Exoplanet Science with E-ELT/METIS

Transcription

1 Science with E-ELT/METIS Sascha P. Quanz (ETH Zurich) METIS Project Scientist EPSC Nantes 1 Oct 2015 Image credit: BBC

2 METIS is a 3-19 micron imager and spectrograph... METIS instrument baseline design Imaging at 3 19 micron with low/medium resolution slit spectroscopy as well as coronagraphy for high contrast imaging High resolution (R ~ 100,000) IFU spectroscopy at 3 5 micron including extended instantaneous wavelength coverage Work at the diffraction limit with single conjugate (SC) and eventually assisted by a laser tomography adaptive optics (LTAO) system Complementary to JWST and other E-ELT instruments

3 The METIS science case is broad with exoplanets being a main driver R):&,$-2N&%68#()!"#$%&'("$) ((( 3&#0,&$( M"$0"#( D,/0?#1(?E(?F#(7?)&#(( 71/0"C( R#?0?IB)&$"0&#1( S,/T/( 4.?)."'(/0&#/( 4A?B)&$"0/(!#?G$('G&#E/( ( 3K7L/(9( -MD66;/( ( O70&#PF#/0( N)F/0"#/Q( 4.?)F0,?$(?E( 73!D/(

4 METIS exoplanet science themes The formation of planets demographics atmospheres and climates Towards other Earths

5 METIS exoplanet science themes The formation of planets demographics atmospheres and climates Towards other Earths

6 Determining luminosities of RV detected planets demographics cf. Quanz et al. 2015

7 Characterizing non-transiting hot planets The thermal spectrum of the planet is targeted. Carbon monoxide - 2.3µm 0.8 atmospheres and climates Day-side Spectroscopy Orbital phase 0.2 Molecules resolved into individual lines Robust identification via line matching Planet motion resolved Telluric and planet signal disentangled Wavelength (μm) Slide courtesy of Matteo Brodi

8 Characterizing non-transiting hot planets K P (km s -1 ) HD b - CO + H 2 O Brogi et al. (2012) Brogi et al Significance ( ) Results from our survey Orbital inclination (!) K P (km s -1 ) Boo b - CO µm 2.3µm µm Brogi et al (also Rodler et al. 2012) (also Rodler et al. 2012) 60 Brogi et al. (2013) Brogi et al. submitted V sys (km s -1 ) V sys (km s -1 ) V sys (km s -1 ) Significance ( ) Orbital inclination (!) K P (km s -1 ) Peg b - CO + H 2 O Brogi et al Significance ( ) Orbital inclination (!) atmospheres and climates τ Boo b 51 Peg b ΗD µm Integr. time 18 hrs 10 hrs 14 hrs Molecules CO CO, H2O CO, H2O S/N Mass Inclination relative abundances Slide courtesy of Matteo Brodi

9 Characterizing non-transiting hot planets atmospheres and climates 10 20h telescope time VLT Easy Robust Tentative Planet mass (MJup) 6 planets Vmag of host star VLT Current CRIRES, 8m E-ELT 39m mirror 6x spectral range 2x throughput E-ELT Planet mass (MJup) 1.75µm 2.3µm 3.5µm 31 planets 35 planets 38 planets Vmag of host star Slide courtesy of Matteo Brodi

10 Snellen et al. 2014, Nature Credit: Planet image (GPI) processing by Christian Marois, NRC Measuring rotation periods of cool gas giant planets State-of-the-art (VLT/CRIRES): The directly imaged planet beta Pic b atmospheres and climates

11 ets for a range of masses an exciting new science case. Measuring rotation periods of cool gas giant planets gh-resolution spectroscopy is that a planet signal can be monitored along a large tracing also seasonal as well as rotational changes in molecular signals (from the evening-side of the planet, revealing possible photochemical processes or State-of-the-art (VLT/CRIRES): spheric temperature structure). The directly imaged planet beta Pic b atmospheres and climates n of the Doppler Imaging technique with VLT/CRIRS showing a 2d map of the nearby 6 B (from Crossfield et al. 2014, Nature 505, 654C). Right: Comparing the spin velocity oris b, as measured from high-dispersion spectroscopy, with the spin of the Solar System al. 2014, Nature 509, 63S). Snellen et al. 2014, Nature

12 63S). Interestingly, the fact that β Pictoris b spins so fast is well in line with the trend of spin rotation with planet mass seen for the solar system planets (Fig. 5), and is likely a relic of the planet formation process during which mass and angular momentum are accreted. METIS will determine the rotation of dozens of exoplanets for a range of masses an exciting new science case. 2D maps of exoplanets using Doppler Tomography Another aspect of high-resolution spectroscopy is that a planet signal can be monitored along a large part of its orbit, thus tracing also seasonal as well as rotational changes in molecular signals (fromatmospheres the morning-side to the evening-side of the planet, revealing possible photochemical processesandorclimates variations in the atmospheric structure). Simulating E-ELT VLT/CRIRES data oftemperature the Brown Dwarf Luhman 16 B observations of beta Pic b Fig. 5: Left: Illustration of the Doppler Imaging technique with VLT/CRIRS showing a 2d map of the nearby brown dwarf Luhman 16 B (from Crossfield et al. 2014, Nature 505, 654C). Right: Comparing the spin velocity of the exoplanet β Pictoris b, as measured from high-dispersion spectroscopy, with the spin of the Solar System Crossfield et al. 2014, Nature planets (from Snellen et al. 2014, Nature 509, 63S). Snellen et al. 2014, Nature

13 Direct detection of small planetsissue: around nearby stars xx Science Case Date: xx Page: 8 Towards other Earths Simulated METIS observations of and Tau Ceti, all G and K type stars 2 Earth twins around Alpha Cen A Fig. 7: METIS simulations of small planets around Alpha Cen A. From left to right: 2h on source integration in the L, M and N band, respectively. The central star has been masked out in all images. Each image contains 2 planets with a radius of 1 REarth, one planet located at 0.5 AU the other one located at 1 AU (the corresponding separation in λ/d is given in the different panels). Assuming a bond albedo of 0.3 for the planets and a luminosity of L=1.52 LSun for Alpha Cen A, the planets have equilibrium temperatures of ~400 K and ~280 K, respectively. While the inner planet is clearly detected in all filters, the planet at 1 AU is only detected in the N band. All simulations assume that at the location of the planets METIS is background noise limited. The

14 Take home message METIS is an exoplanet instrument covering a unique part in exoplanet parameter space in the timeframe METIS is complementary to JWST and other ELT exoplanet instruments

15 Thanks for your attention Image credit: BBC, ESO Image courtesy: ESO