Studying Exoplanet Atmospheres with TMT. Ian Crossfield Sagan Fellow, UA/LPL 2014/07/18

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1 Studying Exoplanet Atmospheres with TMT Ian Crossfield Sagan Fellow, UA/LPL 2014/07/18

2 What are conditions like on other worlds? 3 mbar 210 mbar 400 mbar Phosphine Abundance Latitude Fletcher+2009

3 Where do gas giants form, and what are they made of? Öberg+2011

4 Orbital eccentricity log(water mass fraction) Where do rocky planets form, and what are they made of? Semimajor axis (AU) Quintana+Lissauer 2014

5 Young, Hot Giant Planets Irradiated Gas Giants Small Planets & Habitability Mature, Cold Gas Giants

6 Young, Hot Gas Giants

7 Star/planet flux ratio 1.6 µm) PFI or IRIS: find & characterize many planets during formation. Taurus planets (still accreting) Star/planet separation (arcsec) Macintosh+2006

8 Star/planet flux ratio 1.6 µm) PFI or IRIS:discovery & study of many gas giants during formation. Taurus planets (still accreting) ~2 Myr protoplanet? Kraus+Ireland 2011 Star/planet separation (arcsec) Macintosh+2006

9 IRIS: λ/ λ~4000 spectroscopy of young, bright gas giants: H2O CO Keck/OSIRIS HR 8799b: Teff ~1100 K M ~ 5-10 MJup t ~ 30 Myr CO & H2O Konopacky+2013

10 IRIS: λ/ λ~4000 spectroscopy of young, bright gas giants: GJ 504b: ~500 K ~ 4 MJup 200 Myr CH4; H2O? CO? H2O CO Kuzuhara+2013, Janson+2013 HR 8799b: Teff ~1100 K M ~ 5-10 MJup t ~ 30 Myr CO & H2O Konopacky+2013

11 Global Extrasolar Weather Patterns: Zhang+Showman 2014

12 Global Extrasolar Weather Patterns: Doppler Imaging of Exoplanets and Brown Dwarfs VLT/CRIRES: Brown dwarf Luhman 16B Zhang+Showman 2014 Crossfield+2014a

13 Global Extrasolar Weather Patterns: Doppler Imaging of Exoplanets and Brown Dwarfs Crossfield+2014a Crossfield 2014b

14 Mature, Irradiated Gas Giants

15 Transmission spectroscopy: probe atmospheric composition via RP(λ) λ2 Flux RP λ1 Time 15

16 Transmission spectroscopy: probe atmospheric composition w/irms & MOBIE λ2 Flux RP λ1 Time 16 Bean+2010,2011

17 NIRES: Probe composition and atmospheric dynamics Transit of hot Jupiter HD b. CO detected. Global wind? 2 ± 1 km/s Snellen+2010 VLT/CRIRES:

18 Showman+2013, Rauscher+Kempton 2014 Snellen+2010 NIRES: Probe composition and atmospheric dynamics

19 NIRES: probe composition and thermal structure of non-transiting planets VLT/CRIRES: Non-transiting hot Jupiter tau Boo b. CO detected; No thermal inversion. Brogi+2013

20 NIRES: probe composition and thermal structure of non-transiting planets as a function of longitude Brogi+2013, 2014, Birkby+2014, de Kok+2013, Rodler+2013a, b

21 Mature, cold Gas Giants

22 PFI: Will study albedo properties of known planets: Crossfield 2013

23 PFI: would study 5-10 superearths around nearby stars: <T> ~ 250 K <R> ~ 3 REarth Not a blind search: Radial velocity surveys will find these systems! Crossfield 2013; Quanz, Crossfield+2014

24 Flux (µjy) PFI: Might even find & study tidally-heated super-io moons: Wavelength (µm) Peters+Turner 2013

25 Small & Rocky Planets; Habitability & Life

26 IRMS: Transit followup of planets from Kepler2 and PLATO

27 IRMS: Transit followup of planets from Kepler2 and PLATO

28 Ground-based studies of sub-earth-sized planets: Keck/MOSFIRE: Crossfield et al. in prep Kepler: Muirhead et al. (2012)

29 Ground-based studies of sub-earth-sized planets: Keck/MOSFIRE: Crossfield et al. in prep

30 Can TMT detect extrasolar biosignature gases?

31 PFI/SEI + IRIS: Detecting O2 in planets orbiting nearby M dwarfs? Kawahara+2012

32 HROS/NIRES: Detecting O2 with highdispersion Doppler transit spectroscopy. Schneider 1994; Webb & Wormleaton 2001; Snellen+2013; Rodler+Lopez-Morales 2014

33 HROS/NIRES: Detecting O2 with highdispersion Doppler transit spectroscopy. Schneider 1994; Webb & Wormleaton 2001; Snellen+2013; Rodler+Lopez-Morales 2014 Rodler+Lopez-Morales 2014

34 HROS/NIRES: Alternative biosignature gases? Seager+2013

35 Young, Hot Giant Planets IRIS spectroscopy: Atmospheric abundances Thermal structure PFI/SEI: Location, frequency, accretion luminosity of forming planets NIRES: Global weather monitoring of planets & brown dwarfs

36 Young, Hot Giant Planets IRIS spectroscopy: Atmospheric abundances Thermal structure PFI/SEI: Location, frequency, accretion luminosity of forming planets NIRES: Global weather monitoring of planets & brown dwarfs

37 Irradiated Gas Giants IRMS/MOBIE: Atmospheric composition of transiting planets NIRES: Composition and dynamics of transiting planet atmospheres Global composition & thermal structure of non-transiters

38 Young, Hot Giant Planets Irradiated Gas Giants IRIS spectroscopy: Atmospheric abundances Thermal structure PFI/SEI: Location, frequency, accretion luminosity of forming planets NIRES: Global weather monitoring of planets & brown dwarfs IRMS/MOBIE: Atmospheric composition of transiting planets NIRES: Composition and dynamics of transiting planet atmospheres Global composition & thermal structure of non-transiters

39 Mature, cold Gas Giants PFI/SEI: Albedo studies of known RV planets Searches for tidallyheated super-ios

40 Young, Hot Giant Planets Irradiated Gas Giants IRIS spectroscopy: Atmospheric abundances Thermal structure PFI/SEI: Location, frequency, accretion luminosity of forming planets NIRES: Global weather monitoring of planets & brown dwarfs Mature, Cold Gas Giants PFI/SEI: Albedo studies of known RV planets Searches for tidallyheated super-ios IRMS/MOBIE: Atmospheric composition of transiting planets NIRES: Composition and dynamics of transiting planet atmospheres Global composition & thermal structure of non-transiters

41 Small Planets & Habitability IRMS/MOBIE: Transit followup of K2/Plato systems Compositions of H 2 dominated atmospheres HROS, NIRES, SEI: Detecting O or other 2 biosignature gases!

42 Young, Hot Giant Planets Irradiated Gas Giants IRIS spectroscopy: Atmospheric abundances Thermal structure PFI/SEI: Location, frequency, accretion luminosity of forming planets NIRES: Global weather monitoring of planets & brown dwarfs IRMS/MOBIE: Atmospheric composition of transiting planets NIRES: Composition and dynamics of transiting planet atmospheres Global composition & thermal structure of non-transiters Small Planets & Habitability Mature, Cold Gas Giants PFI/SEI: Albedo studies of known RV planets Searches for tidallyheated super-ios IRMS/MOBIE: Transit followup of K2/Plato systems Compositions of H 2 dominated atmospheres HROS, NIRES, SEI: Detecting O or other 2 biosignature gases!

43 Young, Hot Giant Planets Irradiated Gas Giants Small Planets & Habitability Mature, Cold Gas Giants

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