Space-based Probes for Cosmic Dawn

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1 Joseph Lazio Pre-decisional, for information and discussion purposes only California Institute of Technology

2 Hydrogen Signal from EoR and Before A Role for Space? MHz EoR 50 Neutral Hydrogen Dark Ages First Light T b (mk) 21 cm spin-flip transition provides probe of neutral intergalactic medium before and during formation of first stars z 2

3 Hydrogen Signal from EoR and Before A Role for Space? MHz space! ground! 50 HERA, EDGES-Lo, SKA1-Low, LWA- LEDA, Dark Ages EoR 50 T b (mk) Lowest frequency ~ 50 MHz ~ redshift of 30 Due to atmospheric (ionospheric) opacity Caveat: RFI First Light z 3

4 Astrophysics Missions NASA Volcabulary Class Mission of Opportunity (MoO) Explorer (both Small and Medium) Budget (~ $M) Examples 65 INTEGRAL, NICER 250 GALEX, WISE, Swift, WMAP, NuSTAR, TESS ESA equivalent S class Probe < 1000 Fermi, Spitzer, Kepler M class Flagship > 1000 Hubble, JWST, WFIRST L class Pre-decisional, for information and discussion purposes only 4

5 Predicting the Future It is difficult to make predictions, particularly about the future. Danish proverb, and probably Yogi Berra New discoveries may change trajectories. Space-based Space-based Probes for for Cosmic Cosmic Dawn Dawn 5

6 Predicting the Future I NASA Astrophysics Roadmap Pre-decisional, Space-based for information Probes and for discussion Cosmic Dawn purposes only 6

7 We are here. Predicting the Future II Free Energy ~ Start Launch? FY 2016 FY 2025 FY 2035 Courtesy P. Hertz Pre-decisional, for information and discussion purposes only 7

8 Origins Space Telescope Lynx Courtesy P. Hertz Pre-decisional, Name for of presentation information or and other discussion info goes purposes here only 8

9 Predicting the Future IV Probes? Transient Astrophysics Probe High-z GRBs? Cosmic Dawn Intensity Mapper Cosmic Evolution Through UV Spectroscopy The Galaxy Evolution Probe Inflation Probe Mission Concept Study AXIS - A High Angular Resolution X-ray Probe Concept Study of the Probe Of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics EarthFinder: A Diffraction-Limited Precise Radial Velocity Observatory in Space STROBE-X: X-ray Timing and Spectroscopy on Dynamical Timescales from Microseconds to Years Starshade Rendezvous Mission Pre-decisional, for information and discussion purposes only 9

10 Astrophysics Missions NASA Vocabulary Class Budget (~ $M) Examples Mission of Opportunity (MoO) 65 competed Explorer (both Small and Medium) competed Probe < 1000?? Flagship > 1000 { OST HabEx LUVOIR Lynx } Cosmic Dawn Mapper not likely in the near future* *pending future discoveries Pre-decisional, for information and discussion purposes only 10

11 Sun Radio Imaging Space Experiment Mission Concept Use radio emission to track particle acceleration and transport 6 spacecraft synthetic aperture Pre-Decisional Information -- For Planning and Discussion Purposes Only

12 Space-based Cosmic Dawn Cubesats! Recent NRC report highlights potential science uses for cubesats! HF/VHF systems are simple! Data transport in space is difficult! 1 MHz of bandwidth is challenging 12 Pre-decisional, for information and discussion purposes only

13 Hydrogen Signal from the Dark Ages A Role for Space MHz 50 Smaller frequency range reduces requirements on antennas-receivers and data volumes Foregrounds, foregrounds, foregrounds Dark Ages T b (mk) z 13

14 Hydrogen Signal from EoR and Before A Role for Space? Recognition from larger spacebased Astrophysics community that H I studies of Cosmic Dawn is valuable MHz 50 Experience from ground is essential Large space-based radio astronomy array probably not in near-term future Dark Ages 50 T b (mk) Potential opportunities for innovative approaches z 14

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16 Lynx deep field JWST deep field The Dawn of Black Holes Illustris-TNG simulation: gas Illustris-TNG simulation: galaxies The Invisible Drivers of Galaxy and Structure Formation The Energetic Side of Stellar Evolution and Stellar Ecosystems Endpoints of stellar evolution Stellar birth, coronal physics, feedback Impact of stellar activity on habitability of planets Credit: A. Vikhlinin

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18 Lunar Radio Telescope Not a new idea! First proposals pre-date Apollo missions Research Program on Radio Astronomy and Plasma for Apollo Applications Program Lunar Surface Missions: Final Report 1966, North American Aviation Inc. Greiner, J. M. 1967, Utilization of Crater Reflectors for Lunar Radio Astronomy, Working Group on Extraterrestrial Resources Far side of Moon long recognized as unique astronomical platform International Telecommunications Union radio quiet zone EoR-Cosmic Dawn-Dark Ages may provide first compelling scientific motivation Pre-decisional, for information and discussion purposes only 18

19 Cosmic Dawn beyond NASA Chang E 4 lunar lander MHz system Likely to suffer significant interference from onboard groundpenetrating radar 5 m HF monopoles Pre-decisional, Space-based for information Probes and of Cosmic discussion Dawn purposes only 19