THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

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1 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Figuring Out the World of Science and Where God Belongs in the Equation.

2 Setting the Stage Between CE, Europe went through major changes. The Renaissance, a rebirth of learning and art after the Dark Ages inspired a sprit of curiosity causing scholars to begin questioning ideas that had been accepted as truth for hundreds of years. Meanwhile, there were both political and religious movements that lead to a split in the Catholic Church during the Reformation and the questioning of rule by Divine Right.

3 The Scientific Revolution Beginning in the mid-1500s a few scholars began challenging these long held beliefs. With the aid of Islamic scholars who had saved all of those ancient Greek texts, tested them, and improved upon them, Europe entered the Renaissance and eventually began what is referred to as the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution focused specifically on science a new way of thinking about the natural world that often came into conflict with long held church beliefs/philosophies.

4 A Culmination of Events European exploration discovered a new world and opened the flood gates to a new and exciting world that lead to the rebirth of imagination and the possibility of new truths The printing press makes it possible for all of these new ideas and thoughts to be spread throughout Europe. There is a renewed desire to develop new technology and further explore into the unknown world, not just in the sense of sailing to new places, but the world of science as well.

5 Challenging Old Science Old Science: European science made to fit into the box of Christianity. What is secularism again? following a worldly point of view rather than a strictly spiritual one. New Science: Uses observation Uses experimentation Uses scientific reasoning

6 Astronomy

7 The Medieval View of the Universe Geocentric Theory: Belief steaming from Aristotle in ancient Greece that the earth was the center of the universe, and everything else (sun, moon, stars, etc.) moved in a perfect circular path around it. Christianity took this idea a step further by stating that God had place Earth at the center of the Universe thereby making it seem special on which the drama of humanity unfolded; rather than simply in the mix of everything else.

8 Geocentric Theory

9 Figuring Out the Universe Common sense did support the geocentric theory. Looking at the universe with the naked eye it does appear to be revolving around us. The Heliocentric Theory developed by Nicolaus Copernicus: Studied planetary movements for 25 years and came to the conclusion that everything revolved around the sun. Theory did not explain how the planets orbited around the sun. Fearing of a backlash from the church because his theory contradicted religious views, Copernicus did not publish his findings until one year before he died in 1543, in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies

10 Nicolaus Copernicus

11 Heliocentric Theory

12 Galileo Galilei takes Copernicus a Step Further Italian, heard that a Dutch lens maker had built an instrument that could be used to see far off objects. Built his own in 1609 to study the heavens. The telescope opened a whole new world for Astronomers he had enough information to publish Starry Messenger, in which he announced that Jupiter had four moons, the sun had dark spots, and the earth s moon had a rough uneven surface. This shattered Aristotle's theory that the moon and stars were flawless. It supported Copernicus s theory that the Sun is at the center and not the Earth.

13 In the Words of Galileo I did discover many particulars in the Heavens that had been unseen and unheard of until this our age.

14 Conflict with the Church Galileo s findings angered both the Catholic and Protestant Churches Direct opposition to church teachings Questioned church authority Church warned Galileo not to defend the mythical ideas of Copernicus. Galileo did so to the extent that he remained publically quiet, but he did continue his studies and in 1632, published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, in which he discussed both the geocentric and heliocentric ideas of the solar system and clearly supported the heliocentric theory.

15 Conflict with the Church The Pope was furious and summoned Galileo to Rome to stand trial before the Inquisition! In 1633, under threat of torture signed a confession under which he stated that Copernicus s theory was false. However, his ideas continued to spread across Europe. Though spared from torture, Galileo would never again be a free man. He was kept under house arrest until his death in It wouldn t be until 1992 that the Catholic Church would officially acknowledge that indeed Galileo had been right.

16 Galileo Galilei

17 Stop Guessing and Start Proving

18 New Science Despite the Church s objection a new science based on observation and experimentation emerged. Scientific Method developed; used reasoning to propose a hypothesis. The Greeks never used this method but instead said this or that was true because the were right.

19 Who developed this method? 1600s, Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes Francis Bacon: English writer who criticized the methods of the ancient Greeks who never tested their theories and just assumed they were right. Stated that scientists needed to use an experimental method to make sure they were right. Rene Descartes: French mathematician believed that everything should be doubted until proven by reason. Became the basis for the Scientific Method

20 Rene Descartes Sir Francis Bacon

21 Gravity: Did the Apple Really Fall From the Tree?

22 Sir Isaac Newton English scientist, believed all physical objects were affected by the same forces Prior to this theory there was no explanation why objects move the way they do. Comes up with the laws of gravity Explained why objects, like an apple, fall to the ground. Also linked motion on the earth with motion in the universe. This further proved Galileo's theories and was a huge step in the world of physics.

23 Sir Isaac Newton He published his theories in 1687, in The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Compared the universe to a clock; God was the clockmaker who set everything into motion. Also helped advance develop Calculus which was only just being invented.

24 Isaac Newton

25 Other Breakthroughs in Science

26 Scientific Instruments Microscope: invented by Zacharias Janssen, an eyeglass maker, in In the 1670s the microscope was used to look at bacteria and red blood cells for the first time. Mercury barometer: invented by Evangelista Torricelli, 1643, used to measure atmospheric pressure and predict the weather. Thermometer: invented by Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1714, using mercury in a glass. It was this thermometer that measured freezing at 32 degrees. Then in 1742, Anders Celsius tweaked Fahrenheits invention to put freezing at 0 degrees.

27 Zacharias Janssen Evangelista Torricelli Gabriel Fahrenheit Anders Celsius

28 Medicine and the Human Body Before SC, European doctors used Greeks medicine and the teaching of the Church to practice medicine. This was dangerous because there was very little actual knowledge in Europe about how the human body worked Andreas Vesalius, first European physician to fully dissect a human body, explore it, map it out on paper, and publish a book in1543, called On the Structure of the Human Body From there medicine started advancing quickly especially after bacteria was discovered using the microscope. In the 1700s Edward Jenner introduced a vaccine to prevent smallpox. It was the world fist vaccination for a disease.

29 Andreas Vesalius

30 Discoveries in Chemistry Robert Boyle: The founder of chemistry. Published The Sceptical Chymist in Challenged Aristotle's claim that the physical world is made up of the four elements earth, air, fire, water. Instead he believed matter was made up of tiny particles that joined together. He also created Boyle s Law, which explains volume, temperature, and pressure of gases.

31 Results of the Scientific Revolution Much of the accepted science according to the Church was proved incorrect. Example: Heliocentric theory. New advanced in science and technology furthered the ideas of the Renaissance. Europe was finally catching up to the rest of the world scientifically.

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