Cospar Working Group (April 2011) The Future of Space Astronomy:

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2 Cospar Working Group (April 2011) The Future of Space Astronomy: A Global Road Map for the Next Decades the 39 th COSPAR Assembly, July 14-22, 2012 Mysore, India Roger Bonnet (COSPAR) Pietro Ubertini (Chair); Neil Gehrels (Co- Chair); Ian Corbett; Paolo De Bernardis; Marcos Machado; Matt Griffin; Michael Hauser; Ravinder K. Manchanda; Nobuyuki Kawai; Shuang- Nan Zhang; Mikhail Pavlinsky;

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4 it was 2012 Nustar..SPECTACULAR RESULTS FROM SPACE OBSERVATORIES

5 The multicolor Universe as was known 20 years ago and nowdays Radio Infrared Optical Soft X- ray ESA INTEGRAL Galaxy Plane: more than 1000 sources Hard X- ray γ- ray

6 The different views of the Galaxy INTEGRAL detects antimatter in the centre of our Galaxy HERSCHEL detects the birth of the Stars INTEGRAL detects BH and NS in the Galaxy Plane: the death of the Stars

7 INTEGRAL UL on γ-ray emission from GW T= -3s T= 0.4s

8 INTEGRAL UL on γ-ray emission on GW Savchenko et al. arxiv , arxiv Upper limits/detection fluence at the time of the event 10-8 erg cm -2 in the 75 kev-2mev energy range, i.e. promptly released in γ-rays E g /E GW < 10-6 What are the implications of this energetic constraint? At 240 Mpc this is L g =7x10 46 erg in 1s, if isotropic, or if strongly beamed Lot of energy to be extracted from disk

9 What s next: OP2 1 trigger/week several missions profile proposed INTEGRAL-SWIFT Large Observatories >10 years operations LOBSTER (NASA) Theseus (ESA) The HERMES mission High Energy Rapid Modular Experiment Satellites INTEGRAL and SWIFT operation mode has been changed to IMMEDIATELY follow-up the NEXT GW trigger Lobster eye X-Ray + gamma-ray trigger grb High Z 10y dev. Cost M Cubesat sworm constellation Arcsec positioning Short turnaround Moderate cost, modularity: 100cubesat

10 We end this short review of the powererful tools given by modern Space Observatory the Universe. Just one example the multicolor view of Andromeda Galaxy seen at different wavelenghts, i.e. enhancing different states of its evolutionary hystory. R. Gendler

11 Herschel & XMM BBC Stargazing Live ESA/Herschel/PACS/SPIRE/J.Fritz, U.Gent

12 Herschel & XMM BBC Stargazing Live ESA/XMM-Newton/EPIC/W.Pietsch, MPE

13 Visible light: the living stars: living from 6-7 My (100 M ) to 13 By (0.9 M ) Herschel & XMM BBC Stargazing Live Infrared: the birth of the stars X-Rays: the final stage of stars..in a picture the whole time history of a galaxy.. Powerful space observatories give you the full story of the different components of the Universe at a glance...scientists can do much better understanding the physical processes active in place.

14 This is the state of art and open questions? We need to probe the very early stages of the Universe, to understand how it evolved from the Big Bang, i.e. from the (almost) pure hydrogen in form of gas and dark matter, to the large scale structures, such as Quasars with SMBHs in the nucleus ( ) giant radio-galaxies, cluster of Galaxies and, on a smaller scale Stars, Proto-Planetary systems, Planets, small bodies and finally life!... how and when the first stars were built is one of the fundamental question now compelling in view of the GW detection Need for more powerful Space Observatories (Pop III) there is a need to maintain a FULL ACCESS to the whole electromagnetic spectrum from Space There is a solid plan for Ground Based facilities that must be complemented by the space-segment to get the full picture of how the Universe originated and what is it made off.

15 The short term perspective: an aging fleet.. With new entry! Astrosat 2015 Nicer 2017 e-rosita (2018) XARM (2021) Agile

16 In the last years COSPAR-IAU-IAF common action have been implemented to..find sinergies, common actions, L2 is proselitism, Athena herding the L3 astrophysics is elisa community toward a shared programme ESA has finally decided the L2 & L3 programs They will drive the next 2-3 decades astrophysics and planetology science in space!

17 Lynx is the NASA new deal..? (see Julianne talk!) Lynx will take X-ray astronomy to new levels by combining a large gain in collecting area over Chandra and XMM, an angular resolution of 1/2 arcsecond, and high-throughput spectroscopy over a large field of view.???

18 what s next? At the IAU GA in Honolulu (2015) was held a Focuss Meeting on Global Coordination. After several days of open discussion the result was the Establishment of a WG on: Global Coordination of Ground and Space Astrophysics under the IAU Executive Committee

19 We have now an impressive fleet of Space Observatories 2013 An European large missions certain scenario for the next 20 years! The ESA fleet: Now the community has a new high energy Observatory class mission: Athena 2028 launch Athena 2028 The Hot and Energetic Universe P. Ubertini Toronto 29 September 2014

20 ATHENA 2028 JWST INTEGRAL FERMI ALMA EUCLID 2020-WFIRST 2025 CTA 2024 ELT 2025 LSST (2023), TMT (?) etc SKA FAST, China The new IAU- WG will play a key role in the coordination activity What s missing?...

21 ATHENA JWST LUVOIR INTEGRAL ALMA 2035 upgrade FERMI CTA 2024 Lynx? ELT 2025 LSST (2013) EUCLID 2020-WFIRST 2025 SKA FAST, China The new IAU- WG will play a key role in the coordination activity What s missing?

22 A new Gravitational Wave Observatory? JWST To achieve good positioning capability ATHENA 3 arms seems necessary (see MB talk) ALMA Large effort = ESA+NASA endeavour? WFIRST - EUCLID Who will lead? HST/JWST like cost >10B$? CTA SKA - FAST, China ELT - TMT The new WG will play a key role in the coordination activity

23 At least the two arm LISA is in the ESA budget plan! There is room for an ESA-NASA Large mission in frame +optional programs Plato 2024 Athena 2028

24 IAF 2017 IAC Adelaide, September SYMPOSIUM (A7) ON FUTURE SPACE ASTRONOMY AND SOLAR-SYSTEM SCIENCE MISSIONS A7.1 Space Agency Strategies and Plans A7.2 Science Goals and Drivers for Future Exoplanet, Space Astronomy, Physics, and Outer Solar System Science Missions A7.3 Technology Needs for Future Missions, Systems, and Instruments

25 Thanks for your attention