Prospects for ground-based characterization of Proxima Centauri b
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1 Prospects for ground-based characterization of Proxima Centauri b Ma#eo Brogi Hubble Fellow, CU-Boulder Ignas Snellen, Remco de Kok, Henrie5e Schwarz (Leiden, NL) Jayne Birkby (CfA, USA), Simon Albrecht (Aarhus, DK) Image credits: ESO/M.Kornmesser Searching for life across space and Ime, Irvine, CA Dec 5, 2016
2 The planet around Proxima Centauri The closest star to the Sun (1.3 pc)
3 The planet around Proxima Centauri The closest star to the Sun (1.3 pc) α Cen AB Hubble/WFC2 The star M5.5V, 3050±100 K 0.120±0.015 M Sun 0.141±0.021 R Sun Proxima The planet m sin(i) = 1.27 M E K S = 1.38±0.21 m/s a = AU P = d
4 Small exoplanets are common ExtrapolaIons from Kepler detecions of transiing planets around FGK stars (Fressin+ 2013) 0.20 Planets per star (P < 85 days) Earths Super-! Earths Small! Neptunes Large! Neptunes P = days η any = (52 ± 4) % η = (16.6 ± 3.6) % Giant! Planets Planet radius (R )
5 Small planets around small stars are very abundant! Based on Kepler detecions around M dwarfs (Dressing & Charbonneau 2015) 80 All planets (R<4 R, P<200 d) 2.5±0.2 planets/star! Occurrence (%) Habitable planets planets/star ( R ) planets/star ( R ) Planet radius (R Earth ) ConservaIve HZ (runaway / max. greenhouse) 4
6 Smaller & fainter stars higher planet/star contrast Solar-type star Transit depth D = (R P /R S ) 2 You are here! M5-dwarf Earth-Sun: D 0.008% Earth-M5: D 0.25% Similar gain for reflected-light and thermal-emission contrasts
7 Small planets around small stars are nearby! Data from the RECONS project: Solar neighborhood within 10 pc Sun WD:20 O:0! B:0! A:4 F:6 G:20 K:44 M:248 L:5 T:10 Planets:34+8 Dressing & Charbonneau: the nearest transiing exoplanet in the HZ is at 10.6±1.7 pc, but the nearest non-transiing is only 2.6±0.4 pc away we found Proxima Cen b! 6
8 Habitable zones around M dwarfs Classical habitable zone (moist / max greenhouse) Kopparapu Proxima Cen b PotenIally-habitable planets orbit very close to M-dwarfs! Reflected-light signal enhanced (dependence on semi-major axis) Increased geometric probability of a transit Transits are frequent and S/N can be stacked
9 Atmospheric characterization: transiting planets Star and planet are not spaially resolved Monitoring of the total light from the star+planet system, at various wavelengths
10 Atmospheric characterization: transiting planets Star and planet are not spaially resolved Monitoring of the total light from the star+planet system, at various wavelengths Transit (Transmission spectra) Starlight filtering through the planet atmosphere Measuring the planet radius
11 Atmospheric characterization: transiting planets Star and planet are not spaially resolved Monitoring of the total light from the star+planet system, at various wavelengths Eclipse (Dayside spectra) Planet occulted by the stellar disk Measuring the missing planet flux Transit (Transmission spectra) Starlight filtering through the planet atmosphere Measuring the planet radius
12 Atmospheric characterization: transiting planets Star and planet are not spaially resolved Monitoring of the total light from the star+planet system, at various wavelengths Eclipse (Dayside spectra) Planet occulted by the stellar disk Measuring the missing planet flux Transit (Transmission spectra) Starlight filtering through the planet atmosphere Measuring the planet radius Phase curve RelaIve contribuion of planet day/night side
13 Atmospheric characterization: transiting planets Star and planet are not spaially resolved Monitoring of the total light from the star+planet system, at various wavelengths Eclipse (Dayside spectra) Planet occulted by the stellar disk Measuring the missing planet flux Transit (Transmission spectra) Starlight filtering through the planet atmosphere Measuring the planet radius Phase curve RelaIve contribuion of planet day/night side What about Proxima Cen b (non-transiing)?
14 High-dispersion spectroscopy to observe exoplanet atmospheres SeparaIng the planet from the star in the spectral domain
15 HDS detects the fingerprint of each molecule Transmission spectrum of HD b CO Radius ratio (+ arbitrary shift) H 2 O CH 4 Molecules resolved into individual lines Wavelength (nm) 10
16 HDS detects the orbital motion of exoplanets HJs sensibly move along the orbit during few hours of observaions Carbon monoxide µm 0.8 Planet mozon resolved 0.6 red-shifted 0.4 blue-shifted Orbital phase Earth s atmosphere Hot Jupiter Wavelength (μm)
17 HDS detects the orbital motion of exoplanets HJs sensibly move along the orbit during few hours of observaions Carbon monoxide µm 0.8 Planet mozon resolved 0.6 red-shifted 0.4 blue-shifted Orbital phase 0.2 Telluric and planet signal disentangled Planet radial velocity can be measured Star & planet can be treated as spectroscopic binaries 11 Earth s atmosphere Hot Jupiter Wavelength (μm)
18 The data analysis: a two-step process 1 Removing telluric lines The Earth s atmospheric absorpion is staionary in wavelength The planet moves along the orbit and it is Doppler-shiued 5 hours of real data + 20x planet signal (CO) Time Wavelength 12
19 The data analysis: a two-step process 1 Removing telluric lines The Earth s atmospheric absorpion is staionary in wavelength The planet moves along the orbit and it is Doppler-shiued 5 hours of real data + 20x planet signal (CO) Time Wavelength 13
20 The data analysis: a two-step process 1 Removing telluric lines The Earth s atmospheric absorpion is staionary in wavelength The planet moves along the orbit and it is Doppler-shiued 5 hours of real data + 20x planet signal (CO) Time Wavelength 2 Cross-correlaZng with model spectra (Models by Remco de Kok) Time / orbital phase Planet radial velocity 13
21 High-resolution studies of hot Jupiters ~150 hrs VLT/CRIRES (R=100,000) 2.3µm, 3.2µm Masses and orbital inclinazons of non-transizng planets τ Boo b, HD b, 51 Peg b CO and H2O confidently detected CH4 not yet detected Consistent with expectaions for hot planets and solar abundances No thermal inversions detected All emission spectra are well fit by models containing absorp3on lines RotaZon and winds of exoplanets measured The planet line profile, and hence the cross-correlaion funcions, are broadened 14
22 Spectral and spatial resolution combined The contrast from high-resoluion spectroscopy alone ( ) is not enough! y sky posiion GPi - β Pic b x sky posiion
23 Spectral and spatial resolution combined The contrast from high-resoluion spectroscopy alone ( ) is not enough! y sky posiion GPi - β Pic b Speckles = star (scaled, distorted) Planet spectrum + speckle noise x sky posiion Wavelength
24 Spectral and spatial resolution combined The contrast from high-resoluion spectroscopy alone ( ) is not enough! y sky posiion GPi - β Pic b Speckles = star (scaled, distorted) Planet spectrum + speckle noise x sky posiion Wavelength Current implementazon with VLT-CRIRES: Aligning the slit with the planet-star direcion DetecZons for a few directly-imaged planets β Pic b (Snellen+ 2014, Nature); GQ Lup b (Schwarz+ 2016)
25 Spectral and spatial resolution combined SimulaIons for Snellen Starlight suppression factor at planet posiion Number of lines to cross-correlate with Sky y-distance ( ) Thermal emission of Earth-like planet (R=1.5 R, T=300K) orbiing α Cen B HCI only E-ELT/METIS w/ IFU CCF sliced at RV=30 km/s Sky x-distance ( ) HCI+HDS 8σ (30 hrs) 5σ (10 hrs)
26 10-7 Proxima Centauri b: thermal emission R = 1.1 R, T = K, a = AU separaion Contrast curve 350 K Contrast (1σ) K α Cen B planet (Snellen+ 2015) K Angular separation ( ) METIS observaions centered at 4.85 µm, 30 hrs
27 10-7 Proxima Centauri b: thermal emission R = 1.1 R, T = K, a = AU separaion Contrast curve 350 K Contrast (1σ) ~ 2e K α Cen B planet (Snellen+ 2015) K Angular separation ( ) METIS observaions centered at 4.85 µm, 30 hrs
28 10-7 Proxima Centauri b: thermal emission R = 1.1 R, T = K, a = AU separaion 265K - 1.1e-7 260K - 9.3e-8 255K - 7.4e-8 250K - 5.9e K Contrast curve Contrast (1σ) ~ 2e K α Cen B planet (Snellen+ 2015) K Angular separation ( ) METIS observaions centered at 4.85 µm, 30 hrs
29 Proxima Centauri b: reflected light The star is faint in the opical (B=12.95, V=11.13, R=9.45) low S/N Sun HD (K1V) Normalized flux Wavelength (nm) Proxima Cen Current spectrographs are not opimized for M stars, future spectrographs will be VLT-ESPRESSO VLT-HARPS GMT-GCLEF EELT-HIRES MMT-MAROONX Gain in S/N from cross-correlaing with thousands of lines: 65-80
30 Proxima Centauri b: reflected light The planet/star contrast is in the range (7e-7, 2e-6) Albedo 10-6 FP,refl / Fstar 10-7 i = 30º i = 60º i = 90º Planet albedo
31 Proxima Centauri b: reflected light The planet/star contrast is in the range (7e-7, 2e-6) Albedo hrs GMT 100 hrs E-ELT FP,refl / Fstar 10-7 i = 30º i = 60º i = 90º 10 hrs E-ELT (HCI+HDS) Planet albedo High-resoluZon spectroscopy only ( nm, 10% throughput): challenging even with 100 hours of Extremely Giant Telescopes Spectral and spazal resoluzon combined would easily succeed! (Revised Snellen esimates, strehl raio 0.3, 10% throughput)
32 Terrestrial planets around M-dwarfs are our best short-term chance to characterize potenially-habitable worlds Thank you!
33 Terrestrial planets around M-dwarfs are our best short-term chance to characterize potenially-habitable worlds High-resoluIon spectroscopy is reliable, can complement space observaions and produce unique measurements (rotaion, masses, inclinaions ) Thank you!
34 Terrestrial planets around M-dwarfs are our best short-term chance to characterize potenially-habitable worlds High-resoluIon spectroscopy is reliable, can complement space observaions and produce unique measurements (rotaion, masses, inclinaions ) Combined spectral and spaial resoluion: suitable for characterizing poten3ally habitable planets from the ground, even if they non transit! Thank you!
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