The Crab Nebula. A presentation by Lucas P. Lamoureux

Transcription

1 The Crab Nebula A presentation by Lucas P. Lamoureux

2 Summary of Presentation Introduction Approx. 3.5 minutes Data and Observations Approx. 2 minutes Research and Knowledge Approx. 3.5 minutes Personal Focus Area Approx. 10 minutes

3 Introduction

4 1. Electromagnetic Spectrum Image Credit NASA/CXC/SAO/F.Seward et al. Crab Nebula in X-ray. Chandra X-ray Observatory. NASA FWHM Image Credit: Wikipedia (unknown) Introduction Terminology Arcminutes and Arc Seconds In 1 degree there are 60 divisions each called an arcminute. In 1 arcminute there are 60 divisions each called an arcsecond Resolution (FWHM) FWHM stands for Full Width Half Maximum. This is the width of the light curve at half its maximum. Electromagnetic Spectrum

5 South NASA, CXC, SAO, F.D. Seward, W.H. Tucker, R.A Fesen. December 27, Astronomy Picture of the Day. NASA. Introduction Image Orientation East North All images have this orientation with the exception of the title page West All Data Images were obtained at the Glenlea Observatory

6 1. Observer's Handbook 2016 pg 315. The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 2. NASA, CXC, SAO, F.D. Seward, W.H. Tucker, R.A Fesen. December 27, Astronomy Picture of the Day. NASA. Introduction Basic Info Other Names M1, NGC 1952, Taurus A, Tau A Magnitudes Integrated 1 : 8.4 Surface Brightness: mag/arcsec 2 Type Super Nova Remnant Size Angular 1 : 6 arcmins x 4 arcmins Physical 2 : About 10ly x 6ly

7 Introduction Location in Sky Image Credit: Stellarium

8 Introduction Images Composite Image Credit: Image Composite Retrieved from Wikipedia. Radio Image Credit: Image courtesy of NRAO/AUI. Infrared Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/R. Gehrz (University of Minnesota). Crab Nebula in Infrared. Spitzer Space Telescope. NASA. Visible Image Credit: NASA, ESA and J. Hester (Arizona State University). Crab Nebula in Visible. Hubble Space Telescope. NASA. Ultraviolet Image Credit: NASA/Swift/E. Hoversten, PSU. Swift Satellite. NASA. X-ray Image Credit: NASA/CXC/SAO/F. Seward et al. Crab Nebula in X-ray. Chandra X-ray Observatory. NASA. Gamma Ray Image Credit: NASA/DOE/Fermi LAT/R. Buehler. Crab Nebula in Gamma. Fermi Gamma Ray Observatory NASA.

9 Image Credit: Digitized Sky Survey. Introduction Interesting Details The Crab Nebula has many filaments which are unique in appearance The Digitized Sky Survey Image to the right in red filter shows all this detail. There are star patterns that make comparisons between images easier. Here they are circled in red

10 Data and Observations

11 Data and Observations Observing Conditions February 23, 2016 March 2, 2016 Time 19:30 CST 20:20 CST Sky Condition Clear Clear Winds 3 km/hr 9 km/hr gusting 13 Temperature -5 C -11 C Seeing Very poor Poor Poor Pressure KPa Not Recorded SQM

12 Image Credit: J. West (University of Manitoba Data and Observations Equipment This is not the same camera to my knowledge. Our current camera has 4 fans. Evans Telescope Mirror Diameter: 400 milometers Apogee Camera 1024 x 1024 pixels

13 Image Credit: Crab Nebula A. Wachtendorf, L. Lamoureux (University of Manitoba) Data and Observations Final Images February 23 rd, 2016 Data, Glenlea MB Total Time/Exposure Time 47 minutes total 60 seconds per frame Image Size 469x429 pixels Field of View x 5.36 Resolution Vertical FWHM 5.35 Horizontal FWHM 9.36

14 Image Credit: Crab Nebula A. Wachtendorf, L. Lamoureux (University of Manitoba) Data and Observations Final Images March 2 nd, 2016 Data, Glenlea MB Total Time/Exposure Time 60 minutes total 45 seconds per frame Image Size 499x461 pixels Field of View x 5.76 Resolution Vertical FWHM 6.72 Horizontal FWHM 9.27

15 Image Credit: Crab Nebula A. Wachtendorf, L. Lamoureux (University of Manitoba) Data and Observations Final Images Combined Data Total Time 1 hour 47 minutes Image Size 470x429 pixels Field of View 5.88 x 5.36 Resolution Vertical FWHM 6.23 Horizontal FWHM 9.36

16 Image Credits: Crab Nebula A. Wachtendorf, L. Lamoureux (University of Manitoba) Data and Observations Best Images Best Linear Best Orange Hot Best Jet

17 Research and Knowledge

18 Image Credit: Unknown (Wikipedia). Retrieved March 16, Research and Knowledge Background There are many types of atoms and they all have special properties. First: Atoms are made up of two basic components. The nucleus and the electron cloud. For the sake of this explanation we will assume that electrons reside in specified orbits.

19 Research and Knowledge Background Second: The nucleus contains protons and neutrons while the cloud (or orbits) contain electrons. Third: Electrons are attracted to the nucleus, but are repelled by other electrons. Ionization Energy: The energy required to remove the outer electron in the valence shell.

20 Image Credit: M.J. Barlow, B.M. Swinyard, G. Pilbratt. December 12, Crab Nebula with Emission Lines from Argon Hydride in its spectrum. ESA/Herschel/PACS, SPIRE/MESS Key Programme Supernova Remnant Team. Research and Knowledge Detection of a Noble Gas Molecular Ion, 36ArH+, in the Crab Nebula What were they looking for? They used the Herschel Space Telescope in Infrared. They were looking at the spectrum of the Crab in the hopes to detect new compounds that can only be found in space. What did they find? They found that Argon had ionized and formed a molecule with hydrogen. This had never been seen before.

21 1. Herschel. ESA M.J. Barlow, B.M. Swinyard, G. Pilbratt. December 12, Crab Nebula with Emission Lines from Argon Hydride in its spectrum. ESA/Herschel/PACS, SPIRE/MESS Key Programme Supernova Remnant Team Image Credit: Herschel Space Observatory. NASA. Research and Knowledge The Herschel Mission European Space Agencies infrared telescope. The questions that Herschel will seek answers to include 1 : How galaxies formed and evolved in the early Universe How stars form and evolve and their interrelationship with the interstellar medium Herschel will also investigate the chemistry of our Galaxy and the molecular chemistry of planetary, cometary and satellite atmospheres in the Solar System. How does this relate to the paper. On the 466 th day of observations 2 under the lead of M.J. Barlow the discovery in the Crab Nebula was made.

22 Personal Focus Area

23 Focus Area Summary Objective Take all years which collected Data on the Crab Nebula and try to process them. If possible combine all usable data into a super image. If not possible, explain why. Questions Along the Way Out of the 9 other data sets, how many are usable? Which data set had the best resolution. What is the resolution of the final combined image? Were any new details visible when compare to the individual data sets?

24 Image Credit: Crab Nebula A. Wachtendorf, L. Lamoureux (University of Manitoba) Focus Area Things to Note When looking at the Resolution (FWHM) the following star will always be used since it is easily visible in all images.

25 Data Credit: PHYS 2070 (University of Manitoba) 2003 Focus Area Processing the Data, 2003 December 2 nd, 2003 Total Time/Exposure Time 15 minutes total 300 seconds per frame Image Size 512x493 pixels Field of View x 6.16 Resolution Vertical FWHM 5.43 Horizontal FWHM 5.54

26 Data Credit: PHYS 2070 (University of Manitoba) 2004 Focus Area Processing the Data, 2004 February 12 th, 2004 Unusable Reason The Flats There are not enough flat frames. This greatly adds to the image. The data is unusable with unusable flats.

27 Data Credit: PHYS 2070 (University of Manitoba) 2008 Focus Area Processing the Data, January-2008 January 22 nd, 2008 The data is just not good. The resolution is bad in all the images due to seeing conditions. The flat did not work effectively. My theory on the reason for the differences in the frames are thin clouds. There are also weird lines and a dust blob that the flat could not remove.

28 Data Credit: PHYS 2070 (University of Manitoba) 2010 Focus Area Processing the Data, February-2008 February 14 th, 2008 Total Time/Exposure Time 30 minutes total 60 seconds per frame Image Size 503x473 pixels Field of View 6.29 x 5.91 Resolution Vertical FWHM 8.13 Horizontal FWHM 8.49

29 Data Credit: PHYS 2070 (University of Manitoba) 2010 Focus Area Processing the Data, 2010 January 12 th, 2010 Total Time/Exposure Time 52 minutes total 60 seconds per frame Image Size 492x454 pixels Field of View 6.15 x 5.68 Resolution Vertical FWHM 5.81 Horizontal FWHM 6.38

30 Infrared Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/R. Gehrz (University of Minnesota). Crab Nebula in Infrared. Spitzer Space Telescope. NASA. Focus Area Processing the Data January 20 th, 2011 There was only two images of 60 seconds each for this data set and no calibration frames. The reason for only two minutes of data is unknown. To the right we have the infrared image of the Crab Nebula.

31 Data Credit: PHYS 2070 (University of Manitoba) 2011 Focus Area Processing the Data January 20 th, 2011 Total Time/Exposure Time 17 minutes total 60 seconds per frame Image Size 512x502 pixels Field of View 6.40 x 6.28 Resolution Vertical FWHM 5.39 Horizontal FWHM 6.91

32 X-ray Image Credit: NASA/CXC/SAO/F. Seward et al. Crab Nebula in X-ray. Chandra X-ray Observatory. NASA. Focus Area Processing the Data February 5 th, 2015 Data, Glenlea MB Only has 60 seconds of data. Barely anything is visible in the data. Assuming bad weather. Thus will not be used for final image.

33 Data Credit: PHYS 2070 (University of Manitoba) 2015 Focus Area Processing the Data February 13 th, 2015 Total Time/Exposure Time 29 minutes total 60 seconds per frame Image Size 480x477 pixels Field of View x 5.96 Resolution Vertical FWHM 6.25 Horizontal FWHM 8.26

34 Data Credit: PHYS 2070 (University of Manitoba) 2003 Focus Area How Many Usable Data Sets that were Unusable February 21 st, 2004 January 22 nd, 2008 January 11 th, 2011 February 5 th, 2015 Data Sets that were Usable December 2 nd, 2003 (Best Data Set) February 14 th, 2008 (Lowest Resolution) January 12 th, 2010 (Second Best Data Set) January 20 th, 2011 February 13 th, 2015 Time: Total Time: 4 hours 10 minutes

35 Focus Area The Hard Part What was the problem? The separate years of data all had different brightness's and background levels What did I try? Aligning them with no modification. Selecting different frames, and frames from different year to use as the base for the alignment.

36 Focus Area No Alignment Using Transform It may be possible to carefully crop each image so that they align exactly This would be a huge undertaking for a human to do.

37 Focus Area Trying to Align

38 Focus Area Trying to Align with Different Point This alignment compared to other ones was not terribly bad. It still is not good enough to work with.

39 Focus Area Trying to Align using Rigid Body This clearly did not make it any better

40 Focus Area Using Different Points and Math Some of the images did not even make it onto the image

41 Focus Area Trying to Align using JPEG Images

42 Focus Area Just Using Two Similar Data Sets Closer, but just not good enough to be useful. Even under manual alignment the alignment was unsuccessful.

43 Focus Area In Summary The individual years assembled no problem Trying to align the years of data created problems This leads to the following concluding thoughts: Is there a possible method that would result in alignment? Are the years of data even compatible? Is Image J even capable of aligning data like that?

44 Image Credits: Classes of PHYS2070 (University of Manitoba) Focus Area Final Result All Years of Data (445x392) FWHM: Vertical 5.80, Horizontal Best Year (445x392) FWHM: Vertical 5.43, Horizontal 5.54

45 Image Credits: Classes of PHYS2070 (University of Manitoba) Focus Area Final Result All Years of Data (445x392) (Sharpen twice then Gaussian blur radius 1.0)x2 All Years of Data (445x392) Best Linear Transformation

46 Image Credits: Classes of PHYS2070 (University of Manitoba) Focus Area Final Result All Years of Data (445x392) (Sharpen twice then Gaussian blur radius 1.2)x Combined Data (470x429) Best Linear Transformation

47 Instagram Worthy? Left Image Credit: Digitized Sky Survey. Right Image Credit: Class of PHYS2070 (University of Manitoba)

48 1. Classes of PHYS2070 (University of Manitoba) 2. Digitized Sky Survey Blue, Red and Infrared Images GAO Data in Grey DSS Red in Red DSS Blue in Blue DSS Infrared in Yellow