SOLAR SYSTEM NOTES. Surface of the Sun appears granulated: 10/2/2015 ENERGY TRANSFERS RADIATION FROM THE SUN

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1 SOLAR SYSTEM NOTES ENERGY TRANSFERS Radiation - a process in which energy travels through vacuum (without a medium) Conduction a process in which energy travels through a medium Convection - The transfer of heat through the movement of particles RADIATION FROM THE SUN 99.86% of the mass of the solar system Primary source of energy, light, and heat. The planets are lit because of the light we see reflected from the Sun. SUN S STRUCTURE Under the Surface Photosphere Convection zone Radiation zone Core Above the surface: Sunspots Corona Solar flares Solar Wind Surface of the Sun appears granulated: 1

2 Hot material (light) rises to top while cold material (dark) drops down Proof of convection underneath surface!!! SUN SPOTS temporary phenomena on the photosphere dark spots compared to surrounding regions Early astronomers like Galileo observed these to prove the Sun rotates on an axis. PHOTOSPHERE Photo in Latin means light Outer layer of the Sun Where the light we see comes from. CORONA Latin for crown extending millions of kilometers into space, most easily seen during a total solar eclipse (moon in front) SOLAR FLARES a sudden brightening (energy release) observed which is a stream of escaping particles. 11-year cycle Has knocked out power in parts of the World. HELIOSCOPE Helio Greek for Sun scope optical device an instrument used in observing the sun and sun spots 2

3 SPICULES Short-lived, narrow jets of gas spewed from surface Typically last only minutes. PROMINENCE Loop or arc of glowing gas ejected from the surface. *Follows magnetic field lines. AURORA by the collision of energetic charged particles with atoms in the atmosphere near the poles. Aurora Borealis Northern lights Aurora Australis Southern Hemisphere AURORAS 3

4 ORBITAL ROTATION All planets orbit the same direction around the sun from the original spinning disk. TERRESTRIAL PLANETS MERCURY VENUS EARTH MARS JOVIAN PLANETS JUPITER SATURN URANUS NEPTUNE Making the Inner Planets - Accretion in the inner solar system: Initially, many moon-sized planetesimals orbited the Sun. Over the course of a hundred million years or so, they gradually collided and coalesced, forming a few large planets in roughly circular orbits. REASONS THE PLANETS ARE SO DIFFERENT The material closest to the Sun would have vaporized by the Sun's heat. The materials with a higher melting point (metals) could condense closer The materials with lower melting points (gases) were able to condense out further PLANET NOTES Inner planets small, solid, dense materials Outer planets large, mostly gas, rings 4

5 Planet Density SATURN WOULD FLOAT IN WATER! Saturn is the only planet that is less dense than Water! MERCURY Rotation Time: 58.6 Earth days Orbit Time: 88 Earth days Does not rotate on same orbital plane as the rest. iron rich planet Mercury has virtually no atmosphere VENUS Rotation Time: 243 days Orbit Time: 224 days Earths' twin sister atmosphere is made up mostly of carbon dioxide Clouds are filled with sulfuric acid EARTH Rotation Time: 24 hours Orbit Time: days the only planet known to have stable bodies of liquid water on its surface (until recently!) The world is not round. It is an oblate spheroid, flattened at the poles and bulging at the equator MARS Rotation Time: 24.6 hours Orbit Time: 687 Earth days Mars is red because it is rusty thin atmosphere of Mars is made of mostly carbon dioxide Valleys and Canyons and other fluvial features suggest that the planet once had large amounts of surface water.. Oh because it does! 5

6 JUPITER Rotation Time: 10 hours Orbit Time: 12 Earth years largest planet great red spot on Jupiter is a storm that has been going on for over 300 years Has rings Hydrogen and Helium Would have to be 80x as much mass to be a star. SATURN Rotation Time: 11 hours Orbit Time: Earth years Most know for the beautiful rings! Floating chunks of ice, rocks and dust Saturn has the lowest density Atmosphere comprises mostly of Hydrogen and Helium (lightest elements) Also had auroas! URANUS Rotation time: 17.6 hours Orbit Time: 30,685 Earth days Has rings Axis - almost parallel to the plane Uranus is the coldest planet Methane gas/ice makes it blue NEPTUNE Rotation Time: hours Orbit Time: 165 Earth Years Has rings.. But actually arcs. 12 years for Voyager 2 to reach it Stormiest planet winds up to 1,240 mph methane ice/gas makes it Blue PLUTO Found and called a planet in 1930 demoted to a dwarf planet in 2006 Does not rotate on the same orbital plane Hasn t cleared it s orbital path from debris Smaller than Our Moon Just recently have better pictures of one side Sometimes orbits inside Neptune 6

7 MOONS WORTH LOOKING AT scientists believe that water could exist below the surface of Europa. (Jupiter moon) Io (another Jupiter Moon) features over 400 active volcanoes Saturn s largest moon is named Titan, it is the only moon known to have a dense atmosphere. 7

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