22/08/2018 PRE-CLASSICAL AND CLASSICAL SCIENCE PRE-CLASSICAL AND CLASSICAL SCIENCE

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "22/08/2018 PRE-CLASSICAL AND CLASSICAL SCIENCE PRE-CLASSICAL AND CLASSICAL SCIENCE"

Madeline Dickerson
5 years ago
Views:

of science can really be called the history

first to extract gold by large-scale mining

1 Science, Technology & Society Chapter 2 History of Science & Technology The history of science can really be called the history of curiosity, survival, problems and more. Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D. Physics Division Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 3 Egyptians excellent at geometry, poor in math astronomy excellent calendars (established 365 days year and 24 hours day) first to extract gold by large-scale mining using fire-setting first recognizable map. paper from papyrus pottery Babylonians excellent at math particularly algebra but poor in geometry. astronomy Moon oriented especially about eclipses medicine and surgery empirical later used astrology Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 4 Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 5 1

Indians early application of city planning and sanitation technologies (first examples of closed gutters, public baths, and communal granaries) forefront of seafaring technology

use of perfumes demonstrates some knowledge of chemistry, particularly distillation and purification processes.

crossbow gun powder Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr.

7 GREEK CIVILIZATION ancient Greeks - intellectual forefathers philosophy, drama, western artistic aesthetics, geometry, etc.

2 Indians early application of city planning and sanitation technologies (first examples of closed gutters, public baths, and communal granaries) forefront of seafaring technology - ship construction construction and architecture suggests an understanding of materials engineering, hydrology, and sanitation. pioneering in the use of vegetable dyes. use of perfumes demonstrates some knowledge of chemistry, particularly distillation and purification processes. Chinese early seismological detectors paper-making and printing the wheelbarrow the suspension bridge the parachute natural gas as fuel the magnetic compass the propeller the crossbow gun powder Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 6 Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 7 GREEK CIVILIZATION ancient Greeks - intellectual forefathers philosophy, drama, western artistic aesthetics, geometry, etc. theology was never an important aspect of Greek thought society did not have a permanent priestly class that imposed dogma Greek Gods & Goddesses were NOT omnipotent nor omniscient EMPEDOCLE OF AGRIGENTE ( BC) divided matter into four elements, that he also called "roots": Earth to Water Air - Fire Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 8 Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 9 2

LEUCIPPUS OF MILETUS (~420 BC) proposed that matter is made of tiny particle and called it ATOM from the Greek

DEMOCRITUS OF ABDERA (460 370 BC) Student of Leucippus who developed five major points that their atomic

Point #2 - There is a void, which is empty space between atoms. Point #3 - Atoms are completely solid.

Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr.

heat, cold, dryness, moisture as basic elements (Element Theory) natural philosophy based on observation &

revolve around Earth (geocentric model) system of classification of living things based on their shared

(Astronomy book) Religion and Aristotle s physics are guesswork: only mathematical proof provides certainty

3 LEUCIPPUS OF MILETUS (~420 BC) proposed that matter is made of tiny particle and called it ATOM from the Greek word "a-tomos which signifies "indivisible". DEMOCRITUS OF ABDERA ( BC) Student of Leucippus who developed five major points that their atomic theory was based upon. Point #1 - All matter is made up of undividable particles called atoms. Point #2 - There is a void, which is empty space between atoms. Point #3 - Atoms are completely solid. Point #4 - Atoms are homogeneous, with no internal structure. Point #5 - Atoms vary in sizes. Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 10 Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 11 ARISTOTLE ( BC) supported the concept of Empedocle with an additional concepts of qualities heat, cold, dryness, moisture as basic elements (Element Theory) natural philosophy based on observation & systematic logic founded the Lyceum (peripatetic school) disproved Earth was flat Sun and other planets revolve around Earth (geocentric model) system of classification of living things based on their shared features (prelude to evolution) Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 12 PTOLEMY ( AD) Created a better Geocentric Model Wrote the almagest (Astronomy book) Religion and Aristotle s physics are guesswork: only mathematical proof provides certainty The earth is stationary Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 13 3

SCIENCE IN THE MIDDLE AGES SCIENCE IN THE MIDDLE AGES Middle Ages (Dark Ages in Europe) 478 AD 1400 AD (Renaissance) Greek decline cutting off Greek Philosophical and scientific roots scientific

1348 Black Death ended one third of the population in Europe. Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 14 Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P.

15 THE NEW WORLD Columbus discovers the Americas in the 1400s puts into question long held beliefs First, the Bible had absolutely nothing to say about the Americas not its location, people, history,

4 SCIENCE IN THE MIDDLE AGES SCIENCE IN THE MIDDLE AGES Middle Ages (Dark Ages in Europe) 478 AD 1400 AD (Renaissance) Greek decline cutting off Greek Philosophical and scientific roots scientific inquiries - based on incomplete sources monastic/cathedral schools centered on the Bible Latin translations of Aristotle, Euclid, Ptolemy, Archimedes and Galen science advancement is stagnant 1348 Black Death ended one third of the population in Europe. Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 14 Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 15 THE NEW WORLD Columbus discovers the Americas in the 1400s puts into question long held beliefs First, the Bible had absolutely nothing to say about the Americas not its location, people, history, etc. Europeans came into contact with people entirely ignorant of God, Christ, etc. The plants and animals of the Americas were unknown although there were some that were the same. THE NEW WORLD This led to: recognition that the Bible was not the ultimate authority on nature debate over the nature of indigenous people (were they animals or humans?) classification of the animals & plants the fact that no one knew anything about the Americas sparked curiosity the need to know separation of church and science (This would be a difficult period with many wounded but the process was more or less inevitable) > scientific revolution Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 16 Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 17 4

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION offshoot of the Renaissance (The same questioning spirit that fueled the Renaissance led scientists to question traditional beliefs and the Church about the workings of the

REVOLUTION Factors that propelled the scientific revolution: Printing press spread new ideas Age of Exploration fueled a great deal of scientific research because of technology needed for navigation

18 Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr.

The Earth-Sun distance is negligible compared to the distance to the stars. Earth s rotation accounts for the apparent daily rotation of the stars.

5 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION offshoot of the Renaissance (The same questioning spirit that fueled the Renaissance led scientists to question traditional beliefs and the Church about the workings of the universe) a new way of thinking about the natural world the Bible and Aristotle were no longer the only authorities accepted as truth geocentric model of the universe is proven wrong SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Factors that propelled the scientific revolution: Printing press spread new ideas Age of Exploration fueled a great deal of scientific research because of technology needed for navigation Translation of the works of Muslim scholars opened the minds of European thinkers to new scientific knowledge Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 18 Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 19 NICHOLAS COPERNICUS ( ) proposed the heliocentric theory basic starting points: The earth is not the center of the universe. The center of the universe is near the sun. The Earth-Sun distance is negligible compared to the distance to the stars. Earth s rotation accounts for the apparent daily rotation of the stars. The apparent annual cycle of movements of the sun is caused by the earth orbiting it. The apparent retrograde motion of the planets is caused by the motion of the Earth from which one observes the planets. JOHANNES KEPLER ( ) proved Copernicus was right through mathematics, uses night observations (over the span of years) made accurate models of the heavenly bodies demonstrates that planets move in an elliptical orbit, not a circular orbit that Copernicus had previously said determined the cause of Earth s tide moon formulated the inverse square law of intensity Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 20 Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 21 5

GALILEO GALILEI (1564 1642) RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650) father of experimental science father of modern western philosophy theorized that gravity accelerates all objects equally, whatever their mass

Jupiter s moon- Galilean Satellites, that Venus has phases like the moon, the rings of Saturn, that our moon has mountains, that the Milky Way is made up of stars I do not feel obliged to believe

thoughts should be ordered, starting with the simplest and easiest to know, ascending little by little, and, step by step, to more complex knowledge.

22 Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr.

6 GALILEO GALILEI ( ) RENE DESCARTES ( ) father of experimental science father of modern western philosophy theorized that gravity accelerates all objects equally, whatever their mass promoted science grounded in observation and experiment formulated the principle of inertia created a mechanistic view of nature studied the sky with a telescope coined the term molecule discovered Jupiter s moon- Galilean Satellites, that Venus has phases like the moon, the rings of Saturn, that our moon has mountains, that the Milky Way is made up of stars I do not feel obliged to believe that the same God who has endowed us with sense, reason, and intellect has intended us to avoid their use. thoughts should be ordered, starting with the simplest and easiest to know, ascending little by little, and, step by step, to more complex knowledge. connected algebra and geometry Never accept anything as true until all reasons for doubt can be ruled out Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 22 Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 23 ISAAC NEWTON ( ) formulated the Law of Universal Gravitation, Laws of Motion, Corpuscular Theory of Light invented calculus the mathematics of change wrote Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Matimatica built the world s first working reflecting telescope showed that the tides are caused by gravitational interactions between the earth, the moon and the sun. If I have seen farther than others, it is by standing in the shoulders of giants Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 24 CHARLES DARWIN ( ) proposed the theory of evolution (Origin of the Species) organisms developed from simpler forms survival of the fittest evidenced by fossils & geologic history 1858 Darwin s friends arranged for the simultaneous publication of Wallace and Darwin s Natural Selection It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent, but the ones most responsive to change Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 25 6

EDWIN HUBBLE (1889 1953) 1925 - discovered galaxies through a telescope (Hubble telescope) and change the way we look at our universe.

distance from it Equipped w/ his five senses, man explores the universe around him and calls the adventure - science Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr.

matter causes space to curve producing gravity path of light follows the gravitational curve of space time passes more slowly when gravity becomes very strong showed that energy and matter can be

7 EDWIN HUBBLE ( ) discovered galaxies through a telescope (Hubble telescope) and change the way we look at our universe. demonstrated that the universe is expanding (one of the most cosmological discoveries ever made) Hubble s Law galaxies are moving away from the Milky Way at a speed directly proportional to their distance from it Equipped w/ his five senses, man explores the universe around him and calls the adventure - science Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 26 ALBERT EINSTEIN ( ) provided powerful evidence that atoms and molecules actually exist theorized the photoelectric effect Theorized the Special Theory of Relativity and General Relativity matter causes space to curve producing gravity path of light follows the gravitational curve of space time passes more slowly when gravity becomes very strong showed that energy and matter can be converted into one another: E = mc 2 People should be respected for their humanity and not for their country of origin or religion. Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 27 THANK YOU and SEE YOU NEXT MEETING! Create a group with six members. Bring Manila paper per group next meeting. Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 28 Science, Technology & Society - Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D., Jovenal V. dela Cruz Jr. 29 7

Astronomy- The Original Science

Astronomy- The Original Science Imagine that it is 5,000 years ago. Clocks and modern calendars have not been invented. How would you tell time or know what day it is? One way to tell the time is to study