoplanets HDS+HCI with TMT permits Doppler imaging of exoplanets Global cloud map of brown dwarf Luhman 16B from Doppler imaging with CRIRES/VLT (Crossfield et al. 2014) Marshall Johnson

10 bmichi Activities in 2016 Jan-Mar Updated and revised science cases from science team Mar-Apr Ranking of science cases within and across sub-areas Matrix of science cases Apr-May Flow-down of ranked science cases to ranked science requirements to instrument requirements May-Aug Revised feasibility-level optical design Collation of science cases to single coherent document Aug Documentation of science cases, flow-down, and feasibility-level optical design

11 bmichi Activities in 2016 Jan-Mar Updated and revised science cases from science team Mar-Apr Ranking of science cases within and across sub-areas Matrix of science cases Flow-down of ranked science cases to ranked science requirements to instrument requirements The Apr-May purpose of this workshop, and several planned Skype meetings in January with interested persons who cannot Revised be here, feasibility-level especially optical in design partner countries May-Aug Collation such as of India, science Japan, cases to China, single coherent etc. document Aug Documentation of science cases, flow-down, and feasibility-level optical design

12 Purpose of this Workshop 1. To invite science cases that would maximally leverage science output from a thermal-ir optimized (3-13 or 7-25um) instrument from the TMT 1. These cases will then be flowed down to a set of science requirements, then instrument requirements 2. Please me and I will send you the template (chris.packham@utsa.edu), or take a template from the front, or my card 2. To engage with the USA community as in line with Mark s leadership of the NSF grant to plan for partnership of the TMT

13 Science Case Template

14 bmichi Conclusions We feel there are both broad and transformative science cases using bmichi on the TMT Interaction is strong between USA and Japan, strengthening to India & China We welcome your participation, especially with the science case revision Thank you for your attendance ありがとうございます